studyguide Flashcards
what is a phenotype
-a persons measurable or observable trait** finish
what is a genotype
-a genetic makeup of an individual;
a phenotype is
-a physical trait
which parent contributes the chromosome that determine the gender of the child
-a fathers chromosomes determine the gender of sons and daughters
if two individuals were heterozygous for freckles which is the dom trait what % of their progeny would have freckles
- 75%
an organisms ________determines their _____
-genotype ; phenotype
a mutation in DNA coding region of a protein can cause
- all of the above; different amino acids; no change; change the 3d shape; altered bonding between amino acids
what is the possible outcome of a mutation in terms of protein function
-beneficial; detrimental; neutral; all of the above
a human male has how many pairs of homologous chromosomes
-22
sister chromatids are separated during __
- meiosis 2
what is the principle of independent assortment
- the principle wherein alleles of maternal and paternal genes are aligned in the cell during meiosis and separated independently of one another
which represents a cross between 2 individuals heterozygous for a single trait
-Aa x Aa
which describes a genotype heterozygous for a single trait
-Aa
in a cross between an individual with huntington disease and an unaffected individual what are the chances their progeny will have the disease considering that it is a dominant trait
-50%
a phenotypically normal woman marries a man with wilson disease an autosomal recessive disorder. they have a snow has wilson disease if you need two copies pf the recessive allele to be affected and the mother doesn’t have the disease
-the woman must have been a carrier of one recessive allele and one normal allele
two normal individual have a child who has cystic fibrosis an autosomal recessive disease what wrest he chances of this happening (punnet square)
- 1:4 chance
two people with huntington disease an autosomal dominant disorder have a son what are the chances he will get the disease (punnet)
-3:4 chance
in a cross between two heterozygous parents for two genes what is the chance that any progeny will be homozygous recessive for both traits?
-1:16
a man with AB blood type marries a heterozygous woman with blood type A they have children what percentage of their offspring would have blood type O
-
0%
multifactorial inheritance includes what factors to multiple genes interacting
- all of the above; diet; environment; general health; amount of exercise
aneuploidy is the result of
-nondisjunction
a group of cells performing a similar function is described as
-tissue
a group of tissues working together perform the complex functions of
-an organ
an organ is composed of
-a least two specialized tissues
in somatic cell nuclear transfer
-a diploid nucleus is inserted in to a enucleated stem cell
embryonic stem cells are harvested from the inner cell mass if this inner cell mass is allowed to continue to develop without harvesting what would ir normally become
-a fetus; the tissues organs and systems of the body
if a a trait is not displayed in phenotype**FINISH
recessive
immature cells that can divide repeatedly and give rise to more specialized cell types; helps regenerate tissues
stem cells
are an organized group of cells that work together to carry out a function
tissues
are composed of groups of tissues
often made of multiple cell types
layers of tissues
organs
organs work together to form the
bodys systems
where are somatic (adult) stem cells found?
mature tissues
these cells help heal tissue damage; cells must go through a process of specialization to replace specific cell types
somatic stem cells
cell specializes to carry out a specific function
turn some genes on and others off to achieve this
differential gene expression
cellular differentiation
cells with restricted ability to differentiate are described as
multipotent
cells that can differentiate into nearly any cell type
pluripotent cells
cells that differentiate into any of the boys cell types
totipotent
a _______ cell can be generated by the manipulation of a differentiated somatic cells
pluripotent
genetic disease;
caused by a single gene mutation;
allele of the CFTR gene
Cystic fiberosis CF
provide instructions for making proteins; physically transmitted from parent to offspring
genes
a pair of chromosomes that both contain the same genes. in a diploid cell, one chromosome in the pair is inherited from the mother and the other from the father
homologous chromosomes
humans are __________organisms
diploid
reproductive cells that carry one copy of each chromosome
- haploid
gametes
special cell division needed to reduce from diploid to haploid
meiosis
in humans meiosis halves the number of chromosomes for ____to _____
46; 23
a cell that is capable of developing into an adult organism. it is formed when a egg is fertilized by a sperm and is diploid
zygote
an early stage of development reached when zygote undergoes cell division to form a multicellular structure
embryo
separates homologous chromosomes;
each daughter cell is haploid;
each chromosome still has two sister chromatids
meiosis I
separates sister chromatids;
four haploid daughter cells;
develop into egg or sperm
meiosis II
