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Biology 101 > lecture 1-20-16 > Flashcards

lecture 1-20-16 Flashcards

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1
Q
  • copy cellular contents
  • duplicate organelles, DNA, and cytoplasm
  • each new cell has the same amount as original cell
  • called interphase
  • G1,S,G2
A

preparatory phase

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2
Q

cell grows, makes extra cytoplasm

A

G1 Phase

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3
Q

DNA replication occurs, chromosomes

identical sister chromatids

A

S Phase

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4
Q

cell prepares for division

A

G2 phase

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5
Q

three parts of interphase __ ____ and ____

A

G1, S and G2

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6
Q

division phase includes

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

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7
Q

cytokinesis is

A

the division of other organelles

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8
Q
  • chromosomes are evenly divided
  • sister chromatids are separated
  • centromere
A

mitosis

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9
Q
  • enlarged cell splits into two cells
  • each has full complement of DNA
  • one parent cell into two daughter cells
A

cytokinesis

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10
Q

how do cells divide?

A

cytokinesis

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11
Q

occurs in a series of phases;

M Phase

A

Mitosis

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12
Q

phases in order

A

interphase
mitosis and cytokinesis
anaphase
telophase

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13
Q
  • each chromosome is replicated in S phase, resulting in two sister chromatids connected at the centromere
  • chromosomes are loosely gathered in the nucleus
A

interphase

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14
Q
  • replicated chromosomes begin to coil up
  • nuclear membrane begins to disassemble
  • microtubule fibers begin to form the mitotic spindle
A

prophase

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15
Q
  • microtubule spindle fibers from opposite ends of the cell attach to the sister chromatids of each chromosomes
  • replicated chromosomes become aligned along the middle of the cell
A

metaphase

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16
Q

-microtubules shorten pulling the sister chromatids to opposite ends of the cell

A

anaphase

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17
Q
  • identical sets of chromosomes reach each pole
  • microtubule spindle fibers disassemble
  • nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes forming the daughter cell nuclei
A

telophase

18
Q

the structure that separates sister chromatids during mitosis

A

the mitotic spindle

19
Q

hollow protein fibers
key components of cytoskeletons
attach the centromere on chromosome via kinetochore proteins

A

microtubules

20
Q

following mitosis and cytokinesis, daughter cells are __________

A

genetically identical to each other

genetically identical to the parent cell

21
Q

in the cell cycle, DNA is replicated during ______

A

the S phase

22
Q

during ____in animal cells the cell membrane pinches in to separate the daughter cells

A

cytokinesis

23
Q

which of the following processes require normal cell division?

A

all of the above
1. embryonic development
2. wound healing
3.

24
Q

during which stage of the cell cycle do sister chromatids separate from each other ?

A

anaphase

25
Q

cytokinesis in plant cells involves the synthesis of a ___________ between the daughter cells

A

cell wall

26
Q

during which stage of the cell cycle are sister chromatids initially produced

A

interphase

27
Q

most chemotherapy drugs target cell cycle they _____

A

interfere with DNA replication, chromosome separation

look to plants as source of drugs

28
Q

the pacific yew is one species of a family of related evergreen trees

A

taxus brevifolia

29
Q

taxus brevifolia

A

extract from bark kills cancer cells

taxol

30
Q
  • interferes with the normal organization of microtubule
  • prevents microtubules from shortening
  • chromatids not separated
A

taxol

31
Q
  • cellular mechanisms
  • regulate cells progression through cell cycle
  • ensures each stage is completed accurately
A

cell cycle checkpoint

32
Q

either repair damage or

direct cell to commit suicide (apoptosis)

A

cell cycle checkpoints

33
Q

when a normal cell sustains irreparable damage, it undergoes programmed cell death. this cellular suicide prevents cells from producing more damaged daughter cells

A

apoptosis

34
Q

cells divide uncontrollably

A

cancer

35
Q

if there’s enough DNA damage to interfere with multiple checkpoints

A

Cancer

tumors

36
Q

__________ divide in an unregulated manner and accumulate DNA damage and make mitotic mistakes

A

cancer cells

37
Q

cancer kills by:

A

crowding out normal cells
invading other organs
secreting poisonous chemicals

38
Q

most effective way to fight cancer?

A

surgery to remove the cancerous tumor

not effective is the cancer has metastasized

39
Q

high energy radiation beams
kills dividing cells
damages DNA
triggers apoptosis

A

radiation therapy

40
Q

drugs interfere with cell division

A

chemotherapy

Biology 101 (14 decks)

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