lecture 1-13-16 Flashcards
macromolecule made of repeating amino acid subunits; have many functions;
muscle contraction, facilitate, chemical reactions fight infection
proteins
building blocks of proteins; 20 different amino acids; all have the same basic core structure; each also has a unique chemical side group
amino acids
amino acids are held together by ______
peptide bonds
amino acids bond together to form _______
linear chains
chain folds into a 3d protein based on the ________of amino acids
sequence
instructions to make proteins are encoded by
genes
a sequences of DNA that contains the instruction to make at least______________
one protein
where are genes found ?
found on chromosomes
synthesis of a protein from a gene is called
gene expression
antithrombin protein helps prevent
blood clots (thrombosis)
antithrombin is only expressed in
liver cells
humans have _________ of every gene
two copies of every gene
when you inherit genes from your parent its the same thing; different version of the same gene is called
allele
alternative versions of the same gene; have different nucleotide sequences; different alleles influence protein function
alleles
animals that have been genetically altered are called
transgenic organisms
gene must be a _______so human protein is expressed in animal
hybrid
isolate gene of interest from human chromosome
insert it into animal embryo
genetically modified animals
determine the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein
coding sequence
determine when and how much a protein a gene makes it
regulatory senses
process of assembling new “hybrid gene”
novel combinations of regulatory and coding sequences
recombinant gene
genetic engineering
use needle to inject the recombinant gene into a fertilized single cell goat embryo
transgenic embryo is implanted into mother
embryo grows and inserted gene is replicated and passed on the every cell
making transgenic organisms
modified to contain genes for natural pesticides
transgenic crops
molecules of messenger RNA nRNA are synthesized from the instructions encoded in genes
transcriptions
binds to the regulatory of the genes coding region. the DNA strands unwind, exposing the coding sequence of the gene
RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase copies a strand of DNA into a ___________ of mRNA by reading the gene coding sequences
complementary strand
mRNA molecules used to assemble the corresponding amino acid sequence of the protein
translation
ribosomes are made up of
proteins and RNA
ribosomes move along the nRNA “reading” it in groups of 3 _______
nucleotides (codons)
transfer RNA carries an amino acid to the mRNA and ribosome by using its ___________ to find a matching mcodon
aniticodon
