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Cell Biology > Test II: Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Test II: Connective Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

A
  1. Specialized cells
  2. Solid extracellular protein fibers
  3. Fluid extracellular ground substance
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2
Q

The Extracellular Components of Connective

Tissue (Fibers and Ground Substance)

A

– Make up the matrix
• Majority of tissue volume
• Determines specialized function

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3
Q

Functions of Connective Tissue

A

– Establishing a structural framework for the body
– Transporting fluids and dissolved materials
– Protecting delicate organs
– Supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting
other types of tissue
– Storing energy reserves, especially in the form of
triglycerides
– Defending the body from invading
microorganisms

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4
Q

Classification of Connective Tissues

A 
1. Connective tissue proper
• Connect and protect
2. Fluid connective tissues
• Transport
3. Supporting connective tissues
• Structural strength
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5
Q

The most abundant connective cell type
• Found in all connective tissue proper
• Secrete proteins and hyaluronan (cellular cement)

A

Fibroblasts

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6
Q

The second most abundant cell type
• Found in all connective tissue proper
• Maintain the fibers of connective tissue proper

A

Fibrocytes

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7
Q 
Fat cells
• Each cell stores a single, large fat droplet
do not divide (hypertrophy only)
– Expand to store fat
– Shrink as fats are released
A

Adipocytes

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8
Q

Stem cells that respond to injury or infection
• Differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages, etc.
divide and differentiate (hyperplasia)
– To produce more fat cells
– When more storage is needed

A

Mesenchymal Cells

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9
Q

Large, amoeba-like cells of the immune
system
• Eat pathogens and damaged cells

A

Macrophages
• Fixed macrophages stay in tissue
• Free macrophages migrate

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10
Q

Stimulate inflammation after injury or infection

• Release histamine and heparin

A

Mast Cells

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11
Q

leukocytes (white blood cells)

that also contain histamine and heparin

A

Basophils

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12
Q

Specialized immune cells in lymphatic

(lymphoid) system

A

Lymphocytes

For example, lymphocytes may develop into plasma cells (plasmocytes) that produce antibodies

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13
Q

Phagocytic blood cells
• Respond to signals from macrophages and mast
cells
• For example, neutrophils and eosinophils

A

Microphages

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14
Q

Synthesize and store the brown pigment

melanin

A

Melanocytes

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15
Q

2 types of adipose tissue

A
  1. White fat

2. Brown fat

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16
Q 
Type of fat that is
– Most common
– Stores fat
– Absorbs shocks
– Slows heat loss (insulation)
A

White fat

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17
Q

Type of fat that is
– More vascularized
– Adipocytes have many mitochondria
– When stimulated by nervous system, fat breakdown
accelerates, releasing energy
– Absorbs energy from surrounding tissues

A

Brown fat

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18
Q

Functions of adipose tissue

A

Provides padding and cushions shocks; insulates

(reduces heat loss); stores energy

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19
Q

Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers

A

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

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20
Q

Types of Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

tendons
ligaments
aponeuroses

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21
Q

attach muscles to bones

A

Tendons

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22
Q

connect bone to bone and stabilize

organs

A

Ligaments

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23
Q

attach in sheets to large, flat

muscles

A

Aponeuroses

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24
Q

Functions of dense regular connective tissue

A

Provides firm attachment; conducts pull of muscles; reduces friction between muscles; stabilizes relative positions of bones

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25
Q 
– Interwoven networks of collagen fibers
• Layered in skin
• Around cartilages (perichondrium)
• Around bones (periosteum)
• Form capsules around some organs (e.g., liver,
kidneys)
A

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

26
Q

Functions of Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A

Provides strength to resist forces applied from many
directions; helps prevent overexpansion
of organs such as the urinary bladder

27
Q

Locations of dense, irregular connective tissue

A

Capsules of visceral organs; periostea

and perichondria; nerve and muscle sheaths; dermis

28
Q

Fluid Connective Tissues

A

– Blood and lymph
– Watery matrix of dissolved proteins
– Carry specific cell types (formed elements)

29
Q

Fluid Elements of Connective Tissues

A

– Extracellular
• Plasma
• Interstitial fluid
• Lymph

30
Q

are responsible for the transport of oxygen

(and, to a lesser degree, of carbon dioxide) in the blood.

A

RBC’s

31
Q

help defend the body from infection and disease.

A

White blood cells, or leukocytes

32
Q

membrane-enclosed packets of cytoplasm that function in blood clotting; These cell fragments are involved in the clotting response that seals leaks in damaged or broken blood vessels.

A

Platelets

33
Q 
Extracellular fluid
• Collected from interstitial space
• Monitored by immune system
• Transported by lymphatic (lymphoid) system
• Returned to venous system
A

Lymph

34
Q

Supporting Connective Tissues

A

Bone and cartilage

35
Q
  • Gel-type ground substance

* For shock absorption and protection

A

Cartilage

36
Q
  • Calcified (made rigid by calcium salts, minerals)

* For weight support

A

Bone

37
Q

Bone contains four types of cells

A
  1. Osteocytes
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteoprogenitor cells
  4. Osteoclasts
38
Q

– Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix
– Are between layers (lamellae) of matrix
– Connect by cytoplasmic extensions through
canaliculi in lamellae
– Do not divide

A

Osteocytes

39
Q

Two major functions of osteocytes

A
  1. To maintain protein and mineral content of matrix

2. To help repair damaged bone

40
Q

– Immature bone cells that secrete matrix

compounds (osteogenesis)

A

Osteoblasts (Osteoblasts surrounded by bone become osteocytes)

41
Q

matrix produced by osteoblasts,

but not yet calcified to form bone

A

Osteoid

42
Q 
– Mesenchymal stem cells that divide to
produce osteoblasts
– Located in endosteum, the inner cellular layer
of periosteum
– Assist in fracture repair
A

Osteoprogenitor Cells

43
Q

– Secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes
– Giant, multinucleate cells
– Dissolve bone matrix and release stored
minerals (osteolysis)
– Derived from stem cells that produce
macrophages

A

Osteoclasts

44
Q

The Structure of Spongy Bone

A

– The matrix forms an open network of trabeculae
– Trabeculae have no blood vessels
– The space between trabeculae is filled with red bone marrow

45
Q

Red bone marrow

A
  • Which has blood vessels
  • Forms red blood cells
  • And supplies nutrients to osteocytes
46
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

• In some bones, spongy bone holds yellow bone
marrow
• Is yellow because it stores fat

47
Q

Bone Development

A

– Human bones grow until about age 25

48
Q

Bone formation

A

Osteogenesis

49
Q

The process of replacing other tissues with bone

A

Ossification

50
Q

The process of depositing calcium salts

A

Calcification

51
Q

Epiphyseal Lines

A

– When long bone stops growing, after puberty:
• Epiphyseal cartilage disappears
• Is visible on X-rays as an epiphyseal line

52
Q

Mature Bones

A

As long bone matures:
• Osteoclasts enlarge medullary (marrow) cavity
• Osteons (compact bone) form around blood
vessels

53
Q

Process of Remodeling

A 
– The adult skeleton:
• Maintains itself
– Replaces mineral reserves
• Recycles and renews bone matrix
• Involves osteocytes, osteoblasts, and
osteoclasts
54
Q

Effects of Exercise on Bone

A

Mineral recycling allows bones to adapt to stress
– Heavily stressed bones become thicker and
stronger

55
Q

Bone Degeneration

A

– Bone degenerates quickly
– Up to one third of bone mass can be lost in a few
weeks of inactivity

56
Q

Hormone Calcitriol

A

• Made in the kidneys
• Helps absorb calcium and phosphorus from
digestive tract
• Synthesis requires vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

57
Q

Hormone that stimulates bone growth

A

Growth hormone and thyroxine

58
Q

Hormone that stimulates osteoblasts

A

Estrogens and androgens

59
Q

Hormone that regulates calcium and phosphate levels

A

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

60
Q

Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone

Control

A 
– Affect:
1. Bones
– Where calcium is stored
2. Digestive tract
– Where calcium is absorbed
3. Kidneys
– Where calcium is excreted
61
Q

Know responses when calcium levels are low or high

A

Slides

Cell Biology (12 decks)

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