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Cell Biology > Test II: Body Structures-Neural and Epithelial Tissue > Flashcards

Test II: Body Structures-Neural and Epithelial Tissue Flashcards

0
Q

Collections of cell and cell products that perform specific, limited functions

A

Tissue

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1
Q

Hierarchy of body structures

A 
Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organism
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2
Q

4 types of tissue

A
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Neural tissue
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3
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A
  • covers exposed surfaces
  • lines internal passageways
  • forms glands
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4
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A
  • fills internal spaces
  • supports other tissues
  • transports materials
  • stores energy
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5
Q

Functions of muscle tissue

A
  • specialized for contraction

- skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and walls of hollow organs

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6
Q

Functions of neural tissue (nervous/nerve tissue)

A
  • Carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another
  • specialized for conducting electrical pulses
  • rapidly senses internal or external environment
  • processes information ad controls responses
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7
Q

Where is the neural tissue concentrated?

A

The central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

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8
Q

Two types of neural cells

A

Neurons and neuroglia

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9
Q

Type of neural cell that perform electrical communication

A

Neurons/nerve cells

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10
Q

Type of neural cell that are supporting cells which repair and supply nutrients to neurons

A

Neuroglia

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11
Q

Functions of neuroglia

A
  • maintain physical structure of tissues
  • repair tissue framework after injury
  • perform phagocytosis
  • provide nutrients to neurons
  • regulate the composition of the interstitial fluid surrounding neurons
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12
Q

Part of neuron that conducts information to other cells

A

Axon

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14
Q

Part of neuron that are contacted by other neurons

A

Dendrites

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14
Q

Unequal charge across the plasma membrane

A

Transmembrane potential

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15
Q

How are information transmitted?

A

Within each and between neurons

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16
Q

Created when charges are separated

A

Potential difference

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17
Q

What is the range of the resting potential?

A

-10 mV to -100mV depending on cell type

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18
Q

70mV different between the inside and outside the cell

A

Resting potential

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19
Q

Electrical charge across the membrane

A

membrane potential

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20
Q

Exchanges three Na+ ions for 2 K+ ions

A

Sodium-potassium pump

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21
Q

How does the resting potential exists?

A

Ions are concentrated on different sides of membrane:

  • Na+ and Cl- outside the cell
  • K+ and organic anions inside the cell
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22
Q

How is the resting potential maintained?

A

Na+ ions are actively transported (this uses energy)

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23
Q

Rapid depolarization of the membrane

A

Action potential (neuronal firing)

24
Q

Rapid depolarization

A
  • when partial depolarization reaches the activation threshold, voltage-gated ion channels open
  • sodium ions rush in
  • the membrane potential channels from -70mV to +40mV
25
Q

Process of action potential

A

It starts at the axon hillock and passes quickly along the axon. The membrane is quickly repolarized to allow subsequent firing.

26
Q

Repolarization

A
  • sodium ion channels close and become refractory
  • depolarization triggers opening of voltage-gated potassium ion channels
  • K+ ions rush out of the cell, repolarizing and then hyperpolarizing the membrane
27
Q

Process of resuming the resting potential

A
  • potassium channels close
  • repolarization resets sodium ion channels
  • ions diffuse away from the area
  • sodium-potassium transporter maintains polarization
  • the membrane is now ready to “fire” again
28
Q

Layers of cells covering internal or externals surfaces

29
Q

Course of the action potential (all-or none)

A
  1. The action potential begins with a partial depolarization (e.gb from voting of another neuron)
  2. When the excitation threshold is reached there is a sudden depolarization.
  3. This is followed rapidly by repolarization and a brief hyperpolarization.
  4. There is a refractory period immediately at the action potential where no depolarization can occur.
30
Q

Structures that produce secretions

31
Q

Characteristics of epithelia

A
  • cellularity (cell junction)
  • polarity (apical and basal surfaces)
  • attachment (basement membrane or basal lamina)
  • avascularity
  • regeneration
32
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Provide physical protection
  2. Control permeability
  3. Provide sensation
  4. Produce specialized secretions (glandular epithelium)
33
Q

Specializations of epithelial cells

A
  1. Move fluids over the epithelium (protection)
  2. Move fluids through the epithelium (permeability)
  3. Produce secretions (protection and messengers)
34
Q

Polarity of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Apical surface (microvilli and cilia)

2. Basolateral surface

35
Q

Apical surface that increases absorption or secretion

A

Microvilli

36
Q

Apical surface that moves fluid

A

Cilia/ciliated epithelium

37
Q

How is integrity of epithelial maintained?

A
  1. Intercellular connections
  2. Attachment to the basement membrane
  3. Epithelial maintenance
38
Q

Intercellular connections

A
  • CAMs (cell adhesion molecules) - transmembrane proteins
  • intercellular cement - proteoglycan
  • hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) - glycosaminoglycans
39
Q

Form bonds with other cells

A

Cell junctions

40
Q

Types of cell junctions

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Gap junctions
  3. Desmosomes
41
Q

Junction that provides connection between plasma membranes, prevents passage of water and isolates wastes in the lumen. Its adhesion belt attaches to terminal web.

A

Tight junction

42
Q

Junction that allow rapid communications, held together by channel proteins (junctional proteins, connexons), allows ions to pass and coordinate contractions in heart muscle.

A

Gap junctions

43
Q

Junction that has dense areas and intercellular cement.

A

Desmosomes

44
Q

Types of desmosomes

A

Spot desmosomes

Hemidesmosomes

45
Q

Type of desmosomes that tie cells together and allow bending and twisting

A

Spot desmosome

46
Q

Type of desmosome that attaches cells to the basal lamina

A

Hemidesmosome

47
Q

Type of squamous epithelia

A

Simple squamous epithelium
Mesothelium
Endothelium

48
Q

Type of squamous epithelial whose function is absorption and diffusion

A

Simple squamous epithelia

49
Q

Squamous epithelial that lines body cavities

A

Mesothelia

50
Q

Squamous epithelial that lines heart and blood vessels

A

Endothelium

51
Q

Classification of epithelia

A

Squamous epithelia

Glandular epithelia

53
Q

The only unicellular exocrine glands that are scattered among epithelia, ex. intestinal lining

A

Mucous (goblet) cells

54
Q

Structural classification of exocrine glands

A

Simple tubular (ex: intestinal glands)
Simple could tubular (merocrine sweat glands)
Simple branched tubular (gastric glands, mucous glands of esophagus, tongue, duodenum)
Simple alveolar (acinar)
Simple branched alveolar (sebaceous glands)

55
Q

Type of compound glands

A

Compound tubular
Compound alveolar (acinar)
Compound tubuloalveolar

56
Q

Examples of compound tubular

A

Mucous glands (in mouth)
Bulbo-urethral glands (in male reproductive system)
Testes (seminiferous tubules)

57
Q

Ex. of compound alveolar (Acinar)

A

mammary glands

58
Q

Ex. of compound tubuloalveolar

A

salivary glands
glands of respiratory passages
pancreas

Cell Biology (12 decks)

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