Test Four

Question 1

Social psychology

Answer 1

The area of study that attempts to explain how the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others influences the thoughts, feelings, and behaviour of individuals.

Question 2

Primacy effect

Answer 2

The likelihood that an overall impression or judgement of another will be influenced more by the first information received about that person than by information that comes later.

Question 3

Attributions (situational and dispositional)

Answer 3

Inferences about the cause of our own or another’s behaviour; why we and others act the way we do. Situational attributions explain our own behaviour and dispositional attributions are used to explain the behaviour of others.

Question 4

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 4

The tendency to overemphasize internal factors and underemphasize situational ones when explaining other people’s behaviour.

Question 5

Self-serving bias

Answer 5

Our tendency to use internal attributions for our successes and external attributions for our failures.

Question 6

Conformity

Answer 6

Changing or adopting a behaviour or an attitude to be consistent with the norms of a group or the expectation of others.

Question 7

Obedience

Answer 7

Following orders, helps society function. Milgram’s experiment demonstrated that most people will obey the requests of an authority figure.

Question 8

Social facilitation

Answer 8

Any positive or negative effect on performance due to the presence of others.

Question 9

Audience effect

Answer 9

Impart of passive spectators on performance.

Question 10

Coaction effect

Answer 10

Impact on performance caused by the presence of others engaged in the same task.

Question 11

Social loafing

Answer 11

Tendency to put forth less effort when working with others on a common task than when working alone.

Question 12

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 12

The unpleasant state that can occur when people become aware of inconsistencies between their attitudes and their behaviours.

Question 13

Prejudice

Answer 13

Attitudes, usually negative, towards others based on their gender, religion, race, or membership in a particular group.

Question 14

Realistic conflict theory

Answer 14

The notion that prejudices arise when social groups must compete for scarce economic resources ( good jobs, land, political power etc.).

Question 15

Social learning theory

Answer 15

The notion that people learn attitudes of prejudice and hatred the same way they learn other attitudes; though modelling and reinforcement.

Question 16

Stereotypes

Answer 16

Widely shared beliefs about the characteristics, traits, attitudes, and behaviours of members of various social groups (racial, ethnic, religious) and includes the assumption that all group members are alike.

Question 17

By-stander effect

Answer 17

As the number of bystanders at an emergency increases, the probability that the victim will receive help decreases, and if help is given, it is likely to be delayed.

Question 18

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 18

The feeling among bystanders at an emergency that the responsibility for helping is shared by the group, so that each individual feels less compelled to act that if he/she alone bore the full responsibility.

Question 19

Prosocial behaviour

Answer 19

Behaviours that benefit others (helping, cooperation, sympathy)

Question 20

What can be said of first impressions?

Answer 20

They act as filters for later information.

Question 21

Attributions deal with the question of:

Answer 21

Why do we and others act the way we do.

Question 22

What type of attributions do we tend to make to explain our own behaviour? What type of attributions to explain the behaviour of others?

Answer 22

Own: situational
Others: dispositional

Question 23

The self-serving bias refers to our tendency to use:

Answer 23

Internal attributions for our successes and external attributions for our failures.

Question 24

What can be said about attraction based on research on interpersonal attraction?

Answer 24

Similarities attract.

Question 25

Compliance

Answer 25

Acting in accordance to the wishes, the suggestions, or the direct requests of another person.

Question 26

Conformity

Answer 26

Changing or adopting a behaviour or an attitude to be consistent with the norms of a group or the expectations of others.

Question 27

Norms

Answer 27

The attitudes and standards of behaviour expected of members of a particular group. In place to creat a predictable and stable environment.

Question 28

What can be said about the effects of social facilitation?

Answer 28

Performance improves on easy tasks and worsens on difficult tasks.

Question 29

When is social loafing most likely to occur?

Answer 29

When individual output cannot be identified.

Question 30

Give an example of cognitive dissonance.

Answer 30

I am an honest person. I cheated on the test.

Question 31

What are ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?

Answer 31

Change an attitude, change a behaviour, explain away the inconsistency.

Question 32

Prejudice is to ______ as discrimination is to______.

Answer 32

Attitude, behaviour

Question 33

Discrimination

Answer 33

Behaviours, usually negative, directed towards others based on their gender, religion, race, or membership in a particular group.

Question 34

Frustration and frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 34

Frustration: interference with the attainment of a goal or the blocking of an impulse.
Hypothesis: frustration produces aggression

Question 35

The social learning theory of aggression emphasizes:

Answer 35

Aggressive responses are learned from the family, the subculture, and the media; through modelling, and when reinforced, they are more likely to persist.

Question 36

The part of the personality that makes one want to eat, drink, and be merry:

Answer 36

id

Question 37

Which part of personality would encourage one to return a lost item to the lost and found?

Answer 37

superego

Question 38

Projection

Answer 38

Attribute our own undesirable thoughts, impulses, personality traits, or behaviours to others, minimizing the undesirable in ourselves and exaggerating it in others. Ex A lonely divorcé accuses all men of having only one thing on their minds

Question 39

Denial

Answer 39

Refusing to consciously acknowledge the existence of danger or a threatening situation. Ex Amy is severely injured when she fails to take a storm warning seriously

Question 40

Rationalization

Answer 40

Supplying a logical, rational reason rather than the real reason for an event. Ex Fred tells his friend that he didn’t get the job because he didn’t have connections.

Question 41

Regression

Answer 41

Reverting to a behaviour characteristic of an earlier stage of development. Ex Susan bursts into tears whenever she is criticized.

Question 42

What are the big 5 personality traits.

Answer 42

Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

Question 43

Openness to experience

Answer 43

eagerness to try new things/consider new ideas. Seek new experiences, imagination, intellectual curiosity, broadness of mind. Contributes to learning & adaptation to new situations.

Question 44

Conscientiousness

Answer 44

Dependability, organization, reliability, responsibility, thoroughness, hard-working, perseverance. Predicts academic and job performances.

Question 45

Extraversion

Answer 45

High extraverts want to be around people. Sociable, outgoing, talkative, assertive, persuasive, decisive, active. Have an easier time getting a job, but are more likely to engage in risky behaviours than introverts.

Question 46

Agreeableness

Answer 46

Easy going, pleasant, good-natured, warm, sympathetic and cooperative. Predicts job performance. More likely to succumb to peer influence with regards to other risky behaviour.

Question 47

Neuroticism

Answer 47

Pessimists, view negative aspects, emotional instability (moody, irritable, nervous, worry, anxious, excitable, easily distressed. Predicts ability to maintain social relationships, at risk for psychological disorders, and less cooperative

Question 48

According to BF Skinner, what did he consider to be correct about personality?

Answer 48

Behaviour caused by forces outside the person and based upon past rewards and punishments.

Question 49

What are 5 personal/cognitive factors involved in understanding the origins of personality?

Answer 49

Personal disposition
Feelings
Expectations
Perceptions
Cognitions (thoughts, beliefs, attitudes)

Question 50

What percentage of personality is believed to be inherited?

Answer 50

40-50%

Question 51

Seleye focused on the ____ aspects of stress while Lazarus focused on the ______ aspects of stress.

Answer 51

Physiological, psychological

Question 52

According to Holmes and Rahe, what can be expected of people who experience a number of major life changes over the course of a year?

Answer 52

More health problems than usual over the next 2 years.

Question 53

What causes the most stress to an average person, according to Lazarus?

Answer 53

Hassles

Question 54

Why are optimists more capable of coping with stress?

Answer 54

They expect good outcomes and this helps make them more stress resistant; they also secrete lower levels of stress hormones.