Test 2

Question 0

Circadian rhythm

Answer 0

Within each 24 hour period, the regular fluctuation from high to low points of a bodily function, such as sleep/wakefulness

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

The continuous stream of thoughts, feelings, sensation, and perceptions of which we are aware from moment to moment

Question 2

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 2

A tiny structure in the brain’s hypothalamus that controls the timing of circadian rhythms; often referred to as the biological clock

Question 3

Narcolepsy

Answer 3

A serious sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden, uncontrollable attacks of REM sleep

Question 4

Learning

Answer 4

A relatively permanent change in behaviour, knowledge, capability, or attitude that is acquired through experience and cannot be attributed to illness, injury, or maturation

Question 5

Generalization

Answer 5

• in classic conditioning, the tendency to make a conditioned response to stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus
• in operant conditioning, the tendency to make the learned response to stimulus that is similar to the one which it was originally reinforced

Question 6

Discrimination

Answer 6

The learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the conditioned response occurs only to the original conditioned stimulus but not to similar stimuli

Question 7

Extinction

Answer 7

The weakening and often eventual disappearance of a learned response

Question 8

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 8

The reappearance of an extinguished response when an organism is exposed to the original conditioned stimulus following a rest period

Question 9

Positive and negative reinforcement

Answer 9

Positive: a reward or pleasant consequence that follows a response and increases the probability that the response will be repeated
Negative: the termination of an unpleasant stimulus after a response in order to increase the probability that the response will be repeated

Question 10

Primary and secondary reinforcer

Answer 10

Primary: a reinforcer that fulfills a basic physical need for survival and does not depend on learning (ex: food, water..)
Secondary: a neutral stimulus that becomes reinforcing after repeated pairing with other reinforcers

Question 11

Punishment

Answer 11

The removal of a pleasant stimulus or the application of an unpleasant stimulus, both which tend to suppress a response

Question 12

Observational learning

Answer 12

Learning by observing the behaviour of others and the consequences of that behaviour; learning by imitation

Question 13

Sensory memory

Answer 13

The memory system that holds information coming in through the senses for a period ranging from a fraction of a second to several seconds

Question 14

Short-term memory

Answer 14

Holds about 7 items for less than 30 seconds without rehearsal

Question 15

Long-term memory

Answer 15

The relatively permanent memory system with a virtually unlimited capacity

Question 16

Declarative memory

Answer 16

The subsystem within long-term memory that stores facts, information, and personal life experiences (also called explicit memory)

Question 17

Episodic memory

Answer 17

The subpart of declarative memory that contains memories of personally experienced events

Question 18

Semantic memory

Answer 18

The subpart of declarative memory that stores general knowledge; our mental encyclopedia or dictionary

Question 19

Non-declarative memory

Answer 19

The subsystem within long-term memory that consists of skills acquired through repetitive practice, habits, and simple classically conditioned responses (also called implicit memory)

Question 20

Flashbulb memory

Answer 20

An extremely vivid memory of the conditions surrounding one’s first hearing of the news of a surprising, shocking, or highly emotional event

Question 21

Primacy and recency effect

Answer 21

Primary: the tendency to recall the first items in a sequence more readily than those in the middle of the sequence
Recency: the tendency to recall the last items in a sequence more readily than those in the middle of the sequence

Question 22

Retrieval cue

Answer 22

Any stimulus of bit of information that aids in the retrieval of particular information from long-term memory

Question 23

Recall

Answer 23

A measure of retention that requires one to remember material without the help of retrieval cues, as in an essay test

Question 24

Recognition

Answer 24

A measure of retention that requires one to identify material as familiar, or as having been encountered before

Question 25

Relearning method

Answer 25

Measuring retention in terms of the percentage of time or learning trials saved in relearning material compared with the time required to learn it originally (also called the savings method)

Question 26

Consolidation failure

Answer 26

Consolidation: the process by which a permanent memory is formed
Failure: when a person looses consciousness for any reason, the process can be disrupted and a permanent memory will not form

Question 27

Depressants

Answer 27

Drugs that decrease activity in the central nervous system, slow down bodily functions, and reduce sensitivity to outside stimulation

Question 28

Psychoactive drug

Answer 28

A drug that alters normal mental functioning - mood, perception, or thought; if used medically, called a controlled substance

Question 29

Drug tolerance

Answer 29

A condition in which the user becomes progressively less affected by the drug so that larger and larger doses are necessary to achieve or maintain the same effect

Question 30

Hallucinogens

Answer 30

A category of drugs, sometimes called psychedelics, that alter perception and mood and can cause hallucinations

Question 31

Stimulants

Answer 31

A category of drugs that speed up activity in the central nervous system, suppress appetite, and cause a person to feel more awake, alert, and energetic