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PSY100 > Test 6 > Flashcards

Test 6 Flashcards

1
Q

abnormal behaviour

A

behaviour that is deviant, maladaptive or personally stressful for long period of time

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2
Q

deviant

A

behaviour does not conform to accepted social standards

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3
Q

maladaptive

A

behaviour interferes with a persons ability to function effectively in the world

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4
Q

personal distress

A

person engaging in behaviour finds it troubling

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5
Q

how many abnormal behaviours need to be present for it to be abnormal?

A

only one, typically 2 or 3 are present

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6
Q

what is the biological approach theory for psychological disorders?

A

psychological disorders come from organic and internal causes

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7
Q

medical model

A

describes psychological disorders as medical diseases with a biological origin

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8
Q

what is the theory for psychological approach of psychological disorders?

A

it emphasises contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders

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9
Q

what does the psychological approach consider?

A

influence of childhood experiences and how rewards and punishments in environment determine abnormal behaviour

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10
Q

what is the theory of sociocultural approach to psychological disorders

A

emphasises social contexts in which a person lives and says that culture matters when evaluating deviant behaviour

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11
Q

what are some disorders that are culture related?

A

amok, taijin kyofusho, koro

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12
Q

amok

A

disorder with sudden, uncontrolled outbursts of anger where the person may injure or kill someone (Philippines, Malaysia, Africa)

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13
Q

Taijin kyofusho

A

syndrome with intense fear of interpersonal relations or losing respect of others (Japan)

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14
Q

koro

A

belief that one’s genitalia are retracting into own abdomen (China, Southeast Asia)

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15
Q

vulnerability-stress hypothesis

A

suggests pre-existing conditions may put person at risk of developing disorder

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16
Q

what is the biopsychosocial model?

A

the biological, psychological and sociocultural approaches contribute to understanding of mental illness

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17
Q

how do we classify abnormal behaviour?

A

classifying behaviours into specific psychological disorders

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18
Q

stigma

A

shame that causes others to avoid or act negatively toward person

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19
Q

DSM classification system

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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20
Q

what are the critiques of the DSM?

A
  • treats psychological disorders like mental illnesses
  • focuses strictly on problems
  • relies too much on social norms and subjective judgements
  • too many new categories
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21
Q

what is autism spectrum disorder?

A

range of neurodevelopment disorders, is a range of systems

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22
Q

what are symptoms of autism spectrum disorder?

A
  • impaired social interaction and communication
  • repetitive behaviour
  • restricted interests
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23
Q

what is somatic symptom disorder?

A

person experiences one or more bodily symptoms and experiences excessive thoughts and feelings about the symptoms

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24
Q

anxiety disorders

A

fears that are uncontrollable and disproportionate to the real dangers

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25
Q

how many types of anxiety disorders does DSM recognize?

A

12

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26
Q

which two disorders are not classified in DSM

A
  • obsessive compulsive disorder
  • post traumatic stress disorder
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27
Q

generalised anxiety disorder

A

experiencing persistent anxiety for at least 6 months with no identifiable reason

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28
Q

what are biological factors of generalised anxiety disorder?

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • deficiency in GABA neurotransmitters
  • respiratory system abnormalities
  • problems regulating sympathetic nervous system
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29
Q

panic disorder

A

person experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror

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30
Q

what does panic disorder cause?

A
  • severe palpitations
  • extreme shortness of breath
  • chest pains
  • sweating and dizziness
  • feeling of helplessness
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31
Q

what are biological factors of panic disorder?

A

genetic predisposition to disorder

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32
Q

specific phobia

A

individual has an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation

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33
Q

what is an example of how phobias can be classically conditioned?

A

after falling from somewhere high you may then associate heights with pain

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34
Q

how can phobias be observationally learned?

A

a girl learns to be scared of heights after watching her mother be scared of them

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35
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations

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36
Q

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

anxiety provoking thoughts that will not go away or urge to perform repetitive behaviour

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37
Q

compulsions

A

recurrent behaviours used to neutralise or cope with obsessive thoughts

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38
Q

obsessions

A

recurrent thoughts

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39
Q

what are some common compulsions?

A
  • excessive checking
  • cleaning
  • counting
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40
Q

what genetic components contribute to OCD?

A
  • low levels of serotonin and dopamine
  • high levels of glutamate
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41
Q

what does the brain engage in during OCD?

A

hyperactive monitoring of behaviour

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42
Q

hyperactive monitoring of behaviour

A

frontal cortex or basal ganglia so active that impulses reach thalamus and create obsessions and compulsions (brain never gets finished message)

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43
Q

what are OCD related disorders

A

-hoarding disorder
-excoriation disorder
-trichotillomania
-body dysmorphic disorder

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44
Q

hoarding disorder

A

compulsive collecting and difficult discarding

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45
Q

excoriation disorder

A

compulsion of picking at one’s skin

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46
Q

trichotillomania

A

person compulsively pulls at hair, scalp, eyebrows and other body areas

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47
Q

body dysmorphic disorder

A

distressing preoccupation with imagines or slight flaws in physical appearance

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48
Q

post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

develops through exposure to traumatic event that overwhelms persons abilities to cope

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49
Q

depression

A

unrelenting lack of pleasure in life

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50
Q

major depressive disorder

A

significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics for at least 2 weeks

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51
Q

persistent depressive disorder

A

less extreme depressive mood for over 2 years

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52
Q

bipolar disorder

A

extreme mood swings between mania and depression

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53
Q

mania

A

overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state

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54
Q

bipolar I disorder

A

having extreme manic episodes with hallucinations

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55
Q

Bipolar II disorder

A

milder version with less extreme euphoria (hypomania)

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56
Q

dissociation

A

psychological states in which the person feels disconnected from immediate experience

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57
Q

dissociative disorders

A

involve sudden loss of memory or change in identity

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58
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

extreme memory loss that stems from extensive psychological stress

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59
Q

psychosis

A

state where persons perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality

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60
Q

schizophrenia

A

severe psychological disorder which gets characterised by highly disordered thought processes

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61
Q

when does schizophrenia get diagnosed?

A

18 for men
25 for women
usually in early adulthood

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62
Q

what are the three categories of symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • positive symptoms
  • negative symptoms
  • cognitive deficits
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63
Q

why are they called positive symptoms?

A

they reflect something added above and beyond normal behaviour

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64
Q

what are positive symptoms?

A

involve distortion or excess of normal function

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65
Q

hallucinations

A

sensory experiences that occur in absence of real stimuli

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66
Q

which hallucination is most common?

A

auditory

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67
Q

how many hallucinations is most common in those with schizophrenia

A

two system hallucinations

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68
Q

delusions

A

fake, unusual, sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of individuals culture

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69
Q

what are examples of delusions?

A
  • thinking they are Jesus
  • thinking their thoughts are being broadcast over the radio
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70
Q

thought disorder

A

unusual and sometimes bizarre thought processes

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71
Q

what are examples of thought disorders?

A
  • thoughts being disorganised and confusing
  • not making sense when talking or writing
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72
Q

referential thinking

A

ascribing personal meaning to completely random events

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73
Q

what is an example of referential thinking?

A

thinking a dead bird you pass on the sidewalk is a sign from God

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74
Q

movement disorders

A

unusual mannerisms, body movement and facial expressions (repeating certain motions)

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75
Q

catatonia

A

state of immobility and unresponsiveness that lasts for long periods of time

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76
Q

why are they called negative symptoms?

A

they reflect social withdrawal, behavioural deficits and loss or decrease of normal functions
they reduce daily functioning and quality of life

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77
Q

flat affect

A

display of little or no emotion (may also include inability to read emotions of others)

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78
Q

what is flat affect an example of?

A

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

79
Q

what are cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

deficits in executive functioning

80
Q

what are examples of cognitive deficits?

A
  • difficulty sustaining attention
  • problems holding information in memory
  • inability to interpret information and make decisions
81
Q

vulnerability-stress hypothesis

A

individuals have biological risk factors that interact with experience to produce disorder

82
Q

what do sociocultural factors affect in schizophrenia?

A

the course of the disorder

83
Q

personality disorders

A

chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioural patterns that are thoroughly integrated into a person’s personality

84
Q

what do personality disorders affect?

A

sense of self and capacity for relationships with others

85
Q

how many personality disorders does DSM-V list?

A

10

86
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

characterised by lack of remorse/guilt, law breaking, exploitation of others

87
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self image and emotions

88
Q

what are the four essential features of BPD?

A
  • unstable affect
  • unstable sense of self and identity
  • negative interpersonal relationships
  • self harm
89
Q

radical acceptance

A

accepting facts of what happened and coming to terms with situation

90
Q

hypervigilance

A

tendency to be constantly on alert and looking for threats in environment

91
Q

which disorder generally displays hypervigilance?

A

borderline personality disorder

92
Q

splitting

A

thinking style where they either totally hate someone or totally love someone

93
Q

what is not a listed disorder in DSM-5?

A

suicide

94
Q

what makes suicide abnormal?

A

attempting or completing the act

95
Q

is thinking about suicide abnormal?

A

no

96
Q

interpersonal theory of suicide

A

says that suicide involves two factors

97
Q

what are the factors in suicide?

A
  • desire to die
  • means and will to complete suicide
98
Q

which psychological disorders commonly cause suicide?

A

depression and anxiety

99
Q

illusory correlation

A

something seems to be true but is actually coincidental

100
Q

how do disorders affect physical health?

A

those with psychological disorders are more likely to be physically ill

101
Q

catch22

A

effect where those who hide a disorder due to fear show positive example of those who are suffering

102
Q

paranoid personality disorder

A

paranoia, suspiciousness and deep distrust of others

103
Q

schizoid personality disorder

A

extreme lack of interest in interpersonal relationships

104
Q

schizotypical personality disorder

A

socially isolated and prone to odd thinking

105
Q

histrionic personality disorder

A

attention seeking, dramatic, lively and flirtatious (inappropriately seductive in interactions)

106
Q

narcissistic personality disorder

A

self-aggrandising yet overly dependent on the evaluation of others (they are entitled and better than others)

107
Q

avoidant personality disorder

A

socially inhibited and prone to feelings of inadequacy, anxiety and shame

108
Q

dependent personality disorder

A

dependent on others for emotional and physical needs

109
Q

obsessive compulsive personality disorder

A

conforming rigidly to rules and attach excessively to moral codes

110
Q

clinical psychology

A

area that integrates science and theory to prevent and treat psychological disorders

111
Q

psychotherapy

A

nonmedical process that helps those with disorders to recognize and overcome their problems

112
Q

biological therapies

A

treatments that reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering aspects of bodily functioning

113
Q

what is the biological approach to therapy?

A

psychiatrists being able to administer medication to clients

114
Q

psychotherapy

A

all types involve a trained professional engaging in interpersonal relationship with someone who is suffering

115
Q

what are the central issues in psychotherapy?

A

wondering if it really works

116
Q

empirically supported treatment

A

for any given psychological disorder treatment decisions should be based on the body of research that has been conducted showing which therapy works best

117
Q

evidence based practice

A

decisions about treatment are made using the best available research and considering the therapists clinical judgement and client characteristics

118
Q

what are the factors in effective psychotherapy?

A
  • therapeutic alliance
  • therapists
  • clients
119
Q

therapeutic alliance

A

relationship between the therapist and client

120
Q

why is a therapeutic alliance effective?

A

it has trust, respect and cooperation from the client

121
Q

insight therapies

A

encourage self awareness as key to psychological health

122
Q

what are the types of psychodynamic therapies?

A
  • psychoanalysis
  • humanistic
  • behaviour therapies
  • cognitive therapies
123
Q

psychodynamic therapies

A

stress the importance of the unconscious mind

124
Q

psychoanalysis

A

therapeutic technique for analysing an individuals unconscious thoughts

125
Q

what does psychoanalysis include?

A

free association and transference

126
Q

free association

A

giving quick responses to a prompt

127
Q

transference

A

clients relating to the analyst in ways that reproduce important relationships in their life

128
Q

humanistic therapies

A

people are encouraged toward self understanding and personal growth

129
Q

what does humanistic therapies emphasise?

A

conscious thoughts, the present and self fulfilment

130
Q

client centred therapy

A

therapist provides warm and supportive atmosphere to improve self concept and encourage gaining insight into problems

131
Q

reflective speech

A

therapist mirrors the clients own feelings back to the client

132
Q

what are the three elements needed to grow according to humanistic therapies?

A
  • unconditional positive regard
  • empathy
  • genuineness
133
Q

behaviour therapies

A

use principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behaviour

134
Q

what are classical conditioning techniques?

A

systematic desensitisation and in vivo exposure

135
Q

systematic desensitisation

A

treats anxiety by teaching client to associate deep relaxation with anxiety producing situations

136
Q

in vivo exposure

A

being exposed to feared situation until the fear is extinguished

137
Q

what are operant conditioning techniques?

A

just as maladaptive behaviours are learned they can also be unlearned the same way

138
Q

cognitive therapies

A

cognitions or thoughts are the main source of psychological problems

139
Q

what two assumptions does cognitive therapies have?

A
  • human beings have control over their feelings
  • how individuals feel depends on how they think about it
140
Q

cognitive restructuring

A

changing a pattern of thought that is presumed to be causing maladaptive behaviours or emotions

141
Q

cognitive behaviour therapy

A

combination of cognitive theory with behaviour therapy

142
Q

self instructional methods

A

teaching individuals to modify own behaviour

143
Q

integrative therapy

A

combination of techniques from different therapies

144
Q

biological therapies

A

involve altering aspects of bodily functioning to treat psychological disorders

145
Q

anti anxiety drugs

A

make individuals calmer and less excitable

146
Q

how do benzodiazepines work? (anti anxiety)

A

by binding to receptor sites of neurotransmitters that become overactive during anxiety

147
Q

antidepressant drugs

A

regulate mood

148
Q

what are the four main classes of antidepressants?

A
  • tricyclic
  • tetracyclic
  • monoamine oxidase inhibitors
  • selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
149
Q

tricyclics

A

increased level of certain neurotransmitters (norepinephrine and serotonin)

150
Q

tetracyclics

A

increase levels of norepinephrine and serotonin

151
Q

MAO inhibitors

A

block monoamine oxidase

152
Q

monoamine oxidase

A

enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain

153
Q

SSRI’s

A

interfere only with the reabsorption of serotonin in the brain

154
Q

what medication is used to treat bipolar disorder?

A

lithium

155
Q

lithium

A

stabilises mood by influencing norepinephrine and serotonin

156
Q

antipsychotic drugs

A

powerful drugs that diminish agitated behaviour, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations, improve social behaviour and produce better sleep patterns

157
Q

what types of antipsychotic drugs get used on schizophrenia?

A

neuroleptics and atypical antipsychotic medications

158
Q

neuroleptics

A

block dopamine’s action in the brain

159
Q

atypical antipsychotic medications

A

influence dopamine and serotonin

160
Q

what are two serious side effects of antipsychotics?

A

tardive dyskinesia and metabolic syndrome

161
Q

tardive dyskinesia

A

neurological disorder with random and involuntary movements of the body and face

162
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

condition associated with obesity and risk for diabetes and heart disease

163
Q

electroconvulsive therapy

A

goal is to set off seizure in the brain

164
Q

deep brain stimulation

A

surgically implanted electrodes into brain that emit signals to alter brains electrical circuitry

165
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

computer controlled electromagnetic treatment could that delivers bursts of magnetic energy on left prefrontal cortex

166
Q

psychosurgery

A

involves removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve readjustment

167
Q

what is the procedure for psychosurgery?

A

small lesion in amygdala or other part of the limbic system

168
Q

group therapy

A

brings together individuals who share a psychological disorder in sessions that are lead by a mental health professional

169
Q

what six features characterise group therapy?

A
  • information
  • universality
  • altruism
  • experience of positive family group
  • development of social skills
  • interpersonal learning
170
Q

information

A

individuals receive information about their problems from group leader or other members

171
Q

universality

A

they see they are not alone and others share their experiences

172
Q

altruism

A

group members support each other

173
Q

experience of positive family group

A

old wounds can be healed in new family

174
Q

development of social skills

A

enhances interpersonal skills and likelihood of accepting feedback

175
Q

interpersonal learning

A

group can be training ground for trying new behaviours

176
Q

family therapy

A

group therapy among family members

177
Q

couples therapy

A

group therapy with married or unmarried couples whose major problem lies within their relationship

178
Q

what therapies are used in the family and couples therapy approach?

A

psychodynamic, humanistic and behaviour

179
Q

what are the four most used techniques in family and couples therapy?

A
  • validation
  • reframing
  • structural change
  • detriangulation
180
Q

validation

A

therapist expresses an understanding and acceptance of each members feelings

181
Q

reframing

A

therapist helps families reframe problems as family problems and not individual ones

182
Q

structural change

A

therapist tries to restructure coalitions in a family

183
Q

detriangulation

A

focusing the attention away from a scape goat of a family and onto the real conflict

184
Q

self help support groups

A

voluntary organisations of individuals usually run by a paraprofessional

185
Q

paraprofessional

A

someone who has been taught by a professional to provide mental health services but doesn’t have formal training

186
Q

deinstitutionalisation

A

transferring those with disorders from mental institutions to community based facilities

187
Q

what is the goal of community mental health?

A

helping people who are disenfranchised from society

188
Q

what is the key concept of community mental health?

A

empowerment: assisting individuals to develop the skills they need to control own life

189
Q

what is the importance of cultural perspectives?

A

individual therapies may not work on people from collectivists cultures

190
Q

cross- cultural competence

A

how skilled a therapist feels about being able to manage cultural issues that may arise in therapy and to how the client perceives the therapists ability

191
Q

how is ethnicity important for therapy?

A

when there is an ethnic match between therapist and client the client is less likely to drop out and gets better treatment outcomes

192
Q

what are some ethnic specific services?

A
  • culturally appropriate greetings and arrangements
  • flexible hours
  • bicultural/bilingual staff
193
Q

well being therapy

A

short term, problem focused and directive therapy

PSY100 (6 decks)

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