Test 5 Flashcards
social psychology
study of how people think about, influence and relate to other people
what is social psychology most closely aligned to?
personality psychology
what are the general topics of social psychology?
racism
prejudice
stereotypes
attitudes in general
what is social psychology experiments likely to manipulate?
independent variable
bystander effect
tendency for an individual to be less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present
digital bystanders
those who record a crime to report it or try an assist the victim
what are the 5 steps to helping an emergency?
- notice the event
- understand that it is an emergency
- take responsibility for aiding the victim
- know how to help
- help
what causes bystanding?
a short circuit and people start to use others a guide for behaviour
social cognition
area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember and use social information
person perception
processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others
what is an important social cue?
face
what do we process from the face?
how trustworthy and dominant a person is likely to be
stereotype
generalisation about a group’s characteristics that does not consider variations of individuals
self fulfilling prophecy
expectations cause individuals to act in ways that will make expectations true
what can people determine from a brief interaction?
persons romantic interest in them
propensity for violence
sexual orientation
attributions
explanations of the causes of behaviour
attribution theory
views people as motivated to discover underlying causes of behaviours
internal attributions
causes inside and specific to the person (traits and abilities)
external attributions
causes outside the person (social pressure, the weather, luck)
stable/unstable causes
is the cause of behaviour permanent or temporary?
uncontrollable/controllable causes
we perceive that people have power over some causes
actor
person who produces behaviour to be explained
observer
person who offers casual explanation of behaviour
how do actors usually explain own behaviour?
external causes
how do observers explain behaviour?
internal causes
fundamental attribution error
tendency of observers to overestimate importance of internal traits
representative heuristic
making judgements based on physical appearance or stereotypes
false consensus effect
overestimating degree to which everyone else thinks or acts the way we do
what is the most important self related variable?
self esteem
self esteem
degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves
what do people with high self esteem possess?
positive illusions
positive illusions
rosy views of themselves not necessarily rooted in reality
self serving bias
tendency to take credit for successes and deny responsibility for failures
Dunning-Kruger effect
people believe they are smarter and more capable than they really are
self objectification
tendency to see oneself as an object in others eyes
stereotype threat
individuals fear of being judged based on negative stereotypes about their group
how does stereotype threat affect performance
anxiety
distraction
loss of motivation and effort
social comparison
we evaluate our thoughts, feelings, behaviours and abilities in relation to others
upward social comparisons
when we compare ourselves to those who are better off
downward social comparisons
comparing ourselves to those less fortunate
attitudes
our opinions and beliefs about people, objects and ideas
when does attitude guide actions?
- when persons attitudes are strong
- when the person shows a strong awareness of an attitude and rehearses it
- when the person has a vested interest
cognitive dissonance
psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts, values or beliefs
effort justification
coming up with rationale for amount of work we put into getting something
self perception theory
individuals make inferences about their attitudes by observing their behaviour
self perception theory
individuals make inferences about their attitudes by observing their behaviour
what are two main theories for explaining how behaviour influences attitude?
cognitive dissonance and self perception theory
persuasion
trying to change someone’s attitude and often behaviour too
elaboration likelihood model
identifies two pathways of persuasion
central route
works by engaging the audience with a sound logical argument
peripheral route
involves factors like sources attractiveness or emotional power of appeal
what are two pathways of persuasion?
central route and peripheral route
foot in the door technique
making a smaller request first and saving big demand for last
door in the face technique
making the biggest pitch first and then making smaller demand
inoculation
giving weak version of persuasive message allows time for them to argue against
pro social behaviours
involve helping another person
altruism
giving to another person with goal of benefitting that other person
egoism
helping another person for personal gain
what psychological factors are in prosocial behaviour
empathy
agreeableness
mood
what sociocultural factors affect prosocial behaviour?
socioeconomic status
media
aggression
behaviour with objective of harming another
frustration
blocking of an individuals attempt to reach goals
frustration-aggression hypothesis
frustration always leads to aggression
cognitive determinant
aggressive behaviour starts with aggressive thoughts
culture of honour
man’s reputation is thought to be essential aspect of economic survival
what is social influence?
how behaviour is influenced by other individuals and groups
conformity
change in a persons behaviour to coincide more closely with a group standard
what does disagreement cause in the brain?
enhanced activation of brain area associated with monitoring for errors, less activation in nucleus accumbens and the ventral regimental area
informational social influence
influence others have on us because we want to be right
normative social influence
influence others have on us because we want them to like us
what are two psychological factors in conformity?
informational social influence and normative social influence
obedience
behaviour that complies with explicit demands of authority
reactance
motivation to reject attempts to control us
deindividuation
occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and ruins sense of personal responsibility
social contagion
imitative behaviour involving the spread of actions, emotions and ideas
social facilitation
when individuals performance improves because of presence of others
social loafing
each persons tendency to exert less effort in group due to reduced accountability
risky shift
tendency for a group decision to be riskier than average decision by individual
group polarisation effect
strengthening of an individuals position from group discussion
groupthink
impaired group decision making when maintaining group harmony is more important than making right decision
social identity
way we define ourselves in terms of our group membership
five distinct types of social identities
ethnicity and religion
personal relationships
vocations and avocations
political affiliation
stigmatised groups
social identity theory
our social identities are crucial to self image and source of positive feelings to ourselves
ethnocentrism
tendency to favour own ethnic group over other groups
prejudice
unjustified negative attitude toward on individual based on their membership to particular group
explicit racism
persons conscious and openly shared sttitude
implicit racism
attitudes that exist on hidden, deeper level
implicit associations test (IAT)
assesses ease with which person can associate Black and White with good or bad
discrimination
unjustified negative or harmful action toward someone based in group they belong to
task oriented cooperation
working together on a shared goal
mere exposure effect
phenomenon that more we encounter someone or something that more we start liking it
consensual validation
own attitudes and behaviours are validated by those who share some ideas
romantic love (passionate love)
love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation
affectionate love (companionate love)
individuals desire to have other person near and have caring affection for the person
social exchange theory
views relationships as involving an exchange of goods
equity
feeling on the part of individuals that everyone is doing their fair share
investment model
examines ways that commitment, investment and availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships
what is crucial to human survival?
connection to others
health psychology
emphasises psychology’s role in establishing and maintaining health and preventing and treating illness
what is a related discipline to health psychology?
behavioural medicine
behavioural medicine
focuses on developing and integrating behavioural and biomedical knowledge to promote health and reduce illness
health promotion
helping individuals make lifestyle choices to optimise health and achieve balance
public health
studies health and disease in large populations to guide policy makers
health behaviours
things you do to improve or maintain health and ability to fight illness
biopsychosocial model
says how psychological disorders are medical diseases with biological origin
what is the mind-body connection?
minds influence bodies and bodies influence minds, it explains this connection as bidirectional
theory of reasoned action
suggests that effective change requires the individual:
- have specific intentions about behaviour
- hold positive attitudes about new behaviour
- believe social group look favourably on new behaviour
theory of planned behaviour
include the 3 components of reasoned action and adds a persons perception of their control over the outcome
what does the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behaviour predict?
how successful people will be in their intentions to engage in health related behaviour
anticipated regret
feeling that we will look back in decision with negative emotion
what powerfully influences health decision making?
anticipated regret
what is the stages of change model?
describes the process where individuals give up bad habits and adopt healthier lifestyles
what are the five stages of the stages of change model?
precontemplation
contemplation
preparation/ determination
action/will power
maintenance
precontemplation stage
individuals not yet ready to think about changing and may not realise they have a problem
contemplation stage
individuals acknowledge they have a problem but may not yet be ready to change
preparation/determination stage
individuals are preparing to take action
action/will power stage
individuals commit to making behavioural change and make a plan
maintenance stage
individuals are successful in continuing their behaviour change over time
relapse
return to the former unhealthy patterns
when is relapse a challenge?
during the maintenance stage
what are criticisms of the stages of change model?
- whether the stages are mutually exclusive (move from one to the next)
- the model refers more to attitudes that change than behaviours
implementation intentions
specific strategies for dealing with challenges of making life change
when is change the most effective?
when you do it for yourself
social support
information and feedback from others indicating that one is loved and cared for
what are the three types of benefits that social support gives?
tangible assistance
information
emotional support
tangible assistance
family and friends provide goods and services in stressful circumstances
information
those who provide support can also recommend actions and plans to help
emotional support
friends and family reassure stressed person they are valued and loved
social sharing
turning to others who act as sounding board or a willing ear
what does helping others benefit?
physical health
is religious practice linked to wellbeing?
the relationship is inconsistent
is spirituality linked to wellbeing?
high levels of spirituality is associated with greater wellbeing
spirituality
the connectedness to four relationships
what are the four relationships of spirituality?
- relationship with feeling or belief of transcendent or divine
- relationship with themself
- relationship with others and community
- relationship and appreciation of nature
