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PSY100 > Test 5 > Flashcards

Test 5 Flashcards

1
Q

social psychology

A

study of how people think about, influence and relate to other people

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2
Q

what is social psychology most closely aligned to?

A

personality psychology

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3
Q

what are the general topics of social psychology?

A

racism
prejudice
stereotypes
attitudes in general

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4
Q

what is social psychology experiments likely to manipulate?

A

independent variable

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5
Q

bystander effect

A

tendency for an individual to be less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present

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6
Q

digital bystanders

A

those who record a crime to report it or try an assist the victim

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7
Q

what are the 5 steps to helping an emergency?

A
  1. notice the event
  2. understand that it is an emergency
  3. take responsibility for aiding the victim
  4. know how to help
  5. help
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8
Q

what causes bystanding?

A

a short circuit and people start to use others a guide for behaviour

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9
Q

social cognition

A

area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember and use social information

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10
Q

person perception

A

processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

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11
Q

what is an important social cue?

A

face

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12
Q

what do we process from the face?

A

how trustworthy and dominant a person is likely to be

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13
Q

stereotype

A

generalisation about a group’s characteristics that does not consider variations of individuals

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14
Q

self fulfilling prophecy

A

expectations cause individuals to act in ways that will make expectations true

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15
Q

what can people determine from a brief interaction?

A

persons romantic interest in them
propensity for violence
sexual orientation

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16
Q

attributions

A

explanations of the causes of behaviour

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17
Q

attribution theory

A

views people as motivated to discover underlying causes of behaviours

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18
Q

internal attributions

A

causes inside and specific to the person (traits and abilities)

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19
Q

external attributions

A

causes outside the person (social pressure, the weather, luck)

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20
Q

stable/unstable causes

A

is the cause of behaviour permanent or temporary?

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21
Q

uncontrollable/controllable causes

A

we perceive that people have power over some causes

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22
Q

actor

A

person who produces behaviour to be explained

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23
Q

observer

A

person who offers casual explanation of behaviour

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24
Q

how do actors usually explain own behaviour?

A

external causes

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25
Q

how do observers explain behaviour?

A

internal causes

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26
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tendency of observers to overestimate importance of internal traits

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27
Q

representative heuristic

A

making judgements based on physical appearance or stereotypes

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28
Q

false consensus effect

A

overestimating degree to which everyone else thinks or acts the way we do

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29
Q

what is the most important self related variable?

A

self esteem

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30
Q

self esteem

A

degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves

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31
Q

what do people with high self esteem possess?

A

positive illusions

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32
Q

positive illusions

A

rosy views of themselves not necessarily rooted in reality

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33
Q

self serving bias

A

tendency to take credit for successes and deny responsibility for failures

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34
Q

Dunning-Kruger effect

A

people believe they are smarter and more capable than they really are

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35
Q

self objectification

A

tendency to see oneself as an object in others eyes

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36
Q

stereotype threat

A

individuals fear of being judged based on negative stereotypes about their group

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37
Q

how does stereotype threat affect performance

A

anxiety
distraction
loss of motivation and effort

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38
Q

social comparison

A

we evaluate our thoughts, feelings, behaviours and abilities in relation to others

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39
Q

upward social comparisons

A

when we compare ourselves to those who are better off

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40
Q

downward social comparisons

A

comparing ourselves to those less fortunate

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41
Q

attitudes

A

our opinions and beliefs about people, objects and ideas

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42
Q

when does attitude guide actions?

A
  • when persons attitudes are strong
  • when the person shows a strong awareness of an attitude and rehearses it
  • when the person has a vested interest
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43
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts, values or beliefs

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44
Q

effort justification

A

coming up with rationale for amount of work we put into getting something

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45
Q

self perception theory

A

individuals make inferences about their attitudes by observing their behaviour

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46
Q

self perception theory

A

individuals make inferences about their attitudes by observing their behaviour

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47
Q

what are two main theories for explaining how behaviour influences attitude?

A

cognitive dissonance and self perception theory

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48
Q

persuasion

A

trying to change someone’s attitude and often behaviour too

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49
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A

identifies two pathways of persuasion

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50
Q

central route

A

works by engaging the audience with a sound logical argument

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51
Q

peripheral route

A

involves factors like sources attractiveness or emotional power of appeal

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52
Q

what are two pathways of persuasion?

A

central route and peripheral route

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53
Q

foot in the door technique

A

making a smaller request first and saving big demand for last

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54
Q

door in the face technique

A

making the biggest pitch first and then making smaller demand

55
Q

inoculation

A

giving weak version of persuasive message allows time for them to argue against

56
Q

pro social behaviours

A

involve helping another person

57
Q

altruism

A

giving to another person with goal of benefitting that other person

58
Q

egoism

A

helping another person for personal gain

59
Q

what psychological factors are in prosocial behaviour

A

empathy
agreeableness
mood

60
Q

what sociocultural factors affect prosocial behaviour?

A

socioeconomic status
media

61
Q

aggression

A

behaviour with objective of harming another

62
Q

frustration

A

blocking of an individuals attempt to reach goals

63
Q

frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

frustration always leads to aggression

64
Q

cognitive determinant

A

aggressive behaviour starts with aggressive thoughts

65
Q

culture of honour

A

man’s reputation is thought to be essential aspect of economic survival

66
Q

what is social influence?

A

how behaviour is influenced by other individuals and groups

67
Q

conformity

A

change in a persons behaviour to coincide more closely with a group standard

68
Q

what does disagreement cause in the brain?

A

enhanced activation of brain area associated with monitoring for errors, less activation in nucleus accumbens and the ventral regimental area

69
Q

informational social influence

A

influence others have on us because we want to be right

70
Q

normative social influence

A

influence others have on us because we want them to like us

71
Q

what are two psychological factors in conformity?

A

informational social influence and normative social influence

72
Q

obedience

A

behaviour that complies with explicit demands of authority

73
Q

reactance

A

motivation to reject attempts to control us

74
Q

deindividuation

A

occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and ruins sense of personal responsibility

75
Q

social contagion

A

imitative behaviour involving the spread of actions, emotions and ideas

76
Q

social facilitation

A

when individuals performance improves because of presence of others

77
Q

social loafing

A

each persons tendency to exert less effort in group due to reduced accountability

78
Q

risky shift

A

tendency for a group decision to be riskier than average decision by individual

79
Q

group polarisation effect

A

strengthening of an individuals position from group discussion

80
Q

groupthink

A

impaired group decision making when maintaining group harmony is more important than making right decision

81
Q

social identity

A

way we define ourselves in terms of our group membership

82
Q

five distinct types of social identities

A

ethnicity and religion
personal relationships
vocations and avocations
political affiliation
stigmatised groups

83
Q

social identity theory

A

our social identities are crucial to self image and source of positive feelings to ourselves

84
Q

ethnocentrism

A

tendency to favour own ethnic group over other groups

85
Q

prejudice

A

unjustified negative attitude toward on individual based on their membership to particular group

86
Q

explicit racism

A

persons conscious and openly shared sttitude

87
Q

implicit racism

A

attitudes that exist on hidden, deeper level

88
Q

implicit associations test (IAT)

A

assesses ease with which person can associate Black and White with good or bad

89
Q

discrimination

A

unjustified negative or harmful action toward someone based in group they belong to

90
Q

task oriented cooperation

A

working together on a shared goal

91
Q

mere exposure effect

A

phenomenon that more we encounter someone or something that more we start liking it

92
Q

consensual validation

A

own attitudes and behaviours are validated by those who share some ideas

93
Q

romantic love (passionate love)

A

love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation

94
Q

affectionate love (companionate love)

A

individuals desire to have other person near and have caring affection for the person

95
Q

social exchange theory

A

views relationships as involving an exchange of goods

96
Q

equity

A

feeling on the part of individuals that everyone is doing their fair share

97
Q

investment model

A

examines ways that commitment, investment and availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships

98
Q

what is crucial to human survival?

A

connection to others

99
Q

health psychology

A

emphasises psychology’s role in establishing and maintaining health and preventing and treating illness

100
Q

what is a related discipline to health psychology?

A

behavioural medicine

101
Q

behavioural medicine

A

focuses on developing and integrating behavioural and biomedical knowledge to promote health and reduce illness

102
Q

health promotion

A

helping individuals make lifestyle choices to optimise health and achieve balance

103
Q

public health

A

studies health and disease in large populations to guide policy makers

104
Q

health behaviours

A

things you do to improve or maintain health and ability to fight illness

105
Q

biopsychosocial model

A

says how psychological disorders are medical diseases with biological origin

106
Q

what is the mind-body connection?

A

minds influence bodies and bodies influence minds, it explains this connection as bidirectional

107
Q

theory of reasoned action

A

suggests that effective change requires the individual:
- have specific intentions about behaviour
- hold positive attitudes about new behaviour
- believe social group look favourably on new behaviour

108
Q

theory of planned behaviour

A

include the 3 components of reasoned action and adds a persons perception of their control over the outcome

109
Q

what does the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behaviour predict?

A

how successful people will be in their intentions to engage in health related behaviour

110
Q

anticipated regret

A

feeling that we will look back in decision with negative emotion

111
Q

what powerfully influences health decision making?

A

anticipated regret

112
Q

what is the stages of change model?

A

describes the process where individuals give up bad habits and adopt healthier lifestyles

113
Q

what are the five stages of the stages of change model?

A

precontemplation
contemplation
preparation/ determination
action/will power
maintenance

114
Q

precontemplation stage

A

individuals not yet ready to think about changing and may not realise they have a problem

115
Q

contemplation stage

A

individuals acknowledge they have a problem but may not yet be ready to change

116
Q

preparation/determination stage

A

individuals are preparing to take action

117
Q

action/will power stage

A

individuals commit to making behavioural change and make a plan

118
Q

maintenance stage

A

individuals are successful in continuing their behaviour change over time

119
Q

relapse

A

return to the former unhealthy patterns

120
Q

when is relapse a challenge?

A

during the maintenance stage

121
Q

what are criticisms of the stages of change model?

A
  • whether the stages are mutually exclusive (move from one to the next)
  • the model refers more to attitudes that change than behaviours
122
Q

implementation intentions

A

specific strategies for dealing with challenges of making life change

123
Q

when is change the most effective?

A

when you do it for yourself

124
Q

social support

A

information and feedback from others indicating that one is loved and cared for

125
Q

what are the three types of benefits that social support gives?

A

tangible assistance
information
emotional support

126
Q

tangible assistance

A

family and friends provide goods and services in stressful circumstances

127
Q

information

A

those who provide support can also recommend actions and plans to help

128
Q

emotional support

A

friends and family reassure stressed person they are valued and loved

129
Q

social sharing

A

turning to others who act as sounding board or a willing ear

130
Q

what does helping others benefit?

A

physical health

131
Q

is religious practice linked to wellbeing?

A

the relationship is inconsistent

132
Q

is spirituality linked to wellbeing?

A

high levels of spirituality is associated with greater wellbeing

133
Q

spirituality

A

the connectedness to four relationships

134
Q

what are the four relationships of spirituality?

A
  • relationship with feeling or belief of transcendent or divine
  • relationship with themself
  • relationship with others and community
  • relationship and appreciation of nature

PSY100 (6 decks)

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