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PSY100 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

consciousness

A

individuals awareness of external events and internal sensations under condition of arousal

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2
Q

awareness

A

that of the self and thoughts about one’s experiences

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3
Q

qualia

A

the way it feels to experience mental states

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4
Q

arousal

A

physiological state of being engaged with the environment

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5
Q

theory of mind

A

individuals understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive and have private experiences

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6
Q

where is awareness in the brain

A

prefrontal cortex

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7
Q

higher level consciousness

A

individuals actively focus their efforts on attaining a goal (most alert state)

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8
Q

controlled processes

A

the most alert state of human consciousness

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9
Q

executive functioning

A

higher order, complex cognitive processes

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10
Q

what falls into higher level consciousness?

A
  • controlled processes
  • executive functioning
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11
Q

lower level consciousness

A

automatic processing that requires little attention

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12
Q

what falls into lower level consciousness?

A
  • automatic processes
  • daydreaming
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13
Q

automatic processes

A

state of consciousness that requires little attention and don’t interfere with other activities

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14
Q

daydreaming

A

similar to dreaming but while we are awake

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15
Q

altered state of consciousness

A

produced by drugs, trauma, fatigue and possibly hypnosis

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16
Q

what falls under altered states of consciousness?

A
  • subconscious awareness
  • waking subconscious awareness
  • incubation
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17
Q

subconscious awareness

A

brain activity which occurs without disrupting awareness

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18
Q

waking subconscious awareness

A

a subconscious connection between ideas is so strong that it rises into awareness

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19
Q

incubation

A

the subconscious processing that leads to a solution after a break from conscious thought about the problem

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20
Q

no awareness

A

freuds belief that some unconscious thoughts have too much negative emotion around them for consciousness to admit them

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21
Q

unconscious

A

someone who has been knocked out or anaesthetised or who has fallen into a deep unconscious state

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22
Q

unconscious thought

A

reservoir of unacceptable wishes, feelings and thoughts that are beyond conscious awareness

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23
Q

sleep

A

natural state of rest for the body and mind that involves reversible loss of consciousness

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24
Q

biological rhythms

A

periodic physiological fluctuations in the body

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25
Q

circadian rhythms

A

daily behavioural or physiological cycles

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26
Q

fatal familial insomnia

A

genetic mutation which causes a person to progressively lose ability to sleep

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27
Q

sleep debt

A

an accumulated level of exhaustion

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28
Q

REM

A

rapid eye movement

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29
Q

stage W

A
  • wake stage
  • alpha and beta waves
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30
Q

stage non-REM1 sleep

A
  • after just falling asleep
  • experience myoclonic jerks
  • theta waves
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31
Q

myoclonic jerks

A

sudden muscle movement

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32
Q

stage N2

A
  • not consciously aware of environment
  • theta waves
  • sleep spindles
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33
Q

sleep spindles

A

sudden increase in high frequency wave bursts

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34
Q

stage n3

A
  • delta waves
  • deepest sleep
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35
Q

stage R

A
  • active stage of sleep
  • most vivid dreaming
  • fast waves
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36
Q

what transmitters are involved in sleep?

A
  • serotonin
  • norepinephrine
  • acetylcholine
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37
Q

social jet lag

A

without travelling a persons sleep clock can be desynchronized

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38
Q

nightmare

A

frightening dream that awakens dreamer from REM sleep

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39
Q

night terror

A

sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear

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40
Q

narcolepsy

A
  • sudden overpowering urge to sleep
  • immediately enter REM sleep
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41
Q

sleep apnea

A

individuals stop breathing because windpipe fails or open or brain processes for respiration fail to work during sleep

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42
Q

freuds psychodynamic approach to dreaming

A

dreams are they key to unconscious mind

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43
Q

manifest content

A

the dreams surface content

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44
Q

latent content

A

the dreams hidden content

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45
Q

cognitive theory of dreaming

A

we can understand dreaming by applying the same cognitive concepts we use in studying the waking mind

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46
Q

default network

A

a collection of neurons that are active during mind wandering

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47
Q

activation synthesis theory

A

says dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity that occurs during sleep

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48
Q

lucid dreaming

A

dreaming while being conscious that you are dreaming

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49
Q

how to lucid dream?

A
  • dream journaling
  • reality checks
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50
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

acts on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perception and change mood

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51
Q

physiological dependence

A

a need for a drug which causes withdrawal symptoms

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52
Q

focused attention

A

bringing awareness to inner life and attending to thoughts

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53
Q

open monitoring

A

capacity to observe one’s thoughts as they happen without getting preoccupied

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54
Q

learning

A

systematic, relatively permanent change in behaviour that results from cognitive experience

55
Q

behaviourism

A

a systematic method or approach to understanding changes in observable behaviour

56
Q

non associative learning

A

procedures where there is only one single event or stimulus involved without reward or punishment

57
Q

types of non associative learning

A
  • habituation
  • sensitization
  • imprinting
58
Q

habituation

A

decrease in response to repeated stimuli overtime

59
Q

sensitization

A

increase in response to repeated stimulus overtime

60
Q

imprinting

A

non associative learning that takes place over limited period of time

61
Q

associative learning

A

occurs when organism makes connection between two stimuli or events

62
Q

what are types of associative learning?

A
  • classical conditioning
  • operant conditioning
63
Q

classical conditioning

A

organisms learn the association between two stimuli

64
Q

operant conditioning

A

organisms learn the association between behaviour consequence

65
Q

observational learning

A

social learning when one person or animal observes another’s behaviour

66
Q

acquisition

A

phase in learning where the conditioned stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus and learned response is acquired

67
Q

contiguity

A

the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented close together

68
Q

contingency

A

the conditioned stimulus not only precedes the unconditioned stimulus closely but also is reliable that US is on the way

69
Q

generalization

A

tendency of new stimulus that is similar to original conditioned stimulus to elicit response

70
Q

discrimination

A

learning to respond to certain stimuli but not others

71
Q

extinction

A

the weakening of the conditioned response when the US is no longer present

72
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

an extinguished conditioned response can recur after a time delay

73
Q

renewal

A

recovery of CR when organism is placed in similar context

74
Q

counter conditioning

A

changing the conditioning of an undesired response to a stimulus into a desired one

75
Q

aversive conditioning

A

form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus

76
Q

task aversion learning

A

special kind of classical conditioning involving learned association between taste and nausea

77
Q

habituation

A

decrease in the response to a repeated or prolonged stimulus over time

78
Q

law of effect

A

states that behaviours followed by pleasant outcomes are strengthened and ones followed by unpleasant outcomes are weakened

79
Q

shaping

A

rewarding successive approximations of a desired behaviour

80
Q

reinforcement

A

the process by which a stimulus or event following a particular behaviour increases the probability that the behaviour will happen again

81
Q

positive reinforcement

A

frequency of behaviour increases because it is followed by a desirable stimulus

82
Q

negative reinforcement

A

frequency of behaviour increases because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable

83
Q

avoidance learning

A

accounts when the organism learns that by making a particular response a negative stimulus can be escaped or avoided

84
Q

learned helplessness

A

organism has learned that it has no control over negative outcomes

85
Q

primary reinforcer

A

does not require any learning on the organisms part to make it pleasurable

86
Q

secondary reinforcement

A

acquires positive value through an organisms experience

87
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

a behaviour reinforced each time it occurs

88
Q

partial reinforcement

A

when a reinforcement follows a behaviour only sometimes

89
Q

schedules of reinforcement

A

patterns which determine when a behaviour will be reinforced

90
Q

what are the four schedules of partial reinforcement?

A
  • fixed ratio
  • variable ratio
  • fixed interval
  • variable interval
91
Q

fixed ratio schedule

A

provides reinforcement after a set number of behaviours

92
Q

variable ratio schedule

A

behaviours are rewarded on an unpredictable basis

93
Q

fixed interval schedule

A

reinforces the first appropriate behaviour after a fixed amount of time has passed

94
Q

variable interval schedule

A

a timetable where a behaviour is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed

95
Q

punishment

A

a consequence which decreases the likelihood that behaviour will continue in the future

96
Q

positive punishment

A

behaviour decreases when it is followed by the presentation of a stimulus

97
Q

negative punishment

A

a behaviour decreases when a stimulus is removed

98
Q

applies behaviour

A

use of operant conditioning principles to change human behaviour

99
Q

four major processes of observational learning

A
  • attention
  • retention
  • motor reproduction
  • reinforcement
100
Q

attention

A

noticing the behaviour of others

101
Q

retention

A

holding the information in memory

102
Q

motor reproduction

A

imitating the models actions

103
Q

reinforcement

A

observing the consequences that follow a models behaviour

104
Q

implicit/latent learning

A

unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behaviour

105
Q

insight learning

A

problem solving where the individual gets sudden insight into or an understanding of a problems solution

106
Q

instinctive drift

A

tendency of animals to revert to biological behaviour that interferes with previous learning

107
Q

preparedness

A

a species specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways

108
Q

fixed mindset

A

believing our qualities cannot change

109
Q

growth mindset

A

believing our qualities can change

110
Q

three things in common with all sensory systems

A
  • specialized receptor cells
  • transduction
  • multiple subsystems
111
Q

perception

A

process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so it makes sense

112
Q

bottom up processing

A

sensory receptors register information about the external environment and send it up to brain for interpretation

113
Q

top down processing

A

begin with cognitive processing in brain and apply that framework to incoming information from world

114
Q

sensory receptors

A

specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to sensory nerves and the brain

115
Q

photoreception

A

detection of light (sight)

116
Q

mechanisation

A

detection of pressure, vibration and movement

117
Q

chemoreception

A

detection of chemical stimuli (smell and taste)

118
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect

119
Q

difference threshold (just noticeable difference)

A

size of difference that must exist between two stimuli before the difference is detected

120
Q

Weber’s law

A

principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion to be perceived as different

121
Q

subliminal perception

A

detection of information below the level of conscious awareness

122
Q

signal detection theory

A

focuses on decision making about stimuli under conditions of uncertainty

123
Q

hit

A

you see the signal while it is present

124
Q

miss

A

you don’t see signal when the signal is present

125
Q

false alarm

A

you see the signal while it is absent

126
Q

correct rejection

A

you don’t see the signal when it is absent

127
Q

what two factors influence perception

A
  • attention
  • perceptual set
128
Q

sensory adaptation

A

a change in the responsiveness of the sensory system to the average level of stimulation

129
Q

amplitude

A

difference in height of waves of light

130
Q

sclera

A

white outer part of the eye, maintains shape and protects from injury

131
Q

iris

A

coloured part of eye

132
Q

pupil

A

opening centre of the iris

133
Q

rods

A

receptors in the retina that are sensitive to light

134
Q

cones

A

receptors used for colour perception and seeing small details

PSY100 (6 decks)

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