Test 2 Flashcards
consciousness
individuals awareness of external events and internal sensations under condition of arousal
awareness
that of the self and thoughts about one’s experiences
qualia
the way it feels to experience mental states
arousal
physiological state of being engaged with the environment
theory of mind
individuals understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive and have private experiences
where is awareness in the brain
prefrontal cortex
higher level consciousness
individuals actively focus their efforts on attaining a goal (most alert state)
controlled processes
the most alert state of human consciousness
executive functioning
higher order, complex cognitive processes
what falls into higher level consciousness?
- controlled processes
- executive functioning
lower level consciousness
automatic processing that requires little attention
what falls into lower level consciousness?
- automatic processes
- daydreaming
automatic processes
state of consciousness that requires little attention and don’t interfere with other activities
daydreaming
similar to dreaming but while we are awake
altered state of consciousness
produced by drugs, trauma, fatigue and possibly hypnosis
what falls under altered states of consciousness?
- subconscious awareness
- waking subconscious awareness
- incubation
subconscious awareness
brain activity which occurs without disrupting awareness
waking subconscious awareness
a subconscious connection between ideas is so strong that it rises into awareness
incubation
the subconscious processing that leads to a solution after a break from conscious thought about the problem
no awareness
freuds belief that some unconscious thoughts have too much negative emotion around them for consciousness to admit them
unconscious
someone who has been knocked out or anaesthetised or who has fallen into a deep unconscious state
unconscious thought
reservoir of unacceptable wishes, feelings and thoughts that are beyond conscious awareness
sleep
natural state of rest for the body and mind that involves reversible loss of consciousness
biological rhythms
periodic physiological fluctuations in the body
circadian rhythms
daily behavioural or physiological cycles
fatal familial insomnia
genetic mutation which causes a person to progressively lose ability to sleep
sleep debt
an accumulated level of exhaustion
REM
rapid eye movement
stage W
- wake stage
- alpha and beta waves
stage non-REM1 sleep
- after just falling asleep
- experience myoclonic jerks
- theta waves
myoclonic jerks
sudden muscle movement
stage N2
- not consciously aware of environment
- theta waves
- sleep spindles
sleep spindles
sudden increase in high frequency wave bursts
stage n3
- delta waves
- deepest sleep
stage R
- active stage of sleep
- most vivid dreaming
- fast waves
what transmitters are involved in sleep?
- serotonin
- norepinephrine
- acetylcholine
social jet lag
without travelling a persons sleep clock can be desynchronized
nightmare
frightening dream that awakens dreamer from REM sleep
night terror
sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear
narcolepsy
- sudden overpowering urge to sleep
- immediately enter REM sleep
sleep apnea
individuals stop breathing because windpipe fails or open or brain processes for respiration fail to work during sleep
freuds psychodynamic approach to dreaming
dreams are they key to unconscious mind
manifest content
the dreams surface content
latent content
the dreams hidden content
cognitive theory of dreaming
we can understand dreaming by applying the same cognitive concepts we use in studying the waking mind
default network
a collection of neurons that are active during mind wandering
activation synthesis theory
says dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity that occurs during sleep
lucid dreaming
dreaming while being conscious that you are dreaming
how to lucid dream?
- dream journaling
- reality checks
psychoactive drugs
acts on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perception and change mood
physiological dependence
a need for a drug which causes withdrawal symptoms
focused attention
bringing awareness to inner life and attending to thoughts
open monitoring
capacity to observe one’s thoughts as they happen without getting preoccupied
learning
systematic, relatively permanent change in behaviour that results from cognitive experience
behaviourism
a systematic method or approach to understanding changes in observable behaviour
non associative learning
procedures where there is only one single event or stimulus involved without reward or punishment
types of non associative learning
- habituation
- sensitization
- imprinting
habituation
decrease in response to repeated stimuli overtime
sensitization
increase in response to repeated stimulus overtime
imprinting
non associative learning that takes place over limited period of time
associative learning
occurs when organism makes connection between two stimuli or events
what are types of associative learning?
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
classical conditioning
organisms learn the association between two stimuli
operant conditioning
organisms learn the association between behaviour consequence
observational learning
social learning when one person or animal observes another’s behaviour
acquisition
phase in learning where the conditioned stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus and learned response is acquired
contiguity
the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented close together
contingency
the conditioned stimulus not only precedes the unconditioned stimulus closely but also is reliable that US is on the way
generalization
tendency of new stimulus that is similar to original conditioned stimulus to elicit response
discrimination
learning to respond to certain stimuli but not others
extinction
the weakening of the conditioned response when the US is no longer present
spontaneous recovery
an extinguished conditioned response can recur after a time delay
renewal
recovery of CR when organism is placed in similar context
counter conditioning
changing the conditioning of an undesired response to a stimulus into a desired one
aversive conditioning
form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus
task aversion learning
special kind of classical conditioning involving learned association between taste and nausea
habituation
decrease in the response to a repeated or prolonged stimulus over time
law of effect
states that behaviours followed by pleasant outcomes are strengthened and ones followed by unpleasant outcomes are weakened
shaping
rewarding successive approximations of a desired behaviour
reinforcement
the process by which a stimulus or event following a particular behaviour increases the probability that the behaviour will happen again
positive reinforcement
frequency of behaviour increases because it is followed by a desirable stimulus
negative reinforcement
frequency of behaviour increases because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable
avoidance learning
accounts when the organism learns that by making a particular response a negative stimulus can be escaped or avoided
learned helplessness
organism has learned that it has no control over negative outcomes
primary reinforcer
does not require any learning on the organisms part to make it pleasurable
secondary reinforcement
acquires positive value through an organisms experience
continuous reinforcement
a behaviour reinforced each time it occurs
partial reinforcement
when a reinforcement follows a behaviour only sometimes
schedules of reinforcement
patterns which determine when a behaviour will be reinforced
what are the four schedules of partial reinforcement?
- fixed ratio
- variable ratio
- fixed interval
- variable interval
fixed ratio schedule
provides reinforcement after a set number of behaviours
variable ratio schedule
behaviours are rewarded on an unpredictable basis
fixed interval schedule
reinforces the first appropriate behaviour after a fixed amount of time has passed
variable interval schedule
a timetable where a behaviour is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed
punishment
a consequence which decreases the likelihood that behaviour will continue in the future
positive punishment
behaviour decreases when it is followed by the presentation of a stimulus
negative punishment
a behaviour decreases when a stimulus is removed
applies behaviour
use of operant conditioning principles to change human behaviour
four major processes of observational learning
- attention
- retention
- motor reproduction
- reinforcement
attention
noticing the behaviour of others
retention
holding the information in memory
motor reproduction
imitating the models actions
reinforcement
observing the consequences that follow a models behaviour
implicit/latent learning
unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behaviour
insight learning
problem solving where the individual gets sudden insight into or an understanding of a problems solution
instinctive drift
tendency of animals to revert to biological behaviour that interferes with previous learning
preparedness
a species specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways
fixed mindset
believing our qualities cannot change
growth mindset
believing our qualities can change
three things in common with all sensory systems
- specialized receptor cells
- transduction
- multiple subsystems
perception
process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so it makes sense
bottom up processing
sensory receptors register information about the external environment and send it up to brain for interpretation
top down processing
begin with cognitive processing in brain and apply that framework to incoming information from world
sensory receptors
specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to sensory nerves and the brain
photoreception
detection of light (sight)
mechanisation
detection of pressure, vibration and movement
chemoreception
detection of chemical stimuli (smell and taste)
absolute threshold
minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect
difference threshold (just noticeable difference)
size of difference that must exist between two stimuli before the difference is detected
Weber’s law
principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion to be perceived as different
subliminal perception
detection of information below the level of conscious awareness
signal detection theory
focuses on decision making about stimuli under conditions of uncertainty
hit
you see the signal while it is present
miss
you don’t see signal when the signal is present
false alarm
you see the signal while it is absent
correct rejection
you don’t see the signal when it is absent
what two factors influence perception
- attention
- perceptual set
sensory adaptation
a change in the responsiveness of the sensory system to the average level of stimulation
amplitude
difference in height of waves of light
sclera
white outer part of the eye, maintains shape and protects from injury
iris
coloured part of eye
pupil
opening centre of the iris
rods
receptors in the retina that are sensitive to light
cones
receptors used for colour perception and seeing small details
