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PSY100 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

active reading

A

paying attention while you read and understanding the material

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2
Q

what technique is used to read actively?

A

S.Q.3R

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3
Q

SQ3R stands for

A

Survey
Question
Read
Recite
Review

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4
Q

psychology

A

the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes

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5
Q

science of psychology

A

uses systematic methods to observe human and other animal behaviour

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6
Q

behaviour

A

everything we do that can be directly observed (baby crying)

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7
Q

mental processes

A

thoughts, feelings and motives that each of us experience (thinking about kissing somebody)

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8
Q

scientific approach

A

tests assumptions and relies on that research to provide the bases for their conclusions

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9
Q

critical thinking

A

the process of reflecting deeply and actively (asking questions and evaluating evidence)

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10
Q

skepticism

A

challenging whether a supposed fact is really true

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11
Q

pseudoscience

A

information which is couched in scientific terminology but not supported by sound scientific research

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12
Q

objective

A

being open to the evidence is thinking objectively

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13
Q

clinical psychologist

A

specialise in studying and treating psychological disorders

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14
Q

positive psychology

A

branch of psychology that emphasises human strengths

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15
Q

philosophy

A

rational investigation of the underlying principles of being and knowledge

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16
Q

Rene Descartes

A

philosopher who argued that the mind and body are separate

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17
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

german philosopher-physician who integrated philosophy and natural sciences to create psychology

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18
Q

structuralism

A

focuses on identifying the structures of the human mind

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19
Q

introspection

A

looking inside our own minds by focusing on our own thoughts

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20
Q

functionalism

A

functions and purposes of the mind and behaviour in the individuals adaptation to the environment

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21
Q

natural selection

A

evolutionary process in which organisms that are better adapted to their environment will survive and produce more offspring

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22
Q

four components of natural selection

A
  • variation
  • competition
  • selective advantage
  • inheritance
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23
Q

variation

A

the fact that characteristics of a species differ

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24
Q

competition

A

arises because a species can produce more offspring that can survive

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25
Q

selective advantage

A

some variations of characteristics gives individuals better chances of survival

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26
Q

inheritance

A

tendency for offspring to possess traits of its parents

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27
Q

biological approach

A

a focus on the body especially the brain and nervous system

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28
Q

neuroscience

A

scientific study of the structure, function, development, genetics and biochemistry of the nervous system

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29
Q

what causes us to think, feel and behave?

A

electrical impulses that go throughout brain cells and release chemical substances

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30
Q

behavioural approach

A

emphasises the scientific study of observable behavioural responses and their environmental determinants

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31
Q

BF Skinner

A

believed psychology should be about what people do and rewards and punishments

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32
Q

behaviourists

A

say that we do what we do because of environmental conditions we have and continue to experience

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33
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

emphasises unconscious thoughts, conflict between biological drives, society’s demand and early childhood family experiences

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34
Q

psychoanalysis

A

analyst unlocking a persons unconscious by talking about their childhood memories, dreams, thoughts and feelings

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35
Q

humanistic approach

A

emphasises a persons positive qualities, the capacity for growth and the freedom to choose one’s destiny

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36
Q

cognitive approach

A

emphasises the mental processes involved in knowing

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37
Q

information processing

A

the ways that the human mind interprets incoming information

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38
Q

evolutionary approach

A

emphasises the use of evolutionary ideas as the basis for explaining specific human behaviours

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39
Q

sociocultural approach

A

examines the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behaviour

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40
Q

practitioners

A

those who are primarily engaged in helping others

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41
Q

psychologist

A

have doctoral degree in psychology

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42
Q

psychiatrist

A

physician with medical degree (can prescribe drugs)

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43
Q

physiological psychology

A

study of physical processes that underlie mental operations

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44
Q

behavioural neuroscience

A

focuses on biological processes especially the brains role in behaviour

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45
Q

what is learning?

A

process which behaviour changes in response to changing circumstances

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46
Q

cognitive psychology

A

field which examines attention, consciousness, information processing and memory

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47
Q

developmental psychology

A

focuses on how people become who they are

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48
Q

motivation

A

how people persist to attain a difficult goal

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49
Q

emotion

A

looks into topics including the physiological and brain processes that underly emotional experience

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50
Q

biopsychosocial

A

model that espouses the idea that mind and body are inseparable

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51
Q

what are the five steps of scientific method?

A
  1. observing a phenomenon
  2. formulating hypotheses and predictions
  3. testing through empirical research
  4. drawing conclusions
  5. evaluating the theory
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52
Q

theory

A

broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations

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53
Q

hypothesis

A

an educated guess that derives logically from a theory and previous research findings

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54
Q

empirical method

A

gaining knowledge by collecting objective evidence

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55
Q

variable

A

anything that can change

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56
Q

operational definition

A

provides an objective description of how a variable is going to be measured and observed in a particular study

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57
Q

data analysis

A

crunching the numbers mathematically to see if they support predictions

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58
Q

self determination theory

A

people are likely to feel fulfilled when their lives meet three important needs

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59
Q

what are the three needs of self determination theory

A

relatedness, autonomy, competence

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60
Q

meta analysis

A

statistical procedure that summarises a large body of evidence from the research literature on a particular topic

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61
Q

descriptive methods

A

learning about the basic dimensions of some variable and the strength and direction of the relationship between variables

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62
Q

experimental research

A

establishing casual relationships between variables

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63
Q

descriptive research

A

describing some phenomenon (basic dimensions, what it is)

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64
Q

naturalistic observation

A

viewing behaviour in a real world setting

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65
Q

archival research

A

uses the records produced by people, governments and corporations

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66
Q

physical trace evidence

A

the study of physical changes in the environment following some activity

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67
Q

case study

A

in depth investigation of a small group of individuals or single person

68
Q

correlational research

A

the relation between two variables

69
Q

correlation

A

summarises the relationship between two variables with a number of

70
Q

correlational coefficient

A

talks about the strength and direction between two variables

71
Q

experience sampling method (ESM)

A

assess people in their natural setting

72
Q

event-contingent responding

A

participants complete a report each time they engage in a particular behaviour

73
Q

cross sectional design

A

type of correlational study in which variables are measured at a single point in time

74
Q

longitudinal designs

A

obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time

75
Q

experiment

A

carefully regulated procedure in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables

76
Q

random assignment

A

assigning participants to groups by chance

77
Q

independent variable

A

a manipulated experimental factor

78
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable that may change as a result of manipulations

79
Q

confederate

A

person who is given a role to play in a study so that the social context can be manipulated

80
Q

experimental group

A

participants in an experiment who are exposed to change

81
Q

control group

A

get treated like the experimental group but don’t experience the change

82
Q

Quasi-experimental

A

examine participants in varying groups but their group is not randomly determined

83
Q

when is an experiment reliable?

A

when a finding is replicated

84
Q

validity

A

the soundness of conclusions that a researcher draws from an experiment

85
Q

external validity

A

the degree to which an experimental design reflects real world issues it is supposed to address

86
Q

internal validity

A

the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable

87
Q

experimenter bias

A

when the experimenters expectations influence the outcome of the research

88
Q

demand characteristic

A

any aspect of a study that communicates to participants how the experimenter wants them to behave

89
Q

double blind procedure

A

when neither the participants nor the researcher know which treatment participants receive until after the study

90
Q

what is an effective way to minimize experimenter bias?

A

double blind procedure

91
Q

research participant bias

A

when the behaviour of participants during the experiment is influenced by how they think they are supposed to behave

92
Q

how do we select participants?

A
  • population
  • sample
  • random sample
93
Q

population

A

the larger group that the investigator wants to draw conclusions about

94
Q

sample

A

the subset of the population chosen by the investigator for study

95
Q

random sample

A

sample that gives everyone an equal chance of being selected

96
Q

descriptive statistics

A

used to describe and summarize data

97
Q

inferential statistics

A

are used to draw conclusions about data

98
Q

what are descriptive statistics?

A

mathematical procedures researchers use to describe and summarise sets of data in a meaningful way

99
Q

what are used in descriptive statistics?

A
  • measures of dispersion
  • standard deviation
100
Q

measures of dispersion

A

describe how much the scores in a sample differ from one another

101
Q

standard deviation

A

measures how much scores vary from the mean of the sample

102
Q

what are inferential statistics?

A

mathematical methods used to indicate whether the data sufficiently support a research hypothesis

103
Q

informed consent

A

participants must know what their participation will involve and risks that exist

104
Q

confidentiality

A

keeping all data collected confidential and anonymous

105
Q

debriefing

A

after a study researchers should inform participants of its purpose and methods used

106
Q

what is the nervous system?

A

includes cellular circuits that allow for electrical and chemical communication in the body

107
Q

what is the central component of the nervous system?

A

brain

108
Q

neuroscience

A

study of communication

109
Q

neurons

A

cells in the body that receive, process and communicate information throughout the nervous system

110
Q

glial cells

A

supporting, non-neuronal cells

111
Q

what do glial cells do?

A

supporting functions for the neurons (providing protection, nutrients, maintenance and repair)

112
Q

integration

A

pulling sensory information together to understand

113
Q

adaptability

A

ability to adapt to new conditions

114
Q

plasticity

A

brains special physical capacity for change

115
Q

afferent nerves or sensory nerves

A

carry information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

116
Q

efferent nerves or motor nerves

A

carry information out of the brain and spinal cord

117
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

made up of brain and spinal cord

118
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

network of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to other parts of body

119
Q

two major divisions of peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

120
Q

somatic nervous system

A

consists of sensory and motor nerves

121
Q

sensory nerves

A

convey information from the skin and muscles to the CNS about conditions like pain and temperature

122
Q

motor nerves

A

tell the muscles what to do

123
Q

function of the autonomic nervous system

A

take messages to and from the body’s internal organs, monitoring such processes as breathing, heart rate, digestion

124
Q

two parts of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

125
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

arouses the body to mobilize it for action (fight or flight)

126
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

calms the body

127
Q

mirror neurons

A

activated when we perform an action and when we watch someone else perform same activity (humans and nonhuman primates)

128
Q

two important functions in cell body

A
  • blocks of proteins and neurotransmitters are assembled
  • input from other cells is organized to determine how the cells respond to
129
Q

dendrites

A

branchlike fibres projecting from a neurons cell body that receive input from other cells

130
Q

axon

A

single projection from the cell body that carries information away from cell body towards ends of the cells

131
Q

axon terminals

A

chemicals manufactured in the call body are stored here and then released to affect other neurons

132
Q

action potential

A

describes the brief wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon

133
Q

three steps of electrical activity of neurons

A
  • resting potential
  • action potential
  • refractory period
134
Q

all or nothing principle

A

meaning once the electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity (threshold) fires and moves all the way down the axon without losing any intensity

135
Q

acetylcholine

A

stimulates the firing of neurons and is involved in muscle action, learning and memory

136
Q

GABA

A

key function in the brain by inhibiting many neurons from firing

137
Q

glutamate

A

key role in exciting many neurons to fire especially involved in learning and memory

138
Q

norepinephrine

A

inhibits firing of neurons in central nervous system and excites the heart muscle, intestines and urogenital tract

139
Q

dopamine

A

controls voluntary movements and affects sleep, mood, attention, learning, motivation and ability to recognize opportunities for rewarding experiences

140
Q

serotonin

A

involved in regulation of sleep, mood, attention and learning

141
Q

endorphins (natural opiates)

A

depress nervous system activity and eliminate pain

142
Q

oxytocin

A

hormone and neurotransmitter that plays role in experience of love and social bonding

143
Q

neural networks

A

interconnected pathways of nerve cells that integrate sensory input and motor output

144
Q

brain lesioning

A

damaging brain tissue sometimes to alleviate symptoms and sometimes to mimic an injury or disease

145
Q

hindbrain

A

lowest portion of the brain located at the skulls rear

146
Q

three main parts of the hindbrain

A
  • medulla
  • cerebellum
  • pons
147
Q

cerebral cortex

A

governs higher brain functions (thinking, learning, consciousness)

148
Q

thalamus

A

relays information between lower and higher brain centres

149
Q

hypothalamus

A

governs eating, drinking and sex and plays role in emotion and stress

150
Q

reticular formation

A

diffuse collection of neurons involved in arousal and stereotyped patterns

151
Q

medulla

A

governs breathing and reflexes

152
Q

cerebellum

A

structure involved in motor coordination

153
Q

pons

A

governs sleep and arousal

154
Q

hippocampus

A

involved in memory

155
Q

amygdala

A

involved in fear and the discrimination of objects necessary for survival

156
Q

limbic system

A

loosely connected network of structures under the cerebral cortex

157
Q

what is the limbic system important for?

A

memory and emotion

158
Q

two principal structures in the limbic system

A

amygdala and hippocampus

159
Q

basal ganglia

A

clusters of neurons that work with the cerebellum and cerebral cortex to control and coordinate voluntary movements

160
Q

Broca’s area

A

associated with speech production at front of brain

161
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

associated with language comprehension at back of brain

162
Q

corpus callosum

A

bundle of axons that connect brains two hemispheres

163
Q

endocrine system

A

consists of glands that regulate the activities of certain organs by releasing chemical products in the blood stream

164
Q

glands

A

organs or tissues in the body that produce chemicals that control bodily functions

165
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers produced by glands

166
Q

pituitary gland

A

controls growth and regulates other glands

PSY100 (6 decks)

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