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PSY100 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

the retention and retrieval of information or experience over time

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2
Q

what is the capacity of the conscious mind?

A

120 bits per second

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3
Q

divided attention

A

concentrating on one or more activities at one time

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4
Q

sustained attention

A

maintain attention to selected stimulus for long period of time

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5
Q

shallow level of processing

A

physical and perceptual features are analyzed

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6
Q

intermediate level of processing

A

stimulus is recognised and labelled

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7
Q

deep level of processing

A

semantic, meaningful, symbolic characteristics are used

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8
Q

elaboration

A

the formation of different connections around stimulus

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9
Q

self reference

A

relating material to your own experience

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10
Q

where does elaboration happen?

A

left frontal lobe

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11
Q

dual code hypothesis

A

memory for pictures is better than memory for words

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12
Q

storage

A

how information is retained over time and how it is represented in memory

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13
Q

atkinson-shiffrin theory

A

memory storage involves separate systems

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14
Q

sensory memory

A

time frames of seconds

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15
Q

short term

A

time frames up to 30 seconds

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16
Q

long term

A

time frames up to a lifetime

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17
Q

echoic memory

A

memorising the things you hear

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18
Q

icolic memory

A

memorising things you see

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19
Q

memory span

A

number of digits an individual report back in order after one presentation of them

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20
Q

how to improve short term memory?

A

chunking and rehearsal

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21
Q

chunking

A

grouping information together to be remembered as units

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22
Q

rehearsal

A

conscious repetition of information

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23
Q

what is working memory?

A

combination of components that allow us to hold information temporarily as we perform

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24
Q

phonological loop

A

briefly stores speech based information about sounds of language

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25
Q

visuo-spacial sketchpad

A

stores visual or spatial information

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26
Q

central executive

A

integrates information from phonological loop, visuo-spacial sketchpad and long term memory

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27
Q

what part of brain is active during rehearsal?

A

left hemisphere

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28
Q

long term memory

A

relatively permanent type that stores large amounts of information for long time

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29
Q

explicit memory

A

remembering who, what, where, when and why

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30
Q

implicit memory

A

remembering how

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31
Q

permastore content

A

retained for a very long time

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32
Q

episodic memory

A

retention of information about where, when and what

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33
Q

semantic memory

A

pertains to person’s knowledge about world

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34
Q

what is implicit memory?

A

non-consciously remembering skills and sensory perceptions

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35
Q

procedural memory

A

involves memory for skills

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36
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning associations between stimuli

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37
Q

priming

A

activation of information already stored in memory to help remember new information

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38
Q

schemas

A

pre-existing mental concept or framework to organize and interpret information

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39
Q

script

A

schema for an event

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40
Q

what are connectionist networks

A

theory that memory is stored throughout brain in connections among neurons

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41
Q

where are memories stored

A

cells over large areas of cerebral cortex

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42
Q

what brain structures affect memory functions

A

frontal lobes, amygdala, temporal lobe, hippocampus, cerebellum

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43
Q

what is memory retrieval

A

when memory that was held in storage is pulled out

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44
Q

what is the serial position effect?

A

tendency to recall items at beginning and end rather than middle

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45
Q

primacy effect

A

better recall of first items

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46
Q

regency effect

A

better recall of end items

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47
Q

recall

A

task where individual has to retrieve previously learned information (essay tests)

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48
Q

recognition

A

task where individual has to identify learned items (multiple choice)

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49
Q

what is encoding specificity

A

information present at the time of encoding or learning tends to be effective as a retrieval cue

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50
Q

context-dependent memory

A

people recall information in same context as they learned it

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51
Q

false memories

A

when people remember an event that never happened

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52
Q

reminiscence bump

A

adults remember more from the second and third decades of their life

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53
Q

flashbulb memory

A

memory of emotionally significant events with more accuracy

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54
Q

what is encoding failure?

A

when information was never processed into long term memory

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55
Q

what is retrieval failure?

A

not being able to bring information out of storage

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56
Q

interference

A

people forget because other information gets in the way

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57
Q

proactive interference

A

material learned before disrupts recall of material learned later

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58
Q

retroactive interference

A

material learned later disrupts retrieval of information learned earlier

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59
Q

decay theory

A

when we learn something new a neurochemical memory trace forms but overtime it disintegrates

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60
Q

tip of the tongue phenomenon

A

we are confident we know something but struggle to retrieve it

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61
Q

what is prospective memory?

A

remembering to do something in the future

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62
Q

time based prospective memory

A

our intention to engage in a behaviour after a certain amount of time has passed

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63
Q

event based prospective memory

A

we engage in intended behaviour after an event or cue elicits it

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64
Q

what is failure of prospective memory

A

absent mindedness

65
Q

what is amnesia

A

loss of memory

66
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

affects retention of new information and events

67
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

memory loss for segments of past events

68
Q

what is cognition?

A

the ways information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, problem solving and knowing

69
Q

cognitive psychology

A

explains observable behaviour by investigating mental processes

70
Q

what is thinking?

A

manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions and reflecting

71
Q

what are concepts

A

mental categories used to group objects, events and characteristics

72
Q

prototype model

A

people will compare new items with typical items to look for a resemblance

73
Q

what is problem solving?

A

finding an appropriate way to attain a goal

74
Q

how do you develop good problem solving strategies?

A

subgoals, algorithms, heuristics

75
Q

subgoals

A

intermediate goals or problems we give ourselves to get closer to final goal

76
Q

algorithms

A

strategies that lead to the solution of a problem

77
Q

heuristics

A

shortcut strategies that suggest a solution

78
Q

how do you evaluate solutions?

A

have a clear criteria in your head

79
Q

fixation

A

using a prior strategy and failing to look at a new problem with a new perspective

80
Q

functional fixedness

A

individuals fail to solve problems since they are focused on an objects usual function

81
Q

reasoning

A

transforming information to reach a conclusion

82
Q

inductive reasoning

A

going from specific observations to generalisations

83
Q

deductive

A

forming a general principle known to be true from specific instance

84
Q

what is decision making?

A

evaluating alternatives and choosing among them

85
Q

what are two systems of reasoning and decision making

A

automatic and controlled

86
Q

loss aversion

A

tendency to weight potential losses more heavily than potential gains

87
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to search for and use information which supports your own ideas

88
Q

base rate neglect

A

tendency to ignore factual information in favour of very specific but vivid information

89
Q

hindsight bias

A

convincing yourself you knew something after viewing it even though you didn’t

90
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

making judgements about people based on their physical appearance and stereotypes

91
Q

availability heuristic

A

predicting possible outcome based on prior knowledge of how things turn out

92
Q

endorsement effect

A

we assign greater value to things that we own

93
Q

sunk cost fallacy

A

people are unlikely to give up on a venture due to past involvement

94
Q

critical thinking

A

thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating evidence

95
Q

what two habits improve critical thinking?

A

mindfulness and open mindedness

96
Q

mindfulness

A

being alert and mentally present during one’s everyday activities

97
Q

open mindedness

A

being receptive to other ways of looking at things

98
Q

what is creative thinking?

A

uncovering the best solution to a problem

99
Q

creativity

A

being able to think about something in unusual ways

100
Q

divergent thinking

A

produces many solutions to same problem

101
Q

convergent thinking

A

produced the single best solution to a problem

102
Q

what is intelligence

A

an all purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, solve problems and learn from experience

103
Q

validity

A

the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure

104
Q

reliability

A

the extent to which a test yields a consistent measure of performance

105
Q

standardisation

A

involves developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test

106
Q

mental age

A

individuals level of mental development relative to that of others

107
Q

triarchic theory of intelligence

A

intelligence comes in three forms (analytical, creative and practical)

108
Q

what does gardner suggest

A

there are nine types of intelligence

109
Q

what is language?

A

form of communication based on system of symbols

110
Q

phonology

A

languages sound system

111
Q

morphology

A

languages rules for word formation

112
Q

syntax

A

languages rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences

113
Q

semantics

A

meaning of words and sentences in a particular language

114
Q

pragmatics

A

ability of language to communicate more than what is said

115
Q

systems required for language

A

brain, nervous system, vocal apparatus

116
Q

what was required for survival in humans

A

communication

117
Q

what is broca’s area for? (at front)

A

speech production

118
Q

what is wernicke’s area for? (at back)

A

language comprehension

119
Q

how does environment influence language

A

parents happy reactions will reinforce that it is good to say those things

120
Q

when do babies start to babble?

A

4-6 months

121
Q

when do babies specialise in speech sounds?

A

6 months

122
Q

when are first words?

A

10-13 months

123
Q

when are two word statements said and gestures understood?

A

18-24 months

124
Q

cognitive appraisal

A

refers to persons interpretation of a situation

125
Q

coping

A

a kind of problem solving to reduce stress

126
Q

benefit finding

A

looking at a stressful event in a particular way

127
Q

development

A

pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities throughout life

128
Q

physical changes

A

occur in individuals biological nature

129
Q

cognitive changes

A

take place in thought, intelligence and language

130
Q

socioemotional changes

A

changes in persons relationship with other people

131
Q

cross-sectional study

A

people of different ages are assessed at one time and differences are noted

132
Q

cohort effects

A

differences between individuals which comes from historical and social time period

133
Q

longitudinal study

A

assessing the same participants multiple times over a period of time

134
Q

teratogen

A

any agent which causes a birth defect

135
Q

what reflexes are present at birth

A

sucking an swallowing, holding breath in water

136
Q

pruning

A

eliminating unused connections

137
Q

assimilation

A

when individuals incorporate new information into existing knowledge

138
Q

accommodation

A

when individuals adjust their schemas to new information

139
Q

what do young infants know?

A

object permanence and simple sense of physics

140
Q

sociocultural cognitive theory?

A

children build cognitive abilities through their social interactions

141
Q

temperament

A

an individual’s behavioural style and characteristic way of responding

142
Q

three types of temperament

A

easy child, difficult child, slow to warm up child

143
Q

infant attachment

A

close emotional bond between infant and caregiver

144
Q

secure attachment

A

infants use the caregiver as a secure base to explore environment

145
Q

avoidant attachment

A

will ignore caregiver upon return

146
Q

anxious/ambivalent attachment

A

is distressed when caregiver leaves and ignored them when they come back

147
Q

authoritarian

A

strict punitive style if parenting

148
Q

authoritative

A

encourages child to be independent with limits

149
Q

neglectful

A

lack of parent involvement

150
Q

permissive

A

placing few limits on child’s behaviour

151
Q

stages of moral development

A

preconventional, conventional, post conventional

152
Q

preconventional

A

moral reasoning is based on consequences of behaviour as rewards and punishments

153
Q

conventional

A

they abide by standards presented from parents or society

154
Q

postconventional

A

they develop their own moral code

155
Q

pro social behaviour

A

behaviour that is intended to benefit other people

156
Q

what is cellular clock theory

A

states that cells divide a maximum of 100 times

157
Q

what is free radical theory

A

frailty associated with old age is caused from production of unstable oxygen molecules

158
Q

what is hormonal stress theory?

A

aging of the hormonal system lowers resistance to stress

159
Q

socioemotional selectivity theory

A

older adults choose relationships based on who makes them happy

PSY100 (6 decks)

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