Test 4 Flashcards
motivation
force that moves people to behave, think and feel the way they do
evolutionary approach
motivation comes from instincts
drive reduction theory
as a drive gets stronger we are motivated to reduce it
drive
aroused state of tension due to physiological need
optimum arousal theory
there is a level of arousal that is ideal for goal attainment
yerkes-dodson law
performance is best under moderate arousal
overlearning
learning to perform a task so well it becomes automatic
gastric signals
stomach will contract when hungry
what chemicals help in feeling full?
glucose, insulin, leptin
when will hunger happen?
when sugar level is too low
what does leptin play a role in?
metabolism
lateral hypothalamus
causes eating when stimulated
ventromedial hypothalamus
stops eating when stimulated
what health problems will excess weight cause?
- heart disease
- type II diabetes
- high blood pressure
- types of cancer
- Alzheimer disease
set point
weight maintained when individual makes no attempt to gain or lose weight
anorexia nervosa
relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation
what does anorexia cause damage to?
heart and thyroid
bulimia nervosa
a consistent binge and purge eating cycle
what does bulimia cause?
- chronic sore throat
- kidney problems
- dehydration
- dental problems
binge eating disorder
recurrent episodes of eating more food than the normal person in a short period of time
what can be used to treat binge eating?
dopamine to make them happier or weight loss through therapy or drugs
what is sequence of hierarchy of needs
- physiological needs
- safety
- love and belongingness
- esteem
- self actualisation
self determination theory
states there are three basic organismic needs: competence, relatedness, autonomy
competence
able to bring desired outcomes
relatedness
engage in warm relations with others
autonomy
in control of own life
what are the types of motivation?
intrinsic and extrinsic
intrinsic motivation
based on internal factors
what is an example of intrinsic motivation
behaviour because we enjoy it
extrinsic motivation
external incentives
what is an example of extrinsic motivation
rewards and punishments
self regulation
organism effortfully controls behaviour in order to pursue important objectives
delay of gratification
putting off a pleasurable experience in interest for a larger and later reward
what two things are associated with poor self regulation?
impulsivity and procrastination
emotion
a feeling or affect that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience and behavioural expression
autonomic nervous system
takes messages to and from the body’s internal organs
sympathetic nervous system
responsible for rapid reactions to threats
parasympathetic nervous system
calms the body and promotes maintaining of healing
how do we measure SNS activity?
skin conductance levels and polygraph tests
skin conductance level
rise in skin’s electrical conductivity when sweat gland activity increases
polygraph test
test that monitors changes in the body like heart rate, breathing and SCL
what are theories of emotion?
James-Lange theory and Cannon-Bard theory
James-Lange theory
emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in environment
Cannon-Bard theory
emotion and physical reactions happen at the same time
what is the direct pathway for emotion?
thalamus to amygdalae
what is the indirect pathway for emotion?
thalamus to sensory cortex to amygdalae
what are linked to positive emotions?
dopamine and endorphins
what regulates arousal and anxiety?
norepinephrine
two factor theory of emotion
states that emotion is determined by two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labelling
what is misattribution of arousal?
placing the feelings of arousal in body on the wrong stimuli and thus creating an incorrect emotion for arousal
facial feedback hypothesis
facial expressions can influence both emotions and reflect them
what is valence?
the quality of emotions
negative effect
emotions like anger, guilt, sadness
positive affect
emotions like joy, happiness, interest
arousal level
degree to which the emotion is reflected in individual being engaged or passive
circumflex model of emotions
wheel of mood states
broaden and build model
the function of positive emotions is to broaden the scope of attention and foster building of resources
hedonic treadmill
pursuing happiness is like running on a treadmill you never make progress no matter how much you run
altruistic behaviour
helping others or acts of service
mons pubis
fleshy area just above the vagina
labia
lips surrounding the vaginal opening
clitoris
small sensory organ at top where labia meet
sex
the properties of people that determine their classification as male or female
what five characteristics classify sex?
chromosomes, gonads, hormones produced by body, external genitalia, secondary sex characteristics
chromosomes
packages of DNA that carry genes
sex chromosomes
pair that determine genetic sex
gonads
glands that produce sex hormones and ova or sperm
what are gonads apart of?
endocrine system
what is ova?
eggs from ovaries
what are male gonads?
testes
what are female gonads?
ovaries
what hormones do females produce?
estrogen and progesterone
what hormones do males produce?
androgens like testosterone
what is the female external genitalia?
vulva
what does the vulva include?
mons pubis, labia, clitoris
what is male external genitalia?
penis and scrotum
secondary sex characteristics
traits that differ between the two sexes outside of the reproductive system
what is an example of female secondary sex characteristics?
breasts
what is an example of male secondary sex characteristics?
facial hair
gender
social and psychological aspects of being male or female
gender identity
an individuals sense of belonging to male, female or an alternate gender
gender expression
how individuals present themselves related to gender
what falls into gender expression?
behaviour, interests, appearance
non-binary
may identify or express gender as both male and female or neither
instrumentality
has more masculine traits
expressiveness
has more feminine traits
androgynous
a person is high on both instrumental and expressive qualities
undifferentiated
low on both instrumental and expressive qualities
SRY gene
sex determining region of the Y chromosome
when is the SRY gene activated?
first 3 months of pregnancy
variances of sexual development
congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal or anatomical sex are atypical
congenital
conditions are present from birth
transgender
experiencing psychological gender as different from biological sex
cisgender
individuals who experience a match between their experienced and natal gender
gender dysphoria
a persons discomfort with their natal gender
what identifies person as male or female?
genes, brain chemistry, anatomy, gonads, hormones
what is an evolutionary psychologist view?
look at sexes through natural selection and adaptation
who is meant to compete for a partner in humans?
men
who is more strict in rewarding and punishing behaviours?
peers
gender schema
mental framework for understanding what is considered appropriate for males and females in their culture
social role theory
recognises that gender development related to physical differences between sexes but also recognises these differences create and support limiting social structures for both sexes
who is more involved and affected in reproduction?
women
gender roles
expectations for how men and women should think, act or feel
gender stereotypes
overly general beliefs and expectations on what men and women are like
what differences are most significant?
biological differences
who is more responsive to negative stimuli?
women
who is more responsive to positive stimuli?
men
empathy
persons capacity to feel and understand emotions of another person
who is more empathetic?
women
amygdalae responsiveness to stimuli varies according to..
gender
what do girls score higher on?
verbal ability
what do boys score higher on?
spatial tasks
gender similarities hypothesis
idea that men and women are more similar than different
aggression
behaviour that is intended to harm another person
who is more likely to engage in physical aggression?
men
overt aggression
physically or verbally harming another person directly
relational aggression
behaviour that is meant to harm the social standing of another person
sexuality
the way people experience and express themselves as sexual beings
sexual orientation
direction of erotic interests
heterosexual
generally attracted to members of opposite sex
gay or lesbian
generally attracted to members of some sex
bisexual
attracted to both sexes
pansexual
sexual attraction is not based on biological sex, gender, gender identity of others
two spirit
indigenous people who identify with non traditional sexual orientation and gender identity
how many of adult canadians are gay, lesbian or bisexual
2 and 5.5%
what are the four phases of human sexual response pattern
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
excitement phase
begins the process of erotic responsiveness
plateau phase
continuation and heightening of arousal
orgasm phase
discharge of neuromuscular tension and release of oxytocin
resolution phase
blood vessels return to normal state
men enter refractory period where
they can not orgasm again
comprehensive sex education
provide students with comprehensive knowledge about sexual behaviour, birth control and condoms
abstinence sex education
emphasise that sex outside of marriage is harmful at any age
fetish
object that arouses atypical sexual interest and desire
transvestic fetish
gets pleasure from wearing clothes of opposite sex
sadistic partner
dominates other person
masochist
enjoys being dominated
what makes fetishes harmless?
- they are consenting adults
- they do not experience personal distress
- they are not putting themselves in danger
paraphilic disorders
psychological disorders that involve personal distress, another persons distress injury or death or a desire for people who can not give consent
exhibitionist disorder
exposing one’s genital to a stranger
fetishistic disorder
using no living objects for sexual pleasure
frotteuristic disorder
touching and rubbing against a person who has not given consent
pedophilic disorder
sexual activity with a prepubescent child
sexual masochism disorder
acts in which they derive sexual excitement from being humiliated, beaten, bound or made to suffer
sexual sadism disorder
individual derives sexual excitement from the psychological or physical suffering of the victim
transvestic disorder
cross dressing by a man or women that causes distress or interferes with daily functioning
voyeuristic disorder
observing unsuspecting individuals who are naked or in the process of disrobing or engaging in sexual activity
what is pedophilic disorder associated with
poor social skills
low IQ
history of head injuries as child
lower executive functioning
what has been used to treat pedophiles
castration
how many men and women are uninterested in sex?
1/4 of men and 1/2 of women
erectile dysfunction
failure of penis to become erect
premature ejaculation
experience of orgasm before the person wishes it
what does dysfunction in women’s autonomic nerves disrupt?
engorgement of labia and lubrication of vagina
STI
infection contracted primarily through sexual interaction
what are gonorrhea and syphilis causes by?
bacteria
what are genital herpes and HIV caused by?
virus
what does AIDS come from?
HIV
what does WEIRD stand for?
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic
what does the dark triad say?
people with those traits are more likely to commit crimes, cause social distress and exhibit antisocial behaviour
what is the dark triad?
machiavellionism, psychopathy, narcissism
personality
pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions and behaviours that characterise the way an individual adapts to world
psychodynamic perspectives
emphasise that personality is primarily unconscious
what did freud consider as sex?
anything that is pleasurable
id
consists of unconscious drives and is the individuals reservoir of sexual energy
pleasure principle
seeks immediate gratification
ego
deals with demands of reality
superego
harsh internal judge of behaviour
defence mechanisms
tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
displacement
directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target
repression
ego pushes unacceptable impulses back into unconscious mind
what is the most powerful defence mechanism?
repression
rationalisation
ego replaces a less acceptable motive with a more acceptable one
sublimination
ego replaces unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one
projection
ego attributes personal shortcomings, problems and faults to others
reaction formation
ego transforms an unacceptable motive into its opposite
denial
ego refuses to acknowledge anxiety enduring realities
regression
ego seeks security of an earlier developmental period in the face of stress
erogenous zones
parts of the body that have especially strong pleasure giving qualities
when is the oral stage?
first 18 months
oral stage
pleasure centres on the mouth
when is the anal stage?
18-36 months
anal stage
pleasure involves anus and urethra (going and holding it in)
phallic stage
pleasure focuses on genitals when children discover self stimulation
when is the phallic stage?
3-6 years
oedipus complex
boys intense desire to replace father and enjoy affections of mother
castration anxiety
fear of being mutilated by father
penis envy
intense desire to obtain penis by marrying and having a son
latency period
after drama of phallic phase the child sets aside interest in sexuality
when is the latency period?
6 years to puberty
when is the genital stage?
adolescence to adulthood
genital stage
sexual pleasure shifts to person outside of the family
what are the two hallmarks of maturity?
love and work
collective unconscious
impersonal, deepest layer of unconscious mind
how is the collective unconscious shared by all humans?
ancestral past
what does the collective unconscious contain?
archetypes
archetypes
emotionally laden ideas and images that have symbolic meaning for all people
anima
passive feminine side (type of archetype)
animus
assertive masculine side (type of archetype)
what are the two common types of archetype?
anima and animus
persona (type of archetype)
public mask worn during social interactions
individual psychology
people are motivated by purposes and goals
compensation
individuals attempt to overcome real or imagined inferiorities or weaknesses by developing own abilities
humanistic perspectives
stress a person’s capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities
what does the humanistic approach contrast?
psychodynamic and behaviourism
unconditional positive regard
being accepted, valued and treated positively regardless of our behaviour
conditions of worth
standards we must live up to in order to receive positive regard
individuals must experience relationships with which 3 qualities?
unconditional positive regard, empathy, genuineness
genuineness
being open with one’s feelings
what is the five factor model of personality?
five broad personality dimensions represented in natural language
what makes up the five factor model of personality?
openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
neuroticism
tendency to worry and experience negative emotions
openness to experience
tendency to enjoy intellectual pursuits
what are the most popular big five across cultures?
extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness
what makes up HEXACO
honesty-humility
emotionality
extroversion
agreeableness
conscientiousness
openness to experience
personological and life story perspective
the way to understand the uniqueness of each person is to focus on their life history and story
personology
the study of the whole person
who created the thematic apperception test?
henry murray and christians morgan
thematic apperception test
person looks at ambiguous picture and writes or tells a story about it
content analysis
takes persons story and codes it for different images, words etc
what are the biggest unconscious needs?
need for achievement, need for affiliation, need for power
intimacy motive
enduring concern for warm interpersonal encounters for their own sake
psychobiography
attempt to apply personality theory to one persons life
social cognitive perspectives
emphasises conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations and goals
what does bandura state as important?
behavioural, environmental and personal/cognitive factors
reciprocal determinism
describe the way behavioural, environmental and personal/cognitive factors interact to create personality
observational learning
observations of others shape personality
personal control
ability to regulate and control own behaviour despite changing environment
internal locus of control
sense of behavioural control comes from inside ourselves
external locus of control
sense of behavioural control comes from outside ourselves
self efficacy
belief that one has competence to accomplish a given goal or task and produce positive change
situationist
personality and behaviour often vary from one context to another
what does CAPS stand for?
cognitive affective processing systems
what does CAPS theory state?
that personality is a set of interconnected cognitive affective processing systems
what is the biological perspective?
that four basic personalities come from the levels of fluids in the body
what are the bodily fluids called?
humours
what is a sanguine person?
happy personality with an abundance of blood
what is a choleric person?
quick tempered person with too much yellow bile
what is a phlegmatic person
a placid, sluggish person with too much phlegm
what is a melancholic person
pessimist with too much black bile
how is personality represented in the brain?
brain activity associated with various personality traits
what is the behavioural activation system sensitive to?
rewards
what is the behavioural inhibition system sensitive to?
punishments
self report test
directly asks people to estimate how much specific items describe their personality traits
social desirability
people will answer with what makes them look best
empirically keyed test
identify two groups known to be different and give a large number questionnaire to see which ones show biggest difference between groups
what is the most used self report test?
minnesota multiphase personality inventory (MMPI)
face validity
to what degree a test appears to be measuring what it is intended to measure
NEO-PI-R
self report test that assesses the five factor model
projective test
presents individuals with ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it
what is the purpose of projective tests?
to find things out about yourself you don’t even know
what is the most famous projective test?
Rorschach inkblot test
type A personality
excessively competitive, hard driven, impatient and hostile
type B personality
more relaxed and easy going
type C personality
detail oriented, likes to be in control, enjoys stability
type D personality
generally distressed, experience negative emotions and socially inhibited
subjective well-being
persons assessment of their level of positive and negative affect and evaluation of life in general
what do your motives reflect?
biological needs and psychosocial needs
what regulates nutrient levels in the body?
hypothalamus
what will prenatal exposure to androgens do?
alter neural circuits in brain and spinal cord
estrus period
brief time where they are able to get pregnant; seen in animals
what do women look for in a partner?
materialistic qualities
what do men look for in a partner?
attractiveness or in some cultures virginity
what brain structure is different between gay and straight men?
anterior hypothalamus
when are sexual orientations decided
in utero
affiliation motives
need to associate with others
achievement motives
the need to do well, to succeed and avoid failure
what are the 3 components of emotion?
physiological arousal, subjective experience and behavioural expression
what are the 5 common states of emotion
happiness, fear, anger, sadness and disgust
additional states of emotion
surprise, contempt, shame, joy and trust
positive valence
activity of dopamine systems
negative valence
activity of norepinephrine systems
what produces visceral responses?
activation of amygdala
visceral responses
powerful physical response that happens automatically and unconsciously
limbic system
part of the brain involved in behavioural and emotional responses
5 main factors of happiness
love
job satisfaction
extroversion
optimism
health
how to obtain picture of chromosome
cell is removed from persons body (usually the mouth) and is photographed under magnification
swyer syndrome
those who are genetically male but have female reproductive system
where are androgens produced in women?
adrenal gland
where are androgens produced in men?
in testes and converted to estrogens
gender affirming surgery
affects secondary sex characteristics
sex reassignment surgery
changing of the genitals
topographical model
argued for 3 levels of consciousness
what are freud’s 3 levels of consciousness?
conscious, pre conscious, unconscious
libido
pleasure seeking and sensuality as well as desire for intercourse
what is responsible for defence mechanisms?
ego
availability heuristic
what is available will be believed
how did freud contribute to personality theory
emphasised role of unconscious
importance of childhood experiences
identified defence mechanisms
what did BF Skinner contribute
black box theory
scientific analysis for behaviour
genes make us
black box theory
nothing in the mind, we worry about actions in the moment
what is albert bandura’s social learning theory
people learn best from observing others
two processes in social learning theory
acquisition
acceptance/performance
reciprocal determinism
3 things act on us at the same time (person, behaviour, environment
what is albert ellis’ rational emotive therapy
assumes that humans have fundamental goals, purposes and values
what is rogers person-centured approach?
humans are good by nature, we all have potential for good and bad, each person has multiple selves (true self, false self, ideal self)
true self
core aspect of being, who you are when no one is looking
false self
self that is created by distortions and interpersonal experiences
ideal self
what the person would like to be
