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PSY100 > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

motivation

A

force that moves people to behave, think and feel the way they do

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2
Q

evolutionary approach

A

motivation comes from instincts

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3
Q

drive reduction theory

A

as a drive gets stronger we are motivated to reduce it

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4
Q

drive

A

aroused state of tension due to physiological need

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5
Q

optimum arousal theory

A

there is a level of arousal that is ideal for goal attainment

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6
Q

yerkes-dodson law

A

performance is best under moderate arousal

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7
Q

overlearning

A

learning to perform a task so well it becomes automatic

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8
Q

gastric signals

A

stomach will contract when hungry

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9
Q

what chemicals help in feeling full?

A

glucose, insulin, leptin

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10
Q

when will hunger happen?

A

when sugar level is too low

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11
Q

what does leptin play a role in?

A

metabolism

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12
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

causes eating when stimulated

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13
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A

stops eating when stimulated

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14
Q

what health problems will excess weight cause?

A
  • heart disease
  • type II diabetes
  • high blood pressure
  • types of cancer
  • Alzheimer disease
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15
Q

set point

A

weight maintained when individual makes no attempt to gain or lose weight

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16
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation

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17
Q

what does anorexia cause damage to?

A

heart and thyroid

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18
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

a consistent binge and purge eating cycle

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19
Q

what does bulimia cause?

A
  • chronic sore throat
  • kidney problems
  • dehydration
  • dental problems
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20
Q

binge eating disorder

A

recurrent episodes of eating more food than the normal person in a short period of time

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21
Q

what can be used to treat binge eating?

A

dopamine to make them happier or weight loss through therapy or drugs

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22
Q

what is sequence of hierarchy of needs

A
  1. physiological needs
  2. safety
  3. love and belongingness
  4. esteem
  5. self actualisation
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23
Q

self determination theory

A

states there are three basic organismic needs: competence, relatedness, autonomy

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24
Q

competence

A

able to bring desired outcomes

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25
Q

relatedness

A

engage in warm relations with others

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26
Q

autonomy

A

in control of own life

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27
Q

what are the types of motivation?

A

intrinsic and extrinsic

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28
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

based on internal factors

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29
Q

what is an example of intrinsic motivation

A

behaviour because we enjoy it

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30
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

external incentives

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31
Q

what is an example of extrinsic motivation

A

rewards and punishments

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32
Q

self regulation

A

organism effortfully controls behaviour in order to pursue important objectives

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33
Q

delay of gratification

A

putting off a pleasurable experience in interest for a larger and later reward

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34
Q

what two things are associated with poor self regulation?

A

impulsivity and procrastination

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35
Q

emotion

A

a feeling or affect that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience and behavioural expression

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36
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

takes messages to and from the body’s internal organs

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37
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

responsible for rapid reactions to threats

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38
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

calms the body and promotes maintaining of healing

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39
Q

how do we measure SNS activity?

A

skin conductance levels and polygraph tests

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40
Q

skin conductance level

A

rise in skin’s electrical conductivity when sweat gland activity increases

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41
Q

polygraph test

A

test that monitors changes in the body like heart rate, breathing and SCL

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42
Q

what are theories of emotion?

A

James-Lange theory and Cannon-Bard theory

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43
Q

James-Lange theory

A

emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in environment

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44
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

emotion and physical reactions happen at the same time

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45
Q

what is the direct pathway for emotion?

A

thalamus to amygdalae

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46
Q

what is the indirect pathway for emotion?

A

thalamus to sensory cortex to amygdalae

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47
Q

what are linked to positive emotions?

A

dopamine and endorphins

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48
Q

what regulates arousal and anxiety?

A

norepinephrine

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49
Q

two factor theory of emotion

A

states that emotion is determined by two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labelling

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50
Q

what is misattribution of arousal?

A

placing the feelings of arousal in body on the wrong stimuli and thus creating an incorrect emotion for arousal

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51
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

facial expressions can influence both emotions and reflect them

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52
Q

what is valence?

A

the quality of emotions

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53
Q

negative effect

A

emotions like anger, guilt, sadness

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54
Q

positive affect

A

emotions like joy, happiness, interest

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55
Q

arousal level

A

degree to which the emotion is reflected in individual being engaged or passive

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56
Q

circumflex model of emotions

A

wheel of mood states

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57
Q

broaden and build model

A

the function of positive emotions is to broaden the scope of attention and foster building of resources

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58
Q

hedonic treadmill

A

pursuing happiness is like running on a treadmill you never make progress no matter how much you run

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59
Q

altruistic behaviour

A

helping others or acts of service

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60
Q

mons pubis

A

fleshy area just above the vagina

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61
Q

labia

A

lips surrounding the vaginal opening

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62
Q

clitoris

A

small sensory organ at top where labia meet

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63
Q

sex

A

the properties of people that determine their classification as male or female

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64
Q

what five characteristics classify sex?

A

chromosomes, gonads, hormones produced by body, external genitalia, secondary sex characteristics

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65
Q

chromosomes

A

packages of DNA that carry genes

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66
Q

sex chromosomes

A

pair that determine genetic sex

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67
Q

gonads

A

glands that produce sex hormones and ova or sperm

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68
Q

what are gonads apart of?

A

endocrine system

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69
Q

what is ova?

A

eggs from ovaries

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70
Q

what are male gonads?

A

testes

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71
Q

what are female gonads?

A

ovaries

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72
Q

what hormones do females produce?

A

estrogen and progesterone

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73
Q

what hormones do males produce?

A

androgens like testosterone

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74
Q

what is the female external genitalia?

A

vulva

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75
Q

what does the vulva include?

A

mons pubis, labia, clitoris

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76
Q

what is male external genitalia?

A

penis and scrotum

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77
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

traits that differ between the two sexes outside of the reproductive system

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78
Q

what is an example of female secondary sex characteristics?

A

breasts

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79
Q

what is an example of male secondary sex characteristics?

A

facial hair

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80
Q

gender

A

social and psychological aspects of being male or female

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81
Q

gender identity

A

an individuals sense of belonging to male, female or an alternate gender

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82
Q

gender expression

A

how individuals present themselves related to gender

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83
Q

what falls into gender expression?

A

behaviour, interests, appearance

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84
Q

non-binary

A

may identify or express gender as both male and female or neither

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85
Q

instrumentality

A

has more masculine traits

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86
Q

expressiveness

A

has more feminine traits

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87
Q

androgynous

A

a person is high on both instrumental and expressive qualities

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88
Q

undifferentiated

A

low on both instrumental and expressive qualities

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89
Q

SRY gene

A

sex determining region of the Y chromosome

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90
Q

when is the SRY gene activated?

A

first 3 months of pregnancy

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91
Q

variances of sexual development

A

congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal or anatomical sex are atypical

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92
Q

congenital

A

conditions are present from birth

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93
Q

transgender

A

experiencing psychological gender as different from biological sex

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94
Q

cisgender

A

individuals who experience a match between their experienced and natal gender

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95
Q

gender dysphoria

A

a persons discomfort with their natal gender

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96
Q

what identifies person as male or female?

A

genes, brain chemistry, anatomy, gonads, hormones

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97
Q

what is an evolutionary psychologist view?

A

look at sexes through natural selection and adaptation

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98
Q

who is meant to compete for a partner in humans?

A

men

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99
Q

who is more strict in rewarding and punishing behaviours?

A

peers

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100
Q

gender schema

A

mental framework for understanding what is considered appropriate for males and females in their culture

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101
Q

social role theory

A

recognises that gender development related to physical differences between sexes but also recognises these differences create and support limiting social structures for both sexes

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102
Q

who is more involved and affected in reproduction?

A

women

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103
Q

gender roles

A

expectations for how men and women should think, act or feel

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104
Q

gender stereotypes

A

overly general beliefs and expectations on what men and women are like

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105
Q

what differences are most significant?

A

biological differences

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106
Q

who is more responsive to negative stimuli?

A

women

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107
Q

who is more responsive to positive stimuli?

A

men

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108
Q

empathy

A

persons capacity to feel and understand emotions of another person

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109
Q

who is more empathetic?

A

women

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110
Q

amygdalae responsiveness to stimuli varies according to..

A

gender

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111
Q

what do girls score higher on?

A

verbal ability

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112
Q

what do boys score higher on?

A

spatial tasks

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113
Q

gender similarities hypothesis

A

idea that men and women are more similar than different

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114
Q

aggression

A

behaviour that is intended to harm another person

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115
Q

who is more likely to engage in physical aggression?

A

men

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116
Q

overt aggression

A

physically or verbally harming another person directly

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117
Q

relational aggression

A

behaviour that is meant to harm the social standing of another person

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118
Q

sexuality

A

the way people experience and express themselves as sexual beings

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119
Q

sexual orientation

A

direction of erotic interests

120
Q

heterosexual

A

generally attracted to members of opposite sex

121
Q

gay or lesbian

A

generally attracted to members of some sex

122
Q

bisexual

A

attracted to both sexes

123
Q

pansexual

A

sexual attraction is not based on biological sex, gender, gender identity of others

124
Q

two spirit

A

indigenous people who identify with non traditional sexual orientation and gender identity

125
Q

how many of adult canadians are gay, lesbian or bisexual

A

2 and 5.5%

126
Q

what are the four phases of human sexual response pattern

A

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

127
Q

excitement phase

A

begins the process of erotic responsiveness

128
Q

plateau phase

A

continuation and heightening of arousal

129
Q

orgasm phase

A

discharge of neuromuscular tension and release of oxytocin

130
Q

resolution phase

A

blood vessels return to normal state

131
Q

men enter refractory period where

A

they can not orgasm again

132
Q

comprehensive sex education

A

provide students with comprehensive knowledge about sexual behaviour, birth control and condoms

133
Q

abstinence sex education

A

emphasise that sex outside of marriage is harmful at any age

134
Q

fetish

A

object that arouses atypical sexual interest and desire

135
Q

transvestic fetish

A

gets pleasure from wearing clothes of opposite sex

136
Q

sadistic partner

A

dominates other person

137
Q

masochist

A

enjoys being dominated

138
Q

what makes fetishes harmless?

A
  1. they are consenting adults
  2. they do not experience personal distress
  3. they are not putting themselves in danger
139
Q

paraphilic disorders

A

psychological disorders that involve personal distress, another persons distress injury or death or a desire for people who can not give consent

140
Q

exhibitionist disorder

A

exposing one’s genital to a stranger

141
Q

fetishistic disorder

A

using no living objects for sexual pleasure

142
Q

frotteuristic disorder

A

touching and rubbing against a person who has not given consent

143
Q

pedophilic disorder

A

sexual activity with a prepubescent child

144
Q

sexual masochism disorder

A

acts in which they derive sexual excitement from being humiliated, beaten, bound or made to suffer

145
Q

sexual sadism disorder

A

individual derives sexual excitement from the psychological or physical suffering of the victim

146
Q

transvestic disorder

A

cross dressing by a man or women that causes distress or interferes with daily functioning

147
Q

voyeuristic disorder

A

observing unsuspecting individuals who are naked or in the process of disrobing or engaging in sexual activity

148
Q

what is pedophilic disorder associated with

A

poor social skills
low IQ
history of head injuries as child
lower executive functioning

149
Q

what has been used to treat pedophiles

A

castration

150
Q

how many men and women are uninterested in sex?

A

1/4 of men and 1/2 of women

151
Q

erectile dysfunction

A

failure of penis to become erect

152
Q

premature ejaculation

A

experience of orgasm before the person wishes it

153
Q

what does dysfunction in women’s autonomic nerves disrupt?

A

engorgement of labia and lubrication of vagina

154
Q

STI

A

infection contracted primarily through sexual interaction

155
Q

what are gonorrhea and syphilis causes by?

A

bacteria

156
Q

what are genital herpes and HIV caused by?

A

virus

157
Q

what does AIDS come from?

A

HIV

158
Q

what does WEIRD stand for?

A

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic

159
Q

what does the dark triad say?

A

people with those traits are more likely to commit crimes, cause social distress and exhibit antisocial behaviour

160
Q

what is the dark triad?

A

machiavellionism, psychopathy, narcissism

161
Q

personality

A

pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions and behaviours that characterise the way an individual adapts to world

162
Q

psychodynamic perspectives

A

emphasise that personality is primarily unconscious

163
Q

what did freud consider as sex?

A

anything that is pleasurable

164
Q

id

A

consists of unconscious drives and is the individuals reservoir of sexual energy

165
Q

pleasure principle

A

seeks immediate gratification

166
Q

ego

A

deals with demands of reality

167
Q

superego

A

harsh internal judge of behaviour

168
Q

defence mechanisms

A

tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

169
Q

displacement

A

directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target

170
Q

repression

A

ego pushes unacceptable impulses back into unconscious mind

171
Q

what is the most powerful defence mechanism?

A

repression

172
Q

rationalisation

A

ego replaces a less acceptable motive with a more acceptable one

173
Q

sublimination

A

ego replaces unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one

174
Q

projection

A

ego attributes personal shortcomings, problems and faults to others

175
Q

reaction formation

A

ego transforms an unacceptable motive into its opposite

176
Q

denial

A

ego refuses to acknowledge anxiety enduring realities

177
Q

regression

A

ego seeks security of an earlier developmental period in the face of stress

178
Q

erogenous zones

A

parts of the body that have especially strong pleasure giving qualities

179
Q

when is the oral stage?

A

first 18 months

180
Q

oral stage

A

pleasure centres on the mouth

181
Q

when is the anal stage?

A

18-36 months

182
Q

anal stage

A

pleasure involves anus and urethra (going and holding it in)

183
Q

phallic stage

A

pleasure focuses on genitals when children discover self stimulation

184
Q

when is the phallic stage?

A

3-6 years

185
Q

oedipus complex

A

boys intense desire to replace father and enjoy affections of mother

186
Q

castration anxiety

A

fear of being mutilated by father

187
Q

penis envy

A

intense desire to obtain penis by marrying and having a son

188
Q

latency period

A

after drama of phallic phase the child sets aside interest in sexuality

189
Q

when is the latency period?

A

6 years to puberty

190
Q

when is the genital stage?

A

adolescence to adulthood

191
Q

genital stage

A

sexual pleasure shifts to person outside of the family

192
Q

what are the two hallmarks of maturity?

A

love and work

193
Q

collective unconscious

A

impersonal, deepest layer of unconscious mind

194
Q

how is the collective unconscious shared by all humans?

A

ancestral past

195
Q

what does the collective unconscious contain?

A

archetypes

196
Q

archetypes

A

emotionally laden ideas and images that have symbolic meaning for all people

197
Q

anima

A

passive feminine side (type of archetype)

198
Q

animus

A

assertive masculine side (type of archetype)

199
Q

what are the two common types of archetype?

A

anima and animus

200
Q

persona (type of archetype)

A

public mask worn during social interactions

201
Q

individual psychology

A

people are motivated by purposes and goals

202
Q

compensation

A

individuals attempt to overcome real or imagined inferiorities or weaknesses by developing own abilities

203
Q

humanistic perspectives

A

stress a person’s capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities

204
Q

what does the humanistic approach contrast?

A

psychodynamic and behaviourism

205
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

being accepted, valued and treated positively regardless of our behaviour

206
Q

conditions of worth

A

standards we must live up to in order to receive positive regard

207
Q

individuals must experience relationships with which 3 qualities?

A

unconditional positive regard, empathy, genuineness

208
Q

genuineness

A

being open with one’s feelings

209
Q

what is the five factor model of personality?

A

five broad personality dimensions represented in natural language

210
Q

what makes up the five factor model of personality?

A

openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

211
Q

neuroticism

A

tendency to worry and experience negative emotions

212
Q

openness to experience

A

tendency to enjoy intellectual pursuits

213
Q

what are the most popular big five across cultures?

A

extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness

214
Q

what makes up HEXACO

A

honesty-humility
emotionality
extroversion
agreeableness
conscientiousness
openness to experience

215
Q

personological and life story perspective

A

the way to understand the uniqueness of each person is to focus on their life history and story

216
Q

personology

A

the study of the whole person

217
Q

who created the thematic apperception test?

A

henry murray and christians morgan

218
Q

thematic apperception test

A

person looks at ambiguous picture and writes or tells a story about it

219
Q

content analysis

A

takes persons story and codes it for different images, words etc

220
Q

what are the biggest unconscious needs?

A

need for achievement, need for affiliation, need for power

221
Q

intimacy motive

A

enduring concern for warm interpersonal encounters for their own sake

222
Q

psychobiography

A

attempt to apply personality theory to one persons life

223
Q

social cognitive perspectives

A

emphasises conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations and goals

224
Q

what does bandura state as important?

A

behavioural, environmental and personal/cognitive factors

225
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

describe the way behavioural, environmental and personal/cognitive factors interact to create personality

226
Q

observational learning

A

observations of others shape personality

227
Q

personal control

A

ability to regulate and control own behaviour despite changing environment

228
Q

internal locus of control

A

sense of behavioural control comes from inside ourselves

229
Q

external locus of control

A

sense of behavioural control comes from outside ourselves

230
Q

self efficacy

A

belief that one has competence to accomplish a given goal or task and produce positive change

231
Q

situationist

A

personality and behaviour often vary from one context to another

232
Q

what does CAPS stand for?

A

cognitive affective processing systems

233
Q

what does CAPS theory state?

A

that personality is a set of interconnected cognitive affective processing systems

234
Q

what is the biological perspective?

A

that four basic personalities come from the levels of fluids in the body

235
Q

what are the bodily fluids called?

A

humours

236
Q

what is a sanguine person?

A

happy personality with an abundance of blood

237
Q

what is a choleric person?

A

quick tempered person with too much yellow bile

238
Q

what is a phlegmatic person

A

a placid, sluggish person with too much phlegm

239
Q

what is a melancholic person

A

pessimist with too much black bile

240
Q

how is personality represented in the brain?

A

brain activity associated with various personality traits

241
Q

what is the behavioural activation system sensitive to?

A

rewards

242
Q

what is the behavioural inhibition system sensitive to?

A

punishments

243
Q

self report test

A

directly asks people to estimate how much specific items describe their personality traits

244
Q

social desirability

A

people will answer with what makes them look best

245
Q

empirically keyed test

A

identify two groups known to be different and give a large number questionnaire to see which ones show biggest difference between groups

246
Q

what is the most used self report test?

A

minnesota multiphase personality inventory (MMPI)

247
Q

face validity

A

to what degree a test appears to be measuring what it is intended to measure

248
Q

NEO-PI-R

A

self report test that assesses the five factor model

249
Q

projective test

A

presents individuals with ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it

250
Q

what is the purpose of projective tests?

A

to find things out about yourself you don’t even know

251
Q

what is the most famous projective test?

A

Rorschach inkblot test

252
Q

type A personality

A

excessively competitive, hard driven, impatient and hostile

253
Q

type B personality

A

more relaxed and easy going

254
Q

type C personality

A

detail oriented, likes to be in control, enjoys stability

255
Q

type D personality

A

generally distressed, experience negative emotions and socially inhibited

256
Q

subjective well-being

A

persons assessment of their level of positive and negative affect and evaluation of life in general

257
Q

what do your motives reflect?

A

biological needs and psychosocial needs

258
Q

what regulates nutrient levels in the body?

A

hypothalamus

259
Q

what will prenatal exposure to androgens do?

A

alter neural circuits in brain and spinal cord

260
Q

estrus period

A

brief time where they are able to get pregnant; seen in animals

261
Q

what do women look for in a partner?

A

materialistic qualities

262
Q

what do men look for in a partner?

A

attractiveness or in some cultures virginity

263
Q

what brain structure is different between gay and straight men?

A

anterior hypothalamus

264
Q

when are sexual orientations decided

A

in utero

265
Q

affiliation motives

A

need to associate with others

266
Q

achievement motives

A

the need to do well, to succeed and avoid failure

267
Q

what are the 3 components of emotion?

A

physiological arousal, subjective experience and behavioural expression

268
Q

what are the 5 common states of emotion

A

happiness, fear, anger, sadness and disgust

269
Q

additional states of emotion

A

surprise, contempt, shame, joy and trust

270
Q

positive valence

A

activity of dopamine systems

271
Q

negative valence

A

activity of norepinephrine systems

272
Q

what produces visceral responses?

A

activation of amygdala

273
Q

visceral responses

A

powerful physical response that happens automatically and unconsciously

274
Q

limbic system

A

part of the brain involved in behavioural and emotional responses

275
Q

5 main factors of happiness

A

love
job satisfaction
extroversion
optimism
health

276
Q

how to obtain picture of chromosome

A

cell is removed from persons body (usually the mouth) and is photographed under magnification

277
Q

swyer syndrome

A

those who are genetically male but have female reproductive system

278
Q

where are androgens produced in women?

A

adrenal gland

279
Q

where are androgens produced in men?

A

in testes and converted to estrogens

280
Q

gender affirming surgery

A

affects secondary sex characteristics

281
Q

sex reassignment surgery

A

changing of the genitals

282
Q

topographical model

A

argued for 3 levels of consciousness

283
Q

what are freud’s 3 levels of consciousness?

A

conscious, pre conscious, unconscious

284
Q

libido

A

pleasure seeking and sensuality as well as desire for intercourse

285
Q

what is responsible for defence mechanisms?

A

ego

286
Q

availability heuristic

A

what is available will be believed

287
Q

how did freud contribute to personality theory

A

emphasised role of unconscious
importance of childhood experiences
identified defence mechanisms

288
Q

what did BF Skinner contribute

A

black box theory
scientific analysis for behaviour
genes make us

289
Q

black box theory

A

nothing in the mind, we worry about actions in the moment

290
Q

what is albert bandura’s social learning theory

A

people learn best from observing others

291
Q

two processes in social learning theory

A

acquisition
acceptance/performance

292
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

3 things act on us at the same time (person, behaviour, environment

293
Q

what is albert ellis’ rational emotive therapy

A

assumes that humans have fundamental goals, purposes and values

294
Q

what is rogers person-centured approach?

A

humans are good by nature, we all have potential for good and bad, each person has multiple selves (true self, false self, ideal self)

295
Q

true self

A

core aspect of being, who you are when no one is looking

296
Q

false self

A

self that is created by distortions and interpersonal experiences

297
Q

ideal self

A

what the person would like to be

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