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101 LEC > TEST 6 > Flashcards

TEST 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the stages of NREM sleep?

A

N1 - Light sleep - muscle tone present and breathing regular (1-5mins)

N2 - Deeper sleep - HR and temp drop (25 mins in first cycle and lengthens with each cycle) **Teeth grinding occurs

N3 - Deepest NREM sleep - not easily awoken. Body repairs and regrows tissues, builds bone, muscle and strengthen immune system.
*Sleep walking, night terrors and bedwetting

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2
Q

What happens during REM sleep?

A

Assoc with dreaming, not considered a restful sleep stage. Skeletal muscles are atonic & without movement. Breathing becomes erratic and irregular. Usually last 90 mins….First period lasts 10 min and adds up

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3
Q

What are the 4 functions of sleep?

A

-Physiological and psychological restorations
-Preserves cardiac function
-Release of Human growth hormone
-Brain restoration

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4
Q

What are the effects of sleep deprivation?

A

Irritability
Cognitive impairment
Memory loss
Severe yawning
Hallucinations
ADHD symptoms
Impaired immune system
Risk of Type II DM
^HR
Tremors
AChes

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5
Q

Hypersomnia

A

Excess sleep that is not restful sleep

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6
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Just falls asleep in middle of activites

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7
Q

Obstructive sleep apnea

A

Airway collapes while they are asleep

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8
Q

Parasomnias

A

Unique sleep disorders
–Sleepwalking
–Sleep eating
–Nightmares

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9
Q

What are some factors that affect sleep?

A

Medications
Lifestyle
Emotional stress
Environment
Exercise & fatigue
Food and caloric intake

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10
Q

What do you assess for sleep problems?

A

Description - onset & duration
Usual pattern
illness
Current life events
Mental status
Environement

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11
Q

What are some interventions for sleep problems?

A

Environment controls - lights, noise
Promote routines
Promote comfort
Stress reduction - no school work before bed
Warm milk
avoid caffeine

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12
Q

What are 2 meds they use for sleep?

A

Hypnotics - induce sleep
Sedatives - not meant for sleep but has a calming effect

**Effective only a few weeks

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13
Q

What are the functions of body fluids?

A

-Transports nutrients, hormones, enzymes, blood
-Cellular metabolism and chemical functioning
-Solvent for electrolytes and non-electrolytes
-Maintains body temp
-Digestions and promotes elimination
-Tissue lubricant

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14
Q

Where is most water in the body found?

A

inside the cell

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15
Q

How much of an adults weight is water?

A

50-60%

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16
Q

How much fluid is inside and outside the cell?

A

Intracellular fluid - 70%
Extracellular fluid - 30%

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17
Q

What are solvents & solutes?

A

Solvents - liquids that hold a substance in a solution

Solutes - substances dissolved in a solation

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18
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Charged substance used to conduct electrical impulses across cells//Important for normal body function

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19
Q

Cations are what kind of charge?
Anions are what kind of charge?

A

Cations - positively charged
Anions - negatively charged

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20
Q

What are the major cations?

A

Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium

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21
Q

What are the major Anions?

A

Chloride
Phosphate

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22
Q

What is the main function of sodium?

A

Controls and regulates volume of body fluids

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23
Q

What is the main function of potassium?

A

Cheif regulator of cellular enzyme activity and water content

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24
Q

What is the main function of calcium?

A

Nerve impulse, blood clotting, muscle contraction, B12 absorption

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25
Q

What is the main function of Magnesium?

A

Metabolism of carbs and proteins, vital actions involving enzymes

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26
Q

What is the main action of chloride?

A

Maintains osmotic pressure in blood, produces hydrochloric acid

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27
Q

What is the main actions of phosphate?

A

Involved in important chemical reactions in the body, cell division and hereditary traits

aids in bone development, muscle contraction, kidney function, nerve conduction, heartbeat regularity

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28
Q

What are the normal electrolyte levels for Sodium & Potassium?

A

Sodium - 135-145 mEg/L
Potassium - 3.5-5.0 mEg/L

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29
Q

What are the normal electrolyte levels for Calcium?

A

Calcium - 8.6-10.2 mg/dl
–4.5-5.1 mg/dl (ionized)

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30
Q

What are the normal electrolyte levels for Magnesium?

A

Magnesium - 1.3-2.3 mEg/l

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31
Q

What are the normal electrolyte levels for Chloride and Phosphate?

A

Chloride - 97-107 mEq/L
Phosphate 2.5-4.5 mg/dL

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32
Q

What are the 4 processes by which fluid and solutes move across membranes?

A

Osmosis -water
Diffusion - higher to lower
Filtration - pressure
Active transport - requires energy/ lower to higher

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33
Q

What is isotonic
hypertonic
hypotonic

A

Isotonic - same concentration of particles as plasma - NS(0.9% sodium chloride)

Hypertonic - <concentration of particles than plasma

Hypotonic - >concentration of particles than plasma

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34
Q

How is fluid lost in the body

A

Kidneys: Urine
Intestinal tract: feces
Skin: sweat
lungs: perspiration

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35
Q

What is Hyponatremia & Hypernatremia?

A

Hypo - Sodium BELOW 135
*Confusion/seizures/hypotension/muscle cramps

Hyper - Sodium ABOVE 145

*Weak/confused/hallucinations/>urine output

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36
Q

What is hypokalemia and hyperkalemia?
**Concerned more with cardiac

A

HYPO - Potassium BELOW 3.5
*Weak/cramps/fatigue/dysrhythmias

HYPER - Potassium ABOVE 5.0

*Weak/cramps/dysrhythmias, decreased contractility, cardiac arrest

37
Q

What is hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia?

A

HYPO - calcium BELOW 8.6
*numbness/tingle of fingers/mouth, tetany, cramps/ CHVOSTEKS & TROUSSEAU

HYPER - ABOVE 10.2
*Nausea,vomit, bone pain, flank pain- kidney stones

38
Q

What is hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia?

A

HYPO magnesium BELOW 1.3
*weak/tremors/tetany/seizures/mental changes

HYPER - ABOVE 2.3
*nausea/vomit/weakness/lathargy

39
Q

What is hypophosphatemia? and hyperphosphatemia?

A

HYPO - Phosphate BELOW 2.5
*Fatique/weakness/confusions/seizure

HYPER - ABOVE 4.5
*Tetany, nausea, weakness

40
Q

What are acids and bases?

A

Acids - substances that release hydrogen ions in a solution

Bases - substances that remove hydrogen ions from a solution

41
Q

What does pH measure?

A

level of acids and bases in a solution that is determined by the amount of hydrogen ions in the solution

42
Q

What is normal level for pH, PaCO2, HCO3-

A

pH - 7.35-7.45
PaCO2 - 35-45mmHg
HCO3- 22-26 mEq/L

43
Q

Acid/base balance are retain or excreted by?

A

Lungs - retain/excrete Co2
Kidneys - retain/excrete bicarb

44
Q

What Respiratory acidosis?

A

From decreased gas exchange that leads to hypercapnia
-Kidneys compensate

45
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis?

A

From hyperventilation and excess exhalation of C02
-Kidneys compensate

46
Q

What is metabolic acidosis?

A

Due to loss of bicarbonate ions and or increase in acids produced as byproducts of a metabolic process

47
Q

What is metabolic alkalosis?

A

Due to excessive intake of bicarbonate-containing medications or loss of gastric acids
–lungs compensate

48
Q

What are the organs function to maintain fluids?

KIDNEYS
CARDIOVASCULAR

A

Kidneys - filter plasma and excrete urine
Cardiovascular - carries nutrients and water

49
Q

What are the organs function for maintaining fluids?

LUNGS
ADRENAL GLANDS

A

Lungs - regulate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
Adrenal glands - conserve (sodium, chloride, water) excrete potassium

50
Q

What are the organs function to maintain fluids?

PITUITARY GLAND
THYROID GLAND

A

Pituitary gland - stores and release ADH
Thyroid gland - increases blood flow and increases renal circulation

51
Q

What are the organs function to maintain fluids?

PARATHYROID GLAND
GI TRACTS

A

Parathyroid gland - regulate levels of calcium
GI - absorb waster and nutrients

52
Q

What are the signs of hypovolemia?

A

Tachycardia
Hypotension
Thready pulse
Decreased skin tugor
Orthostatic hypotension
Dry mucous membranes

53
Q

What are signs of hypervolemia?

A

Bounding pulse
Crackles
Distended neck veins
Edema
Hypertension

54
Q

For weight, a change of 1 kg (2.2lbs) is equal to how much in fluid?

A

1 L (1000ml) of fluid

55
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Protection
Sensation
Vit D production
Elimination
Body temp reg
Psychosocial

56
Q

what leads to thin, easily damaged skin?

A

Prolonged maturation of epidermal cells

57
Q

What are the 3 wound classifications?

A

Intentional - surgery / Unintentional
Open or Closed
Acute or Chronic

58
Q

What are the 6 types of wounds?

A

Incision - a surgical cut
Contusion - bruise
Laceration - tearing of soft tissue, jagged
Abrasion - scrape
Puncture - small hole
Pressure ulcer

59
Q

What are the 4 phased of wound healing?

A
  • Hemostasis - blood vessels constrict/clot formation
  • Inflammatory - WBC, phago
  • Proliferation - fibroblast create new granulation - pink/beefy red
  • Maturation/remodeling - scar formation
60
Q

what is desiccation

A

dehydration

61
Q

What is maceration?

A

over-hydration

62
Q

Fistula?

A

When a wound goes all the way to an organ

63
Q

What is dehiscence?

A

When the edges of a surgical wound separate

64
Q

What is evisceration?

A

When internal contents spill out

65
Q

what are some factors that lead to pressure ulcers?

A

Aging skin
Chronic illness - circulatory issues
immobility
malnutrition
incontinence

66
Q

What is serous and sanguineous drainage?

A

Serous - clear
Sanguineous - bloody

67
Q

What is serosanguineous and purulent draninage?

A

Serosanguineous - watered down blood
Purulent - thick yellow, green, tan, brown

68
Q

What are the 6 stages of pressure ulcers?

A

stage 1 - persistent redness skin intact
stage 2 - skin is broken
stage 3- into subQ fat layer
Stage 4 - deep into muscle and possible bone
Unstagable - base of ulcer covered by slough

69
Q

How to document the amount of drainage?

A

none -
scant -
small - dressing 25% saturated
moderate - dressing is 50%
large - 75-100% saturated

70
Q

CARBOHYDRATES
- Supplies body with how many kcal?
-Purpose
-Classified as

A

-4 kilocal per gram
-Major supplier of energy
-Simple - broken down/absorbed quickly
-Complex - longer to break down/absorb

71
Q

PROTEINS
-Supplies body with how many kcal?
-Purpose
-Classified as

A

-4kilocal per gram
-Develop, maintenance and repair of bodys tissues
-complete - all 9 essential amino acids
-incomplete - lacking 1 or more amino acids

72
Q

LIPIDS
-Supplies body with how many kcal?
-Purpose
-Classified as

A

-9kilocal per gram
-energy, insulation, lubrication, vitamin absorption (DAKE), develop of cell membrane
-Cholesterol - fat like found in animal products
-Triglyceride - abundant found in foods

73
Q

What kid of fats raises cholesterol levels?

A

Saturated fats will raise cholesterol levels

74
Q

What are the water soluable vitamins?
What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

Water - C. B
Fat - DAKE

75
Q

What does Vitamin A do?
Deficiency?

A

Resistance to infection and night vision
Helps grow epithelial tissue and bones/teeth

*Deficiency can cause night blindness, decreased immunity, impaired growth

76
Q

What does vitamin D do?

A

development of bones and teeth

77
Q

What does Vitamin E do?

A

Antioxidant that protects cells from free redicals, promotes healthy immune system

78
Q

WHat does vitamin K do?

A

essential for synthesis of proteins that promote clotting of blood

*deficiency produces bruising and bleeding

79
Q

What does Vitmanin C do?

A

Antioxidant
synthesizing collagen and development of strong immune system

80
Q

What does vitmanin B do?

A

Facilitate energy production
Help form RBC

81
Q

What is water necessary for?

A

Body temp
Maintaining acid-base balance
Regulating fluid and electrolytes
transporting nutrient and waste

82
Q

Anabolism

A

Use of energy to change simple materials into complex body substances

83
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down of substances from complex to simple resulting in release of energy

84
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

Minimum amount of energy required to maintain bodily function at rest while awake

85
Q

What are the 4 ways to remove necrotic tissue?

A

-Autolytic debridement - allowing body natural enzymes to eat away dead tissue
-Mechanical debridement - wet to dry dressing, maggots
-Enzymatic debridement - ointment/creams with chemical properties / days to weeks
-Sharps debridement - scapel

86
Q

What are open system drainage and closed system drainage

A

Open - Penrose
Closed - jackson pratt & Hemovac

87
Q

When PaCo2 abnormal? what does that indicate?

A

lung problem / respiratory

88
Q

When HCO3 abnormal..what does that mean?

A

Kidney problem / metabolic

101 LEC (15 decks)

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