TEST 5 Flashcards
Goals of nursing research are
To find solutions
Improve care
For policy and education development
Provide evidence-based nursing practice
What is Quantitative vs Qualitative research?
Quantitative - NUMBERS/STATISTICS
Qualitative - Feelings, perception, asking for input
What is evidence-based practice?
Problem-solving approach to making clinical decisions
What are the steps in EBP?
- Ask Q about clincal area of interest or intervention
- Collect best evidence
- Analyze evidence
- Put evidence into a practice change
- Evaluate the practice change
What are the steps in EBP?
- Ask Q about clincal area of interest or intervention
- Collect best evidence
- Analyze evidence
- Put evidence into a practice change
- Evaluate the practice change
What is PICO? PICOT
P - patient, population or problem of interest?
I - intervention of interest?
C - Comparison of interest (What are we currently doing right now)
0 - What is the expected outcome of interest?
T - TIME, when do you expect
What are the 4 main concepts in nursing theory?
Individual/person
Environment
health
nursing
Who/what was Florence Nightingale
First nursing theorist
Promotion of health
Investigates impact of environment and cleanliness on healing
guided practice of professional nursing
Who/What was Dorothea Orem?
Theory of self-care deficit
Goal to restore patients self-care capability
When there is a self care deficit then nursing steps in
Who/what is Sister Callista Roy
Adaptation model
When people experience a change in health status they need to adapt - nurse helps them adapt
IE. Newly diagnosed diabetic
Who/what is Imogene King?
Theory of goal attainment
NUrse and patient must mutually set goals to meet health
What are the stages of infection?
Incubation - microorganisms are starting to grow
Prodromal - early signs and symptoms/most contagious
Full stage illness
Convalescent - recovery
What are the stages of inflammation?
Recognition - macrophages that encounter pathogens/damage
Recruitment - WBC, histamine, draw water into tissues
Removal - macrophages phagocytosis bacteria
Repair - growth factor
What are the steps in immune response?
Recognize - by antigens
Flag - with antibodies = clump up
Engulf - phagocytosis
Remember -
Nosocomial infection
Is a healthcare-associated infection - HAI
Developed infection in the hospital
Exogenous infection
Endogenous infection
Latrogenic infection
Exogenous infection - got it from someone else
Endogenous infection - developed within themselves/c diff/ persons own bacteria
Latrogenic infection - developed from a procedure
How to put on PPE?
Gown
Mask
Goggles
Gloves
How to take off PPE?
Gloves
Goggles
Gown
Mask
Standard precautions
everyone gets
Who gets airborne precautions and what do you wear?
TB patients
N95 mask
What do you wear for droplet precautions?
Mask
What are contact precautions?
gloves
Cultural diversities include
Religion
Physical size, age, gender
Sexual orientation
Disability
Socioeconomic and occupational status
Geographical location
Race
Typically based on specific physical characteristics such as skin, body stature, facial features and hair
Ethnicity
Sense of identification with a collective cultural group, largely based on groups heritage
Cultural assimilation
Loss the charateristics that made them different
Values replaced by dominate culture
What are the 5 stages of grief?
Denial & isolation
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
What are some signs of impending death?
Diff talking/swallowing
Nausea, ad distention
Urinary/bowel incontinence
Constipation
Cold/clammy skin
decreased temo
Pulse weak
Cheyne stokes respirations
Restlessness
Euthanasia - Active and passive
Active - prescribe a med to send their life
Passive - withhold treatment
What is self-concept?
How a person thinks about him or herself
What helps create self-concept?
Identity
Body image
Role Performance
Self-concept can be based upon?
-Perceptions of others towards us
-Personal and professional relationship
-Academic achievement
-Employment
-Ethnic, racial and spiritual identity
What is personal identity?
Sense of individuality
Distinctness and separate from others
Self-observations
Gender identity
When is identity most vulnerable?
adolescence
Most risk-taking behavior
What is body image?
-Attitude about physical appearance
-Strongly influenced by culture and society
-Greatly affect self-esteem
What is self esteem?
Overall feeling of self-worth
When is self esteem highest?
Childhood
Drop in adolescense, rise in adulthood and decline with old age
What are 3 role performance stressors?
Role ambiguity -when you feel unfit for the role / unexpected expectations
Role conflict - multiple roles conflict
Role overload -
In what ways can a nurse affect a patient’s self-concept?
Positive or Negative
- What we say
-Facial expressions
*Convery interest, acceptance and trust
What is homeostasis?
Healthy, stable and physiological/psychological state
what is the general adaptation syndrome? GAS
Theory by Hans Selye
Expected reactions to a major stress
-3 stages - Alarm reaction, Stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion
What is the Alarm reaction stage?
Shock phase - Sympathetic nervous system
Countershock phase - Changes reversed
What is the Stage of resistance?
Body attempts to cope with stressor
What is the stage of exhaustion?
adaptation during previous stage cant be maintained -
Body no longer resist and energy is depleted
Body unable to defend itself
death may result
What are defense mechanisms?
-Denial
-Displacement - taking anger out on others. ex wife
-Introjection - internalize voice of others. “boys don’t cry”
-Projection - blaming others
-Dissociation - disconnection from events / daydreaming
-Repression - blocking things that are undesirable
What are physical effects of stress?
Rapid pulse
Rapid, shallow breathing
Sweaty palms
Shakiness/tremors
Increased BP
Frequent urination
What are psychological effects of stress?
Confusion
anxiety
irritabiltiy
restlessness
depression
What is faith?
Belief in something, even if there is no evidence
What is an Atheist?
a person who disbelieves or lacks belief in the existence of God or gods.
What is an agnostic?
a person who claims neither faith nor disbelief in God.
What is religion?
System of practices associated with a particular denomination
