Chapter 25 Flashcards
Afebrile
a condition in which the body temp is not elevated
apnea
a period of no breathing
auscultatory gap
period of diminished or absence korotkoff sounds, occurs during manual blood pressure
blood pressure
force of blood against artieral walls
bradycardia
slow heart rate
bradypnea
slow rate of breathing
diastolic pressure
least amount of pressure exerted on arterial walls, which occurs when the heart is at rest between contractions
dyspnea
difficult or labored breathing
dysrthythmia
abnormal cardiac rhythm
eupnea
normal respirations
febrile
condition in which the body temp is elevated
fever
elevation above the upper limit of normal body temp
synonmym for pyrexia
Hypertension
blood pressure elevated above the upper limit of normal
hyperthermia
high body temp
hypotension
blood pressure below the lower limit of normal
Hypothermia
low body temp
Korotkoff sounds
series of sounds that correspond to changes in blood flow through the artery as pressure is released
Orthopnea
type of dyspnea in which breathing is easier as a patient sits or stands
orthostatic hypotension
temp fail in blood pressure associated in sitting up
AKA postural hypotension
Pulse
a wave produced in the wall of an artery with each beat of the heart
Pulse deficit
difference between apical and radial pulse rates
Pulse pressure
difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
pyrexia
elevation above the upper limit of normal body temp
AKA fever
Respirations
gas exchange between the atmosphere air in the alveoli and blood in capallieries
Systolic pressure
highest point of pressure on arterial walls when ventricles contract
Tachycardia
rapid heart rate
tachypnea
rapid rate of breathing
Temperature
refers to the hotness or coldness of a substance
Vital signs
body temp, pulse & respiratory rates and blood pressure
AKA cardinal signs
Vital signs are indicators of
physiologic functioning and reflect health status
What is pulse oximetry?
non-invasive measurement of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation
When to assess vital signs?
- on admission
- based on instituional policy
- anytime a change in patients condition
- loss on consciousness
- before/after procedure
- before/after activity that can increase risk
- before administering meds that affect cardio or respiratory
What is the primary source of heat in the body?
Metabolism
What is the primary site of heat loss>
Skin
What system controls the opening and closing of shunts in response to core body temp and in environmental temp?
Sympathetic nervous system
Heat is transferred to external environment by?
radiation, convection, evaporation, conduction
What are the factors affecting body temp?
Circadian rhythms
Age
Sex
physical activity
state of health
environment
What is radiation for heat transfer?
the diffusion of heat by electromagnetic waves
What is convection for heat transfer?
diffusion of heat by motion between areas
EX. Fan blows cool air across hot body
What is evaporation for heat transfer?
conversion of liquid to vapor
**sweat
What is conduction for heat transfer?
transfer of heat from one object to another
*ice pack on head
Terms for fever:
Intermittent
Remittent
Sustained/continous
Relapsing
Intermittent: returns to normal at least once a 24 hrs
Remittent: does not return to normal. flucuates
Sustained/continous: Remains above normal
Relapsing: returns to normal for 1 or more days, then fever returns
What is a neurogenic fever?
Damage to hypothalamus. Does not response to anti pyretic medications
Characteristics of pulse include?
rate, rhythm and amplitude
What do the charateristics of the pulse indicate?
effectiveness of heart as a pump, volume of blood ejected with each beat, adequacy of peripheral blood flow
The pulse is regulated by what system?
autonomic nervous system through the SA node
Pulse rate is the number of?
pulsations felt over a peripheral artery or heard over apex of heart in 1 min
What is a normal pulse rate for adults
60-100 beats/min
What are the rates for tachycardia and bradycardia?
Tachy - 100-180
Brady - >60
factors contributing to tachycardia?
-Low blood pressure
-increased temp
-condition w/ poor oxygen
-excersice
-prolonged exposure of heat
-Pain & strong emotions
-medications
The pulse amplitude describes?
quality of pulse in terms of fullness, reflects strength of left ventricle contraction
What is pulse rhythm>
pattern of beats and pauses
Respiration involves what 3 things?
ventilation, diffusion, perfusion
What is ventilation?
Movement of gases in and out of the lungs
What is diffusion?
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli of lungs and circulating blood
What is purfusion?
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and tissue
Factors effecting respiratory rate?
Age
Excersice
Acid/base balance
brain lesions
increased altitude
Respiratory disease
Anemia
Anxeity
meds
Pain
What is normal respirations?
12-20/min - normal pattern
What are tachypnea respirations?
> 24 breaths a min
What are bradypnea respirations>
< 10 breaths a min
What are cheyne-stokes respirations?
alternating periods of deep, rapid breathing followed by apnea; regular
what are biots respirations?
varying depth and rate, followed by periods of apnea, irregular
What 2 things determine cardiac output?
Stroke volume and heart rate
Disorders resulting from hypertension include
thickening of myocardium, enlargmenet of ventricles, heart failure, myocardium infarction, stroke & kidney damage
