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Immunology credit 1 > Test 6 > Flashcards

Test 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

antibodies produced from a single group of genetically identical B-cells

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2
Q

What are polyclonal antibodies?

A

Antibodies produced by a mix of plasma cells

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3
Q

What are hybridomas?

A

Cells made by the fusion of a B cell and myeloma cell to make monoclonal antibodies

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4
Q

What do the complement system consist of?

A

Several plasma proteins and cell bound proteins that work together to opsonise microbes to promote the recruitment of phagocytes to the site of infection

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5
Q

What type of immunity does the complement system represent?

A

Humoral components of innate non-specific immunity

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6
Q

What are the cellular components of blood?

A

Erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBC) and platelets.
They are suspended in blood plasma.

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7
Q

What is the difference between blood serum and blood plasma?

A

Blood serum has no clotting factors

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8
Q

How is serum obtained?

A

From coagulated whole blood by centrifugation

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9
Q

What colour is icteric serum?

A

Dark to bright yellow

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10
Q

How are lipemic serum samples identified?

A

turbid or milky

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11
Q

What is lyophilisation and what is it used for?

A

freeze-drying, best method for long-term storage of sera

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12
Q

What is it called when serum is depleted from complement activity?

A

Serum inactivation

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13
Q

What tests can be used to determine immunoglobulin concentration?

A

Radial immunodiffusion kits
ELISA-based kits
Glutaraldehyde coagulation tests
Zinc sulfate turbidity tests

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14
Q

What is the glutaraldehyde coagulation test used for?

A

Estimate the level of immunoglobulins and fibrinogen semiquantitatively in whole blood, detects inflammatory conditions in individual animals

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15
Q

What happens in the glutaraldehyde coagulation test?

A

Glutaraldehyde creates a clot with either fibrinogen or immunoglobulins in EDTA-stabilised blood by a chemical reaction between aldehyde groups in glutaraldehyde and free amino groups in fibrinogen and immunoglobulins.

Reaction time is directly proportional to the concentration of fibrinogen and immunoglobulins.

It is primary used to screen neonates for possible failure to acquire colostral immunoglobulin

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16
Q

What is the zinc sulfide turbidity test based on?

A

Precipitation of salts created by the chemical combination of heavier globulins and trace metal ions.
It is interpreted by spectrophotometry.
Degree of turbidity is directly proportional to the concentration of total immunoglobulins (not specific to IgG).

17
Q

What is agglutination antibody titre?

A

the last dilution at which agglutination can be observed

18
Q

Which type of antibodies are more efficient agglutinators?

A

IgM

19
Q

What test detects the presence of non-agglutinating antibodies on the surface of particles?

A

Direct antiglobulin test (Coombs test)

20
Q

What happens in passive (indirect) agglutination?

A

Soluble antigens or antibodies are chemically linked to inert particles such as latex beads or red blood cells

21
Q

What are the types of agglutination tests?

A

Slide agglutination
Latex agglutination
Tube agglutination
Haemagglutination
Virus haemagglutination
Haemagglutination inhibition test

22
Q

Slide agglutination is

A

Qualitative.
A drop of concentrated antiserum is mixed with a drop of cell suspension in saline and placed on a glass slide and rocked gently for a few minutes.
Result is granulation or flocculation.

23
Q

Quantitative agglutination tests

A

Tube agglutination

24
Q

How are haemagglutination tests sub-classified?

A

Detection of antibodies against RBCs
Determinants (direct/indirect)
Detection of antibodies against compounds artificially coupled to RBCs (passive)

25
Q

What are haemagglutination tests used for?

A

Determination of blood group
Titration of cold haemagglutinins
Determination of different adherence antigens of Enterobacteriaceae
Determination of viruses
Detection of antibodies against viruses by haemagglutination inhibition test

26
Q

What is precipitation?

A

A serological reaction where soluble antigens are precipitated (made insoluble) by antibodies

27
Q

What is the zone of antibody excess?

A

Concentration of antigen is very low and antibodies are high

28
Q

Precipitation tests are

A

qualitative and quantitative

29
Q

Describe tube precipitation (ring) test

A

antiserum is carefully overlaid over antigen solution causing a cloudy zone (ring precipitation) at the point of contact

30
Q

How are the results of SNAP assays interpreted?

A

formation of coloured circles in control and test spots in 6-10 minutes

Immunology credit 1 (9 decks)

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