Test 5 stuff (bruzz) Flashcards
What is a sprain?
Injury involving the ligaments
Caused by abnormal or excessive movement of the joint
What’s a strain?
Involving the muscles
Caused by overstretching/ overuse
Muscle pains/ spasms
What kinds of fractures are there?
Complete: Bone is broken entirely
Incomplete: Bone is damaged but in one piece
Open: Skin is open
Communited: Bone breaks in 2 or more fragments
Linear: Runs parallel to the long axis of the bone
Oblique: Occurs at a slanted angle
Spiral: Encircles a bone
Transverse: Occurs straight across the bone
Occult: Hidden or not really discernable
Segmented: 2 or more pieces or segments
Greenstick: Only one cortex
Impacted: One end wedged into opposite end of fractured fragment
Direct fracture healing
Most often occurs with surgical fixation used to fix a bone
Intramembrenous bone formation
No callus formation
Indirect bone healing
Secondary (indirect)
When fracture is treated with a cast or other nonsurgical methods
Intramembronous and endochondral bone formation
Callus formation
Remodeling of solid bone
What’s nonunion?
Failure of the bones to grow together
Delayed union
Union that does not occur until 8-9 months after a fracture
Malunion
Healing of a bone in an incorrect anatomic position
What is osteomalacia?
Softening of bones due to poor mineralization
Deficiency of vitamin D
Parathyroid hormone keeps being produced and tries to increase calcium levels
Excess of osteoid leads to deformaties of long bones, spine, pelvis
Can cause “knock knees”
What’s osteoperosis?
Loss of Bone density and and mass leading to prous, brittle bones
Develops when the remodeling cycle is disrupted
Old bone resorbed faster than new bone is made
Loss of bone mass and spontaneous fractures
Kyphosis is a sign too: Hunchback
What can cause osteoperosis?
Endocrine prolems: Parathyroid, cortisol, thyroid hormone
Vitamin D deficiency
Menopause: Estrogen deficiency and remodeling imbalance between activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
What’s the gold standard for detecting and monitoring osteoperosis?
Dual x ray absorptiometry
What’s osteomyelitis?
Bone infection usually caused by Staph Aeureus
Symptoms: Fever, malaise, anorexia, wt loss, pain
Causes: Staph, diabetes, peripheral vasc disease, smoking, drugs, alc
Kinds of osteomyelitis
Hematogenous: Pathogens carried through blood stream
Contigious: Infection to the adjacent bone
Brodie Abscess: Subacute or chronic osteomyelitis ; circumscribed lesions usually in ends of long bones
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Inflammatory
Effects joints, mostly synovial
Infectious: Caused by invasion of bacteria, virus, etc
Noninfectious: Immune reactions or deposition of crystals of monosodium urate in and around the joint
Symptoms of RA
Systemic: Inflammation, fever, fatigue, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, aching/ stiffness
Symmetrical: Painful, tender joints, rheumatoid nodules, morning stiffness
How is RA diagnosed?
Presence of autoantibodies
Early treatment is with DMARDS like methotextrate
Can use NSAIDS
Fibromyalgia
Chronic widespread diffuse joint and muscle pain, fatigue, and tender points
Symptoms: sensitivity to touch, absence of inflammation, fatigue and nonrestorative sleep, anxiety and depression
What’s acute kidney injur?
Sudden decline in kidney fucntion
Decrease on glomerular fx
Decrease urine output
Accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in blood
Causes of Acute Kidney Injury
Prerenal: Impaired blood flow to kidney ; Hypovolemia, Hypotension, shock
Intrarenal: Caused by acute tubular necrosis
Postrenal: Caused by urinary tract obstruction; edma, tumors, stones
AKI phases
Initiation: Injury is evolving, prevention of injury is possible
Oliguric: Output is lowest during this stage, creatinine and BUN increase
Recovery: Diuresis common, decline in BUN and Creatinine
Calculi (nephrolithiasis)
Risk Factors: Diabetes, HTN, Age , Dehydration, Women,
Types of kidney stones
Calcium: Most common; Caused by low fluid intake, high oxalate foods like spinach, high vit D3
Uric Acid: caused by high purine diet ; red meat, shellfish; gout, dehydration, diarrhea
Struvite: Caused by infections ; UTI
Cystine: Autosommal recessive genetic defect in renal transport of cystine
Incontinence types
Stress: Sneezing and stuff
Urge:
Overflow: Overdistention in bladder
Functional: Due to dimentia or immobility
Cystitis
Inflammation of bladder
Caused by: E Coli, Staph Sys
Manifestations: Frequency, urgency, dysruria, low back pain, treated with antibiotics
Interstitial Cystitis
Painful bladder syndrome
Common in women 20-30
Bladder fullness,frequency, small urine volume, chronic pevlic pain
UTI causes
At risk: Premie babies, seggtually active, women treated w antibiotics, spermicide users, estrogen deficient postmenopause ppl, catheters, diabetes
What’s UTI?
Inflammation of urinary epithilium caused by bacteria
Glomerulonephritis
Symptoms: Hamturia, proteinuria, oliguria, htn, edema, nephrotic and nephritic sediment
Pyelonephritis
Infection of ureter, renal pelvis, interstium
Caused by: Kidney stones, Vesicouretal reflux, Pregnancy, neurogenic bladder, instrumentation, female sex trauma
Chronic can lead to scarring
Nephrotic syndrome
Massive Proteinuria (3.5 g of protein per day)
Common in children
Primary Causes: Minimal change neruopathy, Membranous glomerulonephritis, Focal segment glomerulosclerosis
Secondary: Systemic diseases ; is also associated with NSAIDS, infections, malignacies, vascular disoarders
What does proteinuria lead to?
Hypoalbumineria
Edema
Hyperlipidemia
Lipiduria
Treatment of nephrotic syndrome
Protein restriciton
Low fat, low salt diet
Diuretics
Anticoags
Glucocorticoids
ACE/ ARBS
What’s nephritic syndrome?
Less severe than nephrotic
Occurs with glomerular inflammation and rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis
Symptoms: Hematuria, proteinuria less than 3.5 grams, HTN, Azotemia, oliguria
Chronic Kidney Disease:
Progressive loss of renal fx
Associated w HTN, diabetes,
Factors Representing Progression of Chronic Kidney Dis
Proteinuria: Causes tubular interstitial injury
Angiotensin 2 causes efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction and promotes hypertension and hyperfiltration
Creatinine and urea clearence decreases
Hematocrit: anemia
Sodium and water balance: As GFR is reduced, less ability to concentrate urine and dilute it
Hyperkalmia
Metabolic Acidosis: When GFR is 30-40 %
Reduced phosphate excretion: Hyperparathyroidism to combat this
Dyslipidemia:
Alterations in other systems caused by CKD
Skeletal : Spontaneous fractures and bone pain
Cardio: Pulm edema, kussmaul breath, left heart hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, HTN, dysrythmias,
