Test 1 stuff (bruzz) Flashcards
Somatic Death Stages
Pallor Mortis
Algor Mortis
Rigor Mortis
Livor Mortis
Putrefaction
Decomposition
Skeletonization
What is pallor mortis?
Skin becomes pale and yellowish
Except in carbon monoxide poisoning, drowning, chloroform poisoning
What is Algor Mortis?
Decrease in body temp
What is Rigor Mortis?
Stiffening of muscles
Begins at around 0-8 hours after death
Peaks at around 8-12 hours from onset
Muscle flexibility returns after 24 to 36 hours
What is Livor Mortis?
Gravity causes blood to settle in dependent anatomically low areas
Blue- purple discoloration of the skin over these regions
Pupils dilate
Blood and fluids drain from face, nose, and chin
What is putrefaction?
Tissues and organs of the body break down into gaseous and liquid matter about 24-48 hours after death
SWELLING AND BLOATING OF BODY STRUCTURES
What’s decomposition?
Organic matter of the body is broke down into elemental matter
What do neutrophils do?
Fight bacteria infections
50-73% of the total WBC
Immature neutrophils are called band cells
What are eosinophils?
Combat parasites and allergic reactions
Release histaminase to inactivate histamine during allergic reactions to minimize inflammatory reactions
What do basophils do?
Release histamine during allergic reactions
What do lymphocytes do?
Includes B, T, and Natural Killer Cells
These are the main functional cells of the immune system
What do monocytes do?
Transform into macrophages
Largest WBC
What is the life span of platelets?
7-10 days
What can cause anemia?
Impaired erythrocyte production
Acute or chronic blood loss
Increased erythrocyte destruction
Combination of all deez
What is macrocytic normochromic anemia and what are some examples?
Large and abnormally shaped erythrocytes and normal hemoglobin levels
Pernicious Anemia: B12 deficiency
Folate deficiency anemia
What is microcytic hypochromic anemia and what are some examples?
Small and abnormal shaped erythrocytes and reduced hemoglobin levels
Iron deficiency anemia
Sideroblastic Anemia
Thalassemia
Posthemmorage anemia
Hemolytic Anemia
Sickle cell anemia
Chronic inflammation anemia
What’s sideroblastic anemia?
Caused by congenital or aquired dysfunction or iron metabolism in erythroblasts
Prevents body from using iron correctly to make new erythrocytes
What is hemolytic anemia?
Caused by increased fragility of erythrocytes
What’s sickle cell anemia?
Caused by abnormal cell shape with susceptibility to damage, lysis, and phagocytosis
What suffix determines erythrocyte size?
-ic
What suffix determines hemoglobin content?
-chromic
What are symptoms of anemia?
Dyspnea
Pallor
Fatigue
Can cause hypoxia
Manifestations of pernicious anemia
Hemoglobin 7-8
Big on neurological symptoms
Loss of position, vibration sense, ataxia, spasticity; THESE ARE NOT REVERSIBLE
Skin may become lemon yellow (Sallow)
Treatment is life long B12 therapy
Manifestations of folate acid anemia
More common in Alcoholics brah
Cheilosis(inflammation and cracking of lips)
Stomatitis
Painful ulcerations of buccal mucosa
Tongue is sore and beefy red
What’s Pancytopenia?
LOW EVERYTHING
Hemoglobin low (less than 12/13 for for women and men)
Platelets less than 150k
Leukocytes less than 4k
Low RBC
What is bilirubin a good indicator of?
Rate of RBC Breakdown
What is Polycythemia?
Overproduction of RBC
Relative
Absolute (Has primary and secondary)
What is relative polycythemia?
Results from hemoconcentration of blood associated with anemia (blood thickens/ becomes concentrated)
May be caused by decreased water intake, diarrhea, excessive vomiting, increased use of diuretics
HCT and HgB go up
What is Primary Polycythemia?
A blood cancer that’s slow growing where bone marrow makes too much RBC
Males more common to get it
More common in white folk, males of Eastern European Jewish ancestry
Thick, sticky blood and engorgment of retinal and cerebral veins
Death from cerabral thrombosis is very high possibility
Painful itching that gets worse with heat or water
Phlebotomy is a common therapy
What is secondary polycythemia?
Physiologic response resulting from erythropoietin secretion caused by HYPOXIA
Usually people living in higher altitude. smokers with higher CO, individuals with COPD
Can be caused by inappropriate secretion of erythropoietin by certain tumors
Is the most common of the 2
What is Hemochromatosis?`
Iron overload disorder
Buildup of iron in organs that can cause organ damage
Is more systemic
Is genetic or from chronic iron intake
What is hemosiderosis?
Buildup of iron in cells and can cause brownish skin discoloration
Is more localized
What is leukocytosis?
High leukocyte count
A normal response to physiologic stressors like invading organisms, strenous exercise, emotional changes, temp changes, surgery and anesthesia
What is leukopenia?
Low leukocyte count
Is never normal and is defined as less than 4k WBC
May be caused by radiation, anaphylactic shock, autoimmune disease
What is granulocytosis? (neutrophilia)
An increase in granulocytes such as basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils)
Occurs in early stages of infection or inflammation and is established when the absolute counts exceed 7500
What can cause granulocytosis?
Physiologic: During exercise, extreme hot or cold, third trimester pregnancy, emotional distress
Caused by drugs or chemicals
Epinephrine, steroids, heparin, histamine, endotoxin
Metabolic: diabetes (acidosis), eclampsia, gout, thyroid storm
What[s the shift to the left phenomenon?
Microscopic destruction or disproportionate numbers of immature leukocytes in peripheral blood smears
Pretty much an increase of immature leukocytes
Is in granulocytosis
What is neutropenia?
Reduce circulating neutrophils
Neutrophil count less than 2k
May be caused by an increased destruction like Splenemogaly, hemodialysis, and autoimmune disease
Decreased marrow production is another cause
Starvation and anorexia can cause
What is eosinophillia?
Increase in circulating eosinophils (more than 450)
Triggered by hypersensitive reactions like asthma, hay fever, parasite infections, and some drugs
What is infectious mononucleosis ?
Most the time is caused by Epstein Barr Virus
10% of the time caused by cytomegalovirus
Remains in B cells for life after infected with EBV
What is lymphadenopathy?
Enlargement of the lymph nodes
Can be caused by neoplastic disease, immunologic or inflammatory conditions, endocrine disorders, lipid diseases
What are the lymphomas?
Hodgkins and Nonhodkins
Burkitt
Lymphoblastic
What’s hodgkins lymphoma?
Presence of Reed Sternberg cells
Higher chance in males and in white people
Localized to a single axial group of nodes
Symptoms can include drenching night sweats, itchy skin, fatigue, and weight loss
Anemia is often found in people with dis
What’s nonhidkins lymphoma?
B cell neoplasms and T cell/ NK cell neoplasms (AKA tumors)
No reed sternberg cells
Hepatomegaly is common
What’s burkitt lymphoma?
Highly aggressive and fast growing tumor
Usually from Africa
Linked to Epstein Barr virus
What is lymphoblastic lymphoma?
Relatively rare
T cell non hodgkin
In children
Painless lymphadenopathy of the neck and possibly chest
What is gangrene?
Type of necrosis
When considerable mass of tissue undergo necrosis
Results from severe hypoxia
What is dry gangrene?
Typically results from coagulative necrosis
Skin becomes dry, shriveled , and skin becomes brown or black
What is wet gangrene?
More lethal
Develops secondary to necrotizing bacterial infections with gram positive cocci
What is acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
Too many lymphoblasts
What is acute Myelogenous Leukemia?
Too many myeloblasts
Often happens in post chemotherapy ppl
Bone pain
Lymph node enlargement
What is chronic myelogenous leukemia?
Can be caused by ionization
What’s chronic lymphocytic?
Most common in western world
Involves malignant transformation and accumulation of B lymphocytes
