Test 3 stuff (bruzz) Flashcards
What are examples of homeostasis?
Regulation of blood glucose levels
Maintaining body temp
pH balance of blood
What types of stressors are there?
Physical: Cold temperature, moving heavy equiptment
Psychological: Taking an exam
Both disrupt a person’s well being or homeostasis
What is adaptation?
Body’s ability to respond to challenges either physical or psychological homeostasis and return to a normal state
What is physiologic reserve?
Ability of the body systems to increase their function given the need to adapt
- Red Blood cells and oxygen
-Liver cells and nutrient storage
- Bone and calcium storage
What is anatomic reserve?
Paired organs that are not needed to ensure the continued existence and maintainance of the internal environment
* Lungs
* Kidneys
* Adrenals
Stages of General Adaptation Syndrome
- Alarm Stage
* Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system - Resistance stage
* Body Selects most effective and economic channels of defense - Exhaustion stage
* Resources depleted
What does the Alarm Reaction do?
Increased secretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol) and increased epinephrine
AKA fight or flight response
What is the anticipatory response?
Fear of a potential encounter with dangerous, unconditional stimuli
* Abuse from parents
* PTSD
What’s the reactive physiologic response?
Accelerated heart rate and dry mouth from, example, a routine medical examination
What is allostasis?
Stability through change
Brain continously monitors for future events and anticipates what is required from neuroendocrine and autonomic systems
What is allostatic overload?
Overactiation of adaptive body systems and lead to disease
What is the hormonal stress response?
Hypothalamic- Pituitar Gonadal Axis
Sympathatic nervous system releases catecholamines
* Epinephren
* Norepinephrine
Come from medulla of adrenal glands
What does catecholamine secretion do?
Increases proinflammatory cytokine production
Elevates heart rate, BP, impairs wound healing
What is a physical manifestation of chronic disease?
Frequent viral infections
What’s symbiosis?
Benefits the human but has no harm to organism
What’s mutualism?
Benefits human and microorganism
What’s commensalism?
Benefits only the organism, does not harm human
What’s pathogenicity?
Benefits organism, harms human
Also means the ability to produce disease
What’s the process of infection?
Encounter
Transmission
Colonization
Invasion/ Penetration
Dissemination
Tissue Damage
Direct vs. Indirect transmission
Indirect comes from contact with infected materials
Direct Vertical: Mom to child during preg
Horizontal Direct: One person to another
Zoonotic Direct: From an animal
Stages of infection
Incubation
Prodromal
Invasion/ Acute illness
Convalescence
What are the types of infection?
Nosocomial: Hospital aquired
Community Aquired
Examples of gram pos bacteria
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium difficile, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium tetani, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis
Examples of gram neg bacteria
Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Helicobacter pylori
Exotoxins are produced by which bacteria?
GRAM POSITIVE and NEGATIVE
Injure cells by damaging cell membranes or by changing their fx
Produce antitoxins
Endotoxins are produced by which bacteria?
GRAM NEGATIVE
Activate immune response and cause fever
Antibiotics don’t work on these
How do virus’s replicate?
These have no organized cell structure and are smallest pathogens
They inject their DNA or RNA into the host nucleus and use host resources
How to fungi reproduce?
Simple division or budding
What are infections caused by fungi called?
Mycoses
Can be superficial, deep, opportunistic
Phagocytes and and T cells are important in controlling these
What is fungi that lives in hair, skin, or nails?
Dermatophytes
Ex: Ring worm
Humoral vs Cell Mediated Immunity
Humoral: B cells; Mediated by molecules in the blood
Cell Mediated: Mediated by T lymphocytes
Types of Immune Cells?
Regulatory: Assist in orchestrating and controlling
Effector Cells: Accomplish the final stages of the immune response with the elimination of the antigen
What is hypersensitivity?
Reaction is an excessive response of the activated immune system that causes injury and damage to host tissues
Types of Hyersensitivy reactions?
Type 1
2
3
4
Type 1 hypersensitivty is?
Immediate reaction against noninfectious substances (allergy)
* IgE mediated
* Causes allergy
What is type 2 Hypersensitivity?
Tissue specific reaction against body’s own cells (autoimmunity)
Immediate
Is also called antibody mediated cytotoxicity
What is type 3 Hypersensitivity?
Immune Complex Mediated Immediate reaction
Directed against beneficial foreign such as transfusions or transplants
Alloimmunity
What is type 4 delayed reaction?
Delayed reaction
Cell mediated- immune deficiency
Type 1 hypersensitivity specifics?
First exposure to allergen leads to presentation of antigen by antigen presenting cell to B lymphocytes which is under direction of T helper cells
TH2 helper cells produce cytokines that favor maturation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells that secrete IgE
Mast cells contribute to homeostasis in immune system and serve as first line defence
During re-exposure, allergen cross links the surface bound IgE and causes degrenulation of mast cell
Histamine constricts bronchial smoth muscles
Manifestations of Hypersensitivity 1?
GI upset
Skin Manifestations: Urticaria (hives)
Mucosa Allergens
Lung Allergens
Anaphylactic Shock
Type 2 Hypersensitivty specifics?
Tissue Specific: Tissue is target of immune response
IgG and IgM
Alloimmunization from transfusions or transplants
Type 3 Hypsersensitivity specifics?
Caused by hypersensitivty disease reactions are caused by antigen antibody (immuune) complexes that are formed in the circulation and are depositited in vessel walls or other tissues
What is the difference between type 2 and 3?
Type 2: Antibody binds to antigen on the cell surface
Type 3: Antbody binds to soluble antigen that was released into blood or body fluids and then deposited in the tissues. Type 3 are not organ specific
What are manifestations of Hypersensitivity?
Serum sickness
* Raynaud Phenomenon: Condition caused by temperature dependent deposition of immune complexes, cryobulins. Block circulation and cause localized pallor and numbness followed by cyanosis and eventual gangrene
* Arthus Reaction: Vasculitis caused by repeated local exposure to antigen that reacts with preformed immune complexes in the walls of blood vessels
A person with A blood has which antibodies?
Antibodies against B antigen
A + can take A - and +
A- CANNOT take A+
T or F : AB has no antibodies and can take all transfusions
True
Individuals who express __ antigen are Rh positive
D antigen
What is hyperacute alloimmunity rejection?
Immediate and Rare
There is pre-existing antibodies
Usually found in people who have had multiple transfusions
What is acute alloimmunity rejection?
Days to months
Cell mediated
Treated with corticosteroids
What is chronic alloimmunity rejection?
Months or years
Slow, progressive organ failure
Usually results from chronic inflammation
Type 4 hypersensitivity specifics
Mediated by T cells and macrophages
Does not involve antibodies
Examples: Graft rejection, reaction on skin for TB
May be present in autoimmune diseases
What does HIV do?
Destroys CD4 positive Th cells
AIDS is most advanced stage of this (200 or less)
What is Chronic Venous Insufficiency?
Can progress from varicose veins and valvular incompetence
Is inadequate venous return over a long period.
Symptoms include edema, hyperpigmintation, poor circulation leading to venous stasis ulcers and cellulitis
What are varicose veins?
Vein whicih blood has pooled
Are distended, palpable, and tortuos
Risk factors are age, being female, family history, obese, preg
What is Superior Vena Cava syndrome?
Progressive occlusion of the superior vena cava
Leads to venous distension in the upper extremeties and the head
IS AN ONCOLOGIC EMERGENCY
Can cause cerebral edema
What can cause Superior Vena Cava syndrome?
Most common cause: bronchogenic cancer followed by lymphomas
Less common: Tuberculosis, Mediastinal Fibrosis, Cystic Fibrosis
What can cerebral edema cause?
Headache
Visual Disturbances
Impaired Consciences
Skin of face and arms may be purple and taut
Capillary refill time prolonged
How do you diagnose superior vena cava syndrome and cerebral edema?
Chest x ray
doppler
CT
MRI
Ultrasound
What’s a true aneurism?
Weakening of all 3 layers of arterial wall
* tunica intima
* tunica media
* Tunica adventitia
What’s a false aneurism?
Extravascular hematoma that communicates with intravascular space
Common cause is leakage between a vascular graft and natural artery
What can a thoracic aortic aneurism cause?
Dysphagia
Dyspnea
What can cause an aneurism?
Artheroscleoris
Hypertension
False and saccular aneurisms are caused by what?
Break in vessel wall
Usually caused by trauma
Thrombus vs Thromboembolism?
Thrombus: Blood clot that remains attached to vessel wall
Thromboembolism: Dislodged thrombus
Symptoms of pulmonary embolism?
Chest pain
Bradycardia
Dyspnea with cough
What is arterosclerosis?
Thickening and hardening of the vessel wall
What is atherosclerosis?
Form of artersoclerosis
Caused by accumulation of lipid laden macrophages within arterial wall which leads to. a plaque
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of what?
Peripheral artery disease
Coronary Artery Disease
Cerebrovascular Disease
What med is used to prevent atherosclerosis?
Aspirin
Plaques that have ruptured are called?
Complicated Plaques
What are complications of artherosclerosis??
CAD
Stroke
Peripheral Arterial Disease
MI (heart attack)
Can cause angina
What is peripheral artery disease?
Atherosclerotic disease of the arteries that affect lower extremities
What are the symptoms of peripheral artery disease?
Pain
Pallor
Pulselessness
Paresthesia
Paralysis
Primary Hypertension
A combination of environmental and genetic factors
Secondary Hypertension
Caused by another systemic disease
Ex: Renal disease, cocaine or other drugs, oral contraceptives
What is hypertensive crisis?
Systolic greater than 180
Diastolic greater than 120
Life threatening
Cerebral edema can occur
Orthostatic Hypotension
Decrease in both systolic and diastolic when standing
Decrease in systolic of 20 or more
Decrease in diastolic of 10 or more within 3 minutes of moving to standing position
Symptoms of ortho hypo?
Dizziness
Blurry or vision loss
Fainting
What’s myocardial infarction?
Extended obstruction of myocardial blood supply
What’s myocardial stunning?
Temporary loss of contractile function that persists for days or hours
What’s Hibernating Myocardium?
Tissue that is persistantly ischemic and undergoes metabolic adaptation to prolong myocyte survival until perfusion can be restored
What is myocardial remodeling?
Process made by Ang 2, aldosterone,
Cause myocyte hypertrophy and loss of contractile function in areas of heart distant from the site of infarction
Manifestations of MI?
Sudden severe chest pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Diaphoresis
Dyspnea
Feels like elephant is on them
What’s myocardial ischemia?
Insufficient supply of blood to heart
What can cause myocardial ischemia?
Atherosclerosis
Thrombosis
Hyper or hypotension
What is prinzmetal angina?
Chest pain attributed to transient ischemia that occurs unpredictably and at rest
Caused by vasospasm of one or more major coronary arteries without associated atherosclerosis
