Test 2 stuff (bruzz) Flashcards
What are the cancer stages
Stage 1: No metastasis
2: Local invasion
3: Spread to regional structures (lymph nodes)
4: Distant metastasis
Stage 1 cancer is?
Cancer confined to the origin
Stage 2 cancer is?
Locally invasive
Stage 4 cancer is?
Cancer spread to a distant site
Stage 3 cancer is?
Cancer that has spread to regional structures like lymph nodes
What are carcinogens?
Cancer causing substances
What is pleural effusion?
Abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity
What are the types of pleural effusion?
Transudative
Exudative
Hemothorax
Empyema
Clothorax
Whats transudative pleural effusion?
Caused by cardiovascular disease
High pulmonary capillary pressure
Fluid leaking to pleural space
Fluid leaks due to increase of pressure
What’s exudative pleural effusion?
Caused by infection, inflammation, or malignancy of pleura
Leads to fluid, protein, and cells in pleural space
What’s hemothorax (pleural effusion)?
Caused by traumatic injury, surgery, or rupture
Blood accumulates in pleural space
What’s empyema? (pleural effusion)
Caused by pulmonary infections such as pneumonia
Pus that’s in pleural space
What’s clothorax?
Has lymph and fat droplets which can be caused by injury
Chyle accumulates in pleural space
What is pulmonary edema?
Excess water in the lungz
What can cause pulmonary edema?
Left sided heart failure
Pulmonary Capillary injury
Obstruction of lymphatic system by tumors, lung fibrosis, or surgery
What are some symptoms of pulmonary edema?
Dyspnea
Hypoxemia
Increased work of breathing
Inspiratory crackles (rales)
Dullness when percussing
Pink and frothy sputum
What is ashtma and what does it cause?
Inflammation of airways
Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
Contrictable airways and reversible airflow obstruction
What are some signs and symptoms of asthma?
Expiratory wheezing (breathing out)
Dyspnea
Tachypnea
What are risk factors of Asthma?
Allergen Exposure
Urban Residence
Indoor and Outdoor pollution
Tobacco Smoke
Recurrent Respiratory Infections
What is pneumonia?
Inflammation of alveoli and bronchioles
What can cause pneumonia?
Bacteria and viruses
Gastric secretions aspirated in lungs
What are some symptoms of pneumonia?
Coughing
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Fatigue
Confusion
What are the chromosome aberrations?
Polypoid
Aneuploidy
Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy
What is Polypoid Abberation?
When the cell has more than the diploid number
AKA more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes
Triploid: Zygote having 3 copies of chromosomes (69 total) usually results in still birth
Tetraploidy: Has 4 copies of chromosomes (92)
What is Aneuploidy?
A result of nondisjunction, an error where homologous chromosomes fail to separate normally
Trisomy: 3 copies of one chromosome
Monosomy: One copy of a given chromosome
What is the most common Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy?
Trisomy X (a female who has 3 x chromosomes)
What is down syndrome?
Trisomy 21
An extra chromosome (47)
What are some down sides to down syndrome?
Intellectual disability
Low nasal bridge
Low set ears
Prone to congenital heart disease
Reduced ability to fight infections
By 40 they get alzeimers
What is tuner syndrome?
Females with only 1 X
Underdeveloped ovaries (sterile AHH)
Short stature
Webbing of the Neck
Underdeveloped breasts (aw man)
X usually inhereted from mother (gulp)
What is Klinefelter syndrome?
Individuals with atleast 2 x and one Y chromosme
Male appearance
Female like breasts (woah)
Small balls (damn)
Sparse body hair
Long limbs (freaky)
What’s inbreeding?
Cousin fuckers
Increases risk of recessive disorders
Also called consanguity
What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?
Progressive muscle degeneration
X linked disorder (genetic mutation)
Males cannot transfer to sons, but can to daughters and they become carriers
Son’s of female carriers have 50% chance to get it
What is Prader Willi Syndrome and Angelman Syndrome?
Deletion of 4 million base pairs of long arm of chromosome 15
Occurs due to a problem with genetic imprinting
Which parents gives Prader WIlli Syndrome?
The father
What are some signs of Prader Willi Syndrome?
Behavioral Problems
Intellectual Disability
Short Stature
Delayed puberty and constant hunger which leads to obesity
Which parent gives off Angelman Syndrome?
The mother
What are some signs of Angelman Syndrome?
Frequent laughter and smiling
Restlessness (hyperactive)
Short attention span
Trouble sleeping and need less sleep then other kids
Fascination with water
What’s a pedigree?
A diagram that shows the occurrence of certain traits through different generations of a family
What is Cystic Fibrosis?
Autosomal Recessive Disorder involving exocrine glands and cause excessive thick mucus that obstructs lungs and pancreas
What are the manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis?
Pancreatic exocrine deficiency
Elevation of sodium chloride in sweat
Caused by mutations in a single gene on the long arm of chromosome 7
What is the treatment for Cystic Fibrosis?
Antibiotics
Bronchodilators
Anti-Inflammatory Medications
Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement
Chest Physical Therapy (percussions)
Mucolytic Agents
Nutrition- More calories
What’s the normal V/Q ration in lung perfusion?
0.8
Is hyoxemia a low or high V/Q?
Low
What is shunting?
Inadequate ventilation of well perfused areas of the lung, resulting in wasted perfusion
Can occur in atelactasis, ashtma, pulmonary edma and pneumonia
NO AIR FLOW
What is Alveolar Dead Space?
Poor Perfusion of Well Ventilated portions of the lung which results in wasted ventilation
Is Alveolar Dead Space high or low V/Q?
High
What’s an example of Alveolar Dead Space?
Pulmonary Embolus
What is Hypoxia?
Reduced oxygenation of the cells
Can be caused by anemia or cardiac disease
What is Hypoxemia?
Reduced Oxygenation of Blood
Can be caused by shunting
Can be caused by Alveolar Dead Space
Can be caused by pulmonary edema and lung fibrosis
What can a chest tube be used in?
Pneumothorax
UV rays can cause what type of cancer?
Melanoma: Cancer in melanocytes (pigment cells)
Basal Cell Carcinoma: Lower part of epidermis
Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Flat cells that form the surface of the skin
Electromagnetic Radiation
Antennas, cell phones
May or may not be carcinogenic
H. Pylori causes?
75% of stomach cancer
Hep B and C can cause?
Liver cancers
Epstein Barr Virus can cause?
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Lymphomas
Gastric Adenocarcinoma
HPV can cause?
Cervical
Penis
Vulvar
Vaginal
Anal
What are some cancer treatments?
Chemo
Surgery
Radiation Therapy
Immunotherapy
What are the goals of cancer treatment?
Curative
Control
Palliative
