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Anatomy > test 5 > Flashcards

test 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Mesentery

A 
– dorsal and ventral
• Double layer of peritoneum
• Hold everything in place
- Organs
- Nerves
- Blood vessels
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2
Q

Retroperitoneal Organs

A 
Not covered by peritoneum but behind the peritoneal cavity:
• Pancreas
• Duodenum
• Ascending and descending colon
• Rectum 
*lose their mesenteries
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3
Q

Ventral Mesentery

A

Falciform ligament
• Anterior of liver to the anterior abdominal wall and
diaphragm
• Lesser omentum
• Liver to the superior part of the stomach

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4
Q

Dorsal Mesentery

A

Greater omentum:
• Connects the stomach to the posterior abdominal wall
Transverse mesocolon:
• Connects the transverse colon to the posterior wall
Sigmoid mesocolon:
• Connects the sigmoid colon to the posterior pelvic wall

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5
Q

Anatomy of alimentary canal

A

• Mucosa:
-innermost layer, functions in absorption and secretion. composed of epithelium cells and a thin connective tissue. contains specialized goblet cells that secrete sticky mucus throughout the GI tract.
• Submucosa:
-supports the mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk of underlying smooth muscle. contains major blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve fibres and glands
• Muscularis Externa:
-segmental contractions and peristaltic movement in the GI tract. These muscles cause food to move and churn together with digestive enzymes down the GI tract. The muscularis externa consists of an inner circular layer and a longitudinal outer muscular layer.
• Serosa:
-visceral peritoneum, outermost layer of most intraperitoneal organs

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6
Q

smooth muscle fibres

A
  • no striations
  • elongated shape
  • dense bodies connected by network of intermediate filaments
  • gap junctions connect adjacent fibres and help to spread transmission
    innervation: ANS fibres covered in varicosities, the synaptic cleft is wider so longer diffusion time, muscles don’t fatigue
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7
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A 
• “Brain” within the alimentary canal
• Can function independently
Myenteric nerve plexus
• in Muscularis externa, involved in peristalsis
Submuscosal nerve plexus
• in Submuscosa, innervates glands
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8
Q

teeth

A

deciduous teeth start to appear approx. 6 months-2yrs-

-start to lose them by approx. 7 yrs and are replaced by permanent teeth

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9
Q

salivary glands

A

3 glands:

  1. sublingual
  2. submandibular
  3. Parotid
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10
Q

saliva functions

A
  • secretion of enzymes for fat and carbohydrate breakdown
  • immune function
  • lubrication of the mouth
  • creation of food bolus
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11
Q

Esophagus

A

Adventita: the outermost layer, like mesentery but not a serosa because not in the peritoneal cavity

  • stratified squamous epithelium because friction caused from swallowing can rub cells off over time
  • in a relaxed state it is folded, but expands after swallowing
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12
Q

what are the Stomach muscles and what do rugae do?

A

3 muscle layers: longitudinal, circular and oblique

-rugae allow the stomach to fold up when empty and expand when full

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13
Q

Cell types in the stomach

A

Mucous cells: only cell type in gastric pit
• Secrete bicarbonate mucous on epithelial surface (prevents digestion of stomach wall)
Mucous neck cells:
• Occur in the neck of the gastric gland
• Secrete mucous of unknown function
Parietal cells:
• Produce HCl
Chief cells:
• Secrete pepsinogen – inactive enzyme (activated to pepsin by HCl)
Enteroendocrine cells:
• produce and secrete hormones into the blood vessels of lamina propria

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14
Q

Small Intestine- function and subdivisions

A 
• Longest segment of the alimentary canal
• Most of the digestion
• Most of the absorption
• Uses peristalsis to move chyme along the canal
3 subdivisions:
• Duodenum
• Jejunum
• ileum
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15
Q

Duodenum

A

Receives digestive enzymes and chemicals from the
accessory digestive organs
• Pancreas
• Gallbladder
• Liver
• All enter through the hepatopancreatic ampulla which
opens into the duodenum through the major duodenal
papilla

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16
Q

Pancreas

A

• Store and secrete digestive enzymes in acinar cells
• Duct cells secrete sodium bicarbonate that enters the digestive tract
Acinar cells:
-A lot of RER for enzyme production (packaging into vesicles)
-Stored as zymogen granules
-stimulate release through exocytosis

17
Q

Gallbladder

A

• Stores and concentrates bile from the liver
• Cystic duct of the gallbladder joins the common
hepatic duct of the liver to form the bile duct
• Bile is important for digestion of fats

18
Q

Absorption in Small Intestine

A

Very large surface area
• Long length
• Circular folds: force chyme to spiral
• Villi: contain blood and lymphatic vessels, absorptive
cells
• Microvilli: on the surface of epithelial cells, contains
enzymes to complete final digestion

19
Q

Lacteals

A

• Absorb digested fats
• Go into general circulation before reaching the liver
unlike other digested material (too large to enter blood capillaries)
• Bypasses “first pass metabolism”

20
Q

Small Intestine Cells

A 
Absorptive Enterocytes
• Absorb digested material
Goblet cells
• Secrete lubricating mucus
Enteroendocrine cells
• Secrete hormones for bile and enzyme release
21
Q

Large Intestine Cells

A

-dimples/haustrums = bunching of the muscle layer, formed by teniae coli
-epiploic appendages= full of fat, unknown function
Colonocytes
• Absorptive cells – absorb water and electrolytes
Goblet cells
• Abundant – secrete mucus

22
Q

Liver

A
  • bare area- no mesentery, partially fused to diaphragm
  • hepatic arteries supply nutrients to the liver
  • portal vein brings the blood to the liver, hepatic vein brings blood from the liver to general circulation
23
Q

Liver Lobules

A
  • central vein brings material for filtration

- surrounded by connective tissue septum

24
Q

Urinary System functions

A 
• Maintain purity and chemical consistency of the
body:
• Gets rid of waste
• Ensures proper osmolarity and pH
• Ensures proper blood volume
• Filters toxins
25
Q

Nephrons

A

-in cortex
• Main structural and function unit of the kidney
• Filter the blood and produce urine from wastes
structure:
-renal corpuscle: initial filtration
-renal tubule: refined filtration

26
Q

Glomerular

Filtration

A
  • Basement membrane (fusion of capillary endothelium and podocytes) allows small molecules and water to be filtered
  • Does not allow passage of larger proteins
  • Filtrate in the capsular space proceeds to the renal tubule
  • Not all of the blood is filtered, only about 20%
27
Q

Renal Tubule

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubule: mitochondria for transport and increase SA by microvilli (a lot of exchange!)
  • Loop of Henle: (Descending and ascending), only part that enters the medulla
  • Distal convoluted tubule:
  • Collecting duct: final filtration step, ADH signals water retention
28
Q

Blood Vessels of the Kidney

A

Afferent arteriole – enters the glomerulus
• Efferent arteriole – exits the glomerulus
• Peritubular capillaries – surround the cortical
nephrons
• Vasa recta – surround the juxtamedullary nephrons
• Both capillaries reabsorb water and ions and return
to the renal veins

29
Q

Juxtaglomerular Complex

A

• Structure that helps to regulate blood pressure
• Specialized cells at the terminal end of the
ascending loop of Henle in close proximity to the
glomerulus:
-granular cells= sensitive to bp changes (in glomerular arterioles)
-macula densa cell= sensitive to changes in [solute] . (in ascending limb of nephron loop)

30
Q

Collecting ducts

A

• Pass through the medulla and join at the papilla of
the pyramid
• Drain into the minor calices of each lobe

31
Q

Ureters

A 
Collect urine from the renal pelvis for transport to the bladder
order urine travels:
Collecting duct
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
32
Q

Urinary Bladder

A

• Inferior to the peritoneal cavity on the pelvic floor

-held in place by the urachus

33
Q

Urethra

A
  • ureter contents enter through ureteric orifices
  • trigone= region between ureteric orifices and urethral sphincters (prone to infections)
  • shorter in females
34
Q

Urinary tract disorders

A

UTI – urinary tract infection
• More common in women (short urethra and more exposure to bacteria via fecal matters
Kidney stones
• More common in men. precipitation of calcium or salts in the renal pelvis
-associated with diet and dehydration

Anatomy (10 decks)

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