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Anatomy > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Dorsal cavity consists of

A

Cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal) cavities

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2
Q

Ventral cavity consists of

A

Thoracic cavity: pleural cavities (lungs) and pericardial cavity (heart)
Abdominopelvic cavity:
Abdominal and pelvic cavities (peritoneal cavity)

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3
Q

Pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities all lined

by a

A

serous membrane (pl. serosae)/fluid
-Serosae contain a thin layer of fluid – allows the organs (viscera)
within to move easily

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4
Q

Angiography

A

Images of blood vessels using contrast medium

-can inject a dye into the heart to view narrowing or blockages

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5
Q

Positron Emission Tomography

A

Detects radioactive isotopes injected into the body(not ideal)
• Taken up into metabolically active organs
-detects areas that take up a lot of sugar and water such as the brain and heart or tumours

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6
Q

Sonography

A

Ultrasound imaging
• Ultrasonic sound waves
• Examine from all planes and it is very safe
-Ultrasound cannot tell whether a tumor is cancer. Its use is also limited in some parts of the body because the sound waves can’t go through air (such as in the lungs) or through bone

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7
Q

Magnetic Resonance

Imaging (MRI)

A 
• Detects elemental hydrogen in soft
tissues (best method for looking at soft tissue)
• Distinguishes tissues by water content
• High contrast
• Multiple scans create 3D image
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8
Q

fMRI

A

• Detects oxygenated blood flow
• Similar to a PET scan but better/safer
-pinpoint smaller brain areas/faster than PET scan

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9
Q

Tissues

A

group of cells of similar structure that work together on a common function
-Most organs contain several types of tissues

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10
Q

4 major tissues types:

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. muscle
  4. Nervous
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11
Q

what are the 2 types of epithelial tissue

A
  1. covering and lining epithelium

2. glandular epithelium

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12
Q

what are the 6 functions of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Protection*mainly
  2. Secretion
  3. Absorption
  4. Diffusion
  5. Filtration
  6. Sensory reception
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13
Q

what are some special characteristics of epithelial tissue

A
  • made of many different cell types
  • supported by connective tissue
  • can regenerate
  • mostly all avascular->no blood flow through layer (only below it)
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14
Q

Classification of Epithelia

A

by cell shape:
Squamous-flattened cells
Cuboidal-cube shaped
Columnar- long column shaped

or by # of cell layers:
Simple(one layer) vs. stratified (multi layers)

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15
Q

Simple Squamous

A

simplest of the epithelium

  • diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important
    ex. air sacs in lungs or blood vessels
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16
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

secretion and absorption (large spherical centred nuclei)

ex. kidney tubules

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17
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

round to oval nuclei

  • layer may contain mucus secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)
  • absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes etc.
    ex. in digestive tract
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18
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

single layer of cells of differing heights

  • nuclei seen at different levels
  • may contain goblet cells and cilia
  • secretion(mucus) and propelling mucus by ciliary action
    ex. lining the human trachea
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19
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

thick layer that protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

  • in places that brush up against other surfaces
  • skin/mouth/vagina
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20
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A
  • two layers of cubelike cells
  • protection
  • in large ducts of sweat glands, mammillary glands and salivary glands
  • more rare in humans
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21
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A
  • protection, secretion
  • superficial cells elongated
  • rare in the body
    ex. small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands
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22
Q

transitional epithelium

A
  • looks like both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal epithelium
  • in tissues that need to expand and contract
  • cells become elongated when filled with urine
    ex. bladder
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23
Q

Endocrine Glands

A
  • Ductless
  • Secrete directly into surrounding fluid
  • almost always Hormones
  • Act throughout the body (stay within the body)
    ex. thyroid gland
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24
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

• Secrete onto the body surface or cavities
• Act locally (don’t travel)
ex. Sweat glands

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25
Q

describe goblet cell

A

unicellular cell type

  • exocrine gland
  • has secretory vesicles containing mucin that make up mucus
  • microvilli
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26
Q

how are multicellular exocrine glands classified?

A

by the number of branches:

  • simple duct structure (duct doesnt branch)
  • compound duct structure (duct branches)
  • or simple branched (few branches)

or by the gland shape:

  • tubular secretory structure (tube shaped)
  • alveolar secretory structure (alveoli/round shaped)
  • could have a gland with both (salivary gland)

ex. simple branched alveolar = sebaceous (oil) glands

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27
Q

tight junctions

A

impermeable junctions prevent molecules from passing through intercellular space

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28
Q

desmosomes

A

use glycoproteins to link cells together (like a mesh/teeth)

-form an internal tension-reducing network of fibres

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29
Q

gap junctions

A

communicating junctions allow ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to the next for intercellular communication via channels

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30
Q

basal lamina (basement membrane)

A

• Non-cellular protein matrix secreted by epithelial
cells
-Acts as a filter between capillaries and epithelial
cells, and as a scaffold (material from blood has to pass through layer, also material going into blood)
-acts to hold epithelial layer to tissue or other cells it associates with
-has microvilli to increase SA of epithelial tissue
-has cilia for movement (filled with flexible microtubules)-moves things along (like mucus in the throat)

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31
Q

4 main classes of connective tissue

A

Most diverse tissue

  1. connective tissue proper
  2. cartilage
  3. bone
  4. blood
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32
Q

connective tissue characteristics

A

-few cells, lots of water and a few proteins
-Extracellular matrix of ground substance and
proteins
-embryonic origin (mesenchyme)

33
Q

cell types of connective tissue

A

fibroblasts- con. tissue proper
chondroblasts- cartilage
osteoblasts- bone

34
Q

what are the different fibre types in connective tissue?

A

for support

  1. collagen fibres- strongest and most abundant, resist tension
  2. reticular fibres- special collagen fibres arranged in a neat mesh-like, flexible network
  3. elastic fibres- contain elastin, ability to recoil (in places that need to stretch)
35
Q

loose connective tissue proper examples

A
  1. areolar- no pattern of cells, wraps and cushions organs, widely distributed, not very strong bc it’s loose
  2. adipose- insulation fat layer, cells filled with fat, not structurally strong, vacuoles containing fat droplet, closely packed adipocytes or fat cells with nucleus pushed to side
  3. reticular- network of thick reticular collagen fibres, not in many places, in spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow
36
Q

dense connective tissue proper examples

A
  1. dense irregular-structural strength, resists tension, irregularly arranged fibres, ex. in joints and dermis of skin
  2. dense regular- parallel fibres, attach muscle to bone/muscle and bone to bone, ex. tendons and ligaments
  3. elastic- high proportion of elastic fibres, allows recoil of tissue following stretching, ex. walls of large arteries
37
Q

describe the three types of cartilage

A
  1. hyaline- supports/reenforces, resilient cushion, ex. embryonic skeleton, costal cartilage of ribs and nose
  2. fibrocartilage- strength, ability to absorb compressive shock, ex. intervertebral discs
  3. elastic- maintains shape of structure while allowing great flexibility, ex pinna, epiglottis
38
Q

Cutaneous membrane:

A

Skin, between epidermis

and dermis

39
Q

Skin Functions

A 
protection
excretion
production of vitamin D 
sensory reception
temperature regulation
40
Q

describe the Epidermis and its cell types

A 
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epithelial tissue)
4 cells types:
1. Keratinocytes
2. Melanocytes
3. Tactile epithelial cells
4. Dendritic cells
41
Q

describe the 5 layers of epidermis

A
  1. stratum corneum- dead superficial layer that contain keratin and are surrounded by glycolipids, fall off
  2. stratum lucidum(only in thick skin)- cells also dead
  3. stratum granulosum- mostly dead cells but semi alive
  4. stratum spinosum- thick layer where keratin starts being produced, give more strength
  5. stratum basale- produce new skin cells, one layer of actively mitotic stem cells
42
Q

Dermis

A 
Connective tissue proper (not epithelial tissue)
• Collagen, reticular and elastic fibers
• “hide”
• 2 major regions:
1. Papillary dermis
2. Reticular dermis
43
Q

Callus vs. Blister

A

callus- persistent friction resulting in the thickening of the epidermis. makes more and more cells to protect from friction and epidermis gets thicker
blister- separating the dermis from the epidermis resulting in a fluid filled space in between due to severe short term friction
-dermal papilla increase SA for attachment and prevents layers from sliding back and forth to prevent blisters

44
Q

how are Tattoos formed

A

depositing pigment into the dermis

45
Q

Tissue Repair

A
  1. inflammation: severed blood vessels bleed and inflammatory chemicals are released. local blood vessels now more permeable and release WBC’s, clotting proteins, fluid and other plasma to seep into injured area. clotting occurs and surface dries and forms a scab
  2. restores blood supply: the clot is replaced with granulation tissue which restores vascular supply. fibroblasts produce collagen fibres that bridge the gap. macrophages phagocytize dead cells and debris. Surface epithelial tissue multiplies and migrates over granulation tissue.
  3. regeneration: the fibrosed area matures and contracts. the epithelial layer is completely regenerated and thick with an underlying scar tissue.
46
Q

Hypodermis

A

Below the skin
• Areolar and adipose connective tissue
• Insulation
• Connect the skin to the underlying tissue (muscle)
• Loose connection allows the skin to slide

47
Q

Skin color

• Determined by 3 pigments:

A
  • Melanin
  • Carotene
  • Haemoglobin
48
Q

• Why did different skin color evolve?

A

melanin protects skin by helping to absorb UV rays from sun
-dont need as much melanin in areas with less sun bc than you wouldnt get the vitamin D that you need
-too much sun can damage follic acid
skin color is flexible depending on how much sun there is

49
Q

• Eccrine sweat glands vs Apocrine sweat glands

A 
Eccrine sweat glands
• Most common type
• Duct opens directly at surface of the skin
• Sweat is mostly water and some salts
Apocrine sweat glands
• Axillary/armpit region, genital area
• Pheromones-stinky
• Open into hair follicles and sweat travels up hair root
• Consists of fats and proteins
50
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A 
Most abundant kind
• Composed of collagen fibrils
• Too thin to be seen
• Gelatinous ground substance holds
water
• Resists compression
• articular cartilage at the end of
adjoining bone
• attachments of the ribs to the
sternum
• respiratory structures
• embryonic skeleton
51
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A 
• Contains both collagen fibrils and
elastic fibers
• Able to tolerate repeated bending
• Epiglottis
• Outer ear
52
Q

Fibrocartilage

A 
Thick collagen fibers
• Cross between cartilage and
connective tissue proper
• Resists both compression and tension
• Between vertebrae and joints (knee)
53
Q

• Cartilage can grow in two ways:

A 
Appositional: outside in
• Interstitial: inside out
• Only grows until the skeleton stops growing
• Poor regenerative qualities
• Only secretes new matrix
54
Q

Bone functions

A
  1. Support
  2. Movement
  3. Protection
  4. Mineral storage
  5. Blood cell formation
  6. Energy metabolism
    • Osteocalcin – lowers blood sugar
55
Q

characteristics Bone Tissues

A
  • Connective tissue
  • Osteocytes in an extracellular matrix
  • Organic (collagen) and inorganic (minerals) components
  • Less water than other connective tissue
56
Q

Bone Extracellular Matrix

A
  • Collagen fibers (35%)
  • Flexibility and tensile strength
  • Hydroxyapatites (65%)
  • Mineral salts
  • Lie in and around the collagen fibers
  • Pack tightly giving strength/hardness
57
Q

Bone Cells

A
  1. Osteogenic cells
    • Stem cells for all bone cells
  2. Osteoblasts
    • Actively produce and secrete the organic components of bone (collagen)
  3. Osteocytes
    • Osteoblasts completely surrounded by bone matrix
    • Help keep the matrix healthy
  4. Osteoclasts
    • Secrete HCl to break down the bone matrix
58
Q

Bone Resorption

A 
done by osteoclasts
• Ruffled surface
• Secrete HCl to break down the bone
• Ca2+ and PO4 enter the blood stream
• Dead cells and collagen are engulfed
59
Q

Bone Deposition

A
  • Lay down osteoid (matrix)
  • Ca2+ salts crystalize osteoid
  • Takes about a week
60
Q

Why remodel the bone?

A 
• Keeps plasma Ca2+ and PO4 3- constant
• Controlled by parathyroid hormone
• Remodels according to stress on the bone to
maintain strength
-fast in young people
61
Q

Osteoporosis

A 
• In young people (<30
years old)
• Resorption = deposition
• In older people (>30)
• Resorption > deposition
• Weakened bone
• Fractures easily
62
Q

Bone Fracture process of healing

A
  1. hematoma forms (bruise)-bleeding due to blood not going into arteries, also swelling
  2. callus forms mostly made of fibrocartilage. matrix where new blood vessels form and connect
  3. boney callus forms
  4. bone remodelling occurs - make sure its the right thickness and continues to heal and make bone stronger
63
Q

what are the common types of bone fractures? (6)

A
  1. comminuted- multiple fractures/common in old people
  2. compression- bone is crushed/too much weight/spine
  3. spiral - due to twisting pressure/sports
  4. Epiphyseal- epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate/ where cartilage cells are dying
  5. depressed- broken bone portion is pressed inward/ skull fractures
  6. greenstick- only part of the bone breaks, like a twig/common in children whose bones are more flexible-more collagen
64
Q

what are the projections that are sites of muscle attachment? (7)

A
  1. tuberosity- large, rounded
  2. crest- narrow ridge of bone
  3. process-
  4. spine- sharpe/slender/pointed
  5. line- narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than crest
  6. trochanter - only on femur, very large shaped process
  7. Tubercle- small/ rounded
  8. epicondyle- raised area on or above a condyle
65
Q

what are the 3 surfaces that form joints

A

head- carried on a narrow neck
facet- smooth/nearly flat articular surface
condyle- rounded articulate projection, articulates with a fossa

66
Q

what are the depressions and openings?

A 
notch-indentation
fossa-
fissure-narrow/slitlike opening
groove-
foramen- round/oval opening through bone
sinus-cavity within a bone filled with air and lined with mucus membrane 
meatus- canal like passageway
67
Q

5 sutures of cranial bones

A
  1. coronal
  2. squamous
  3. lambdoid
  4. sagittal
  5. occipitomastoid
68
Q

what are the cranial fossae?

A

anterior, middle and posterior fossa

69
Q

Skull
Cavities
& Sinuses

A 
oral cavity
nasal cavity
obit
frontal sinus-above eyes
ethmoid air cells- beside nose
maxillary sinus-in cheeks?
cranial cavity
70
Q

what are the 8 large cranial bone?

A 
paired;
-temporal
-parietal
unpaired;
-ethmoid
-frontal
-occipital 
-sphenoid
71
Q

Supraorbital foramen in frontal bone

A

Opening for the nerve to the forehead

-above eyebrows/orbitals

72
Q

what bone holds the pituitary?

A

the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

73
Q

Deepest cranial bone
• Usually not visible in an intact skull
• Divides the nasal cavity in half

A

ethmoid bone

74
Q

Facial Bones (14)

A 
Unpaired:
• Mandible (jaw)
• Vomer (nasal cavity)
 Paired:
• Maxillae (jaw)
• Zygomatics (cheek bones)
• Nasals (nose)
• Lacrimals (eye)
• Palatines (roof of mouth)
• Inferior nasal conchae (nasal cavity)
75
Q

Cleft palate

A

• Failure of the palatine bone to fuse correctly
• Leaves a hole between the mouth and nose
• Prevent suckling
• Can lead to aspiration
• Can generally be prevented with pre-natal vitamins
(folic acid)
• Repaired with surgery after birth

76
Q

Only bone that does not articulate(form joint) with any other bone
• Moveable base for the tongue
• Important for swallowing
-surrounded by muscles

A

hyoid bone

77
Q

what purpose are the Ligaments of the spine

A

Support the spine from top to bottom

  • Prevent hyperextension in either direction
  • anterior and posterior( prevent forward extension) longitudinal ligaments
  • ligamentum flavum- elastic tissue to help body stand upright
  • nucleus pulposus-> has fibrocartilage and takes compressive force
  • anulus fibrosis-> holds nucleus inside central body/may weaken over time and form hernia (nucleus pushes against spinal cord)
78
Q

Pectoral Girdle

A 
Supports the upper
limbs
• Scapula not tightly
attached to axial
skeleton so it can
move freely
• Shoulder joint is
shallow
• Free movement
• Unstable
(trade off from flexibility and stability)
-head of humerous can pop off with little force
79
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A
  • Provides attachment points for the legs
  • Similar function of the pectoral girdle
  • Paired pelvic bones
  • Sacrum and coccyx (axial skeleton)

Anatomy (10 decks)

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