test 2

Question 1

what are the 3 classifications of joints

Answer 1

1. Fibrous joints
• Joined by dense regular connective tissue (fibrous tissue)
• Little to no movement
• No joint cavity
2. Cartilaginous joints
• Joined by cartilage
• Little movement
• No joint cavity
3. Synovial joints
• Highly moveable
• Fluid filled cavity

Question 2

examples of fibrous joints

Answer 2

1. sutures- joint held together with short interconnecting fibres, bone edges interlock (in skull)
2. syndesmosis- joint held together only by a ligament, fibrous tissues longer than in sutures
3. Gomphosis- peg-in-socket fibrous joint. periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket

Question 3

examples of Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 3

1. Synchondroses- bones united by hyaline cartilage (ribs and sternum) (immovable joint)
2. Symphyses- bones united by fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs)

Question 4

describe the components of synovial joints

Answer 4

Articular Cartilage: hyaline cartilage at the ends of bones, absorbs compression to protect
• Joint Cavity: holds synovial fluid
• Articular capsule: encloses joint cavity
• Outer fibrous layer: dense irregular connective tissue continuous with the periosteum
• Inner synovial membrane: loose connective tissue, produces synovial fluid
• Synovial fluid: lubricant
• Reinforcing ligaments: support the joint
• Nerves: sense pain and stretch
• Blood vessels: dense capillaries in the synovial membrane

Question 5

• Bursa

Answer 5

closed bag of lubricant, reduce friction
where body parts move over one another
-in the shoulders

Question 6

Articular Disc

Answer 6

“meniscus” helps fill gaps and
distribute the weight at the joint
-in the knee joint

Question 7

Tendon sheath

Answer 7

closed bag of lubricant, wraps
around tendons subjected to friction
-in the hands

Question 8

what are the 3 main Movements of Synovial Joints

Answer 8

1. gliding-hands and feet (nearly flat surfaces of two bones slip across each other)-simple
2. angular -flexion/extension (at shoulder and knee) and abduction-moving away from body, similar to flexion /adduction (Movement along the frontal plane)
3. rotation- Medial/Lateral (Towards or away from the body) -twisting foot out to side is a lateral rotation

Question 9

Flexion

Answer 9

• most useful movement

- what the normal action is when we move/use a muscle

Question 10

• Elevation/Depression movement

Answer 10

Elevation refers to movement in a superior direction.
ex. shrugging is an example of elevation of the scapula. Depression refers to movement in an inferior direction, the opposite of elevation.

Question 11

Protraction/retraction

Answer 11

• Protraction is the anterior movement of a bone in the horizontal plane. Retraction occurs as a joint moves back into position after protraction
  ex. shoulder joint and the jaw.

Question 12

Supination/pronation

Answer 12

rotation anterior/posterior

-supination (rotate hand as if you’re about to eat soup)

Question 13

Inversion/eversion

Answer 13

• medial/lateral movement (ankle)

- tilt the sole of the foot away from (eversion) or towards (inversion) the midline of the body.

Question 14

Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion

Answer 14

point foot up (Dorsiflexion) and down (plantar flexion)

Question 15

name the synovial joints (6) and give examples

Answer 15

1. plane joint -intercarpal and intertarsal joints-gliding
2. hinge joint- elbow joints, flexion/extension-uniaxial
3. pivot joint- radioulnar joints, rotation, uniaxial
4. condylar joint - wrist&knuckles, flexion/extension and abduction/adduction (biaxial)
5. saddle joint - joints of the thumbs, flexion/extension and abduction/adduction (biaxial)
6. ball-and-socket joint- shoulder and hip joints, flexion/extension and abduction/adduction, rotation (multiaxial)

Question 16

ligament vs. tendon

Answer 16

ligament= bone to bone

tendon=bone to muscle

Question 17

4 Characteristics of muscles

Answer 17

• Contractility
• Excitability
• Extensibility
• Elasticity

Question 18

Origin vs insertion

Answer 18

Origin: less moveable bone via direct attachment (short connection)
Insertion: more moveable bone via Indirect attachment (tendon, long)

Question 19

Types of contraction

Answer 19

• Eccentric Contraction
-Contraction while lengthening, muscles act as a break and counteract the force of gravity, ex. landing after a jump
• Concentric Contraction
- Contraction while shortening
• Extension
- Stretching beyond normal length

Question 20

long vs short muscles

Answer 20

Longer more parallel muscle have greater
movement but are less powerful
• Shorter stalky pennate muscles can move less but
generate more power
• Contain more muscle fibers

Question 21

differentiate between first class lever, second and third class levers

Answer 21

first class: joint in the middle, load and muscle on either side. ex. neck muscles lifting head up (scissors)
second class: load is in the middle, ex. going on your tip toes. joints of the balls of your feet on one side, weight of body is load and muscles in calf lift the load (wheel barrow)
third class: muscle is in the middle, ex. flexing the forearm by the biceps with the load in the hand. (tweezers)

Question 22

what are PAMPs?

Answer 22

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) are microbial substances that stimulate innate immunity and are produced by microbial pathogens

• different types of microbes (viruses, gram-neg bacteria, gram-pos bacteria and fungi) express different PAMPs (ex. Lipopolysaccharide/LPS in gram-neg bacteria)
• Innate immunity responds mostly to molecular structures that are shared by classes of microbes whereas the adaptive immunity can recognize many more diverse foreign substances whether or not they are products of microbes