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Bio110 > test 5 > Flashcards

test 5 Flashcards

1
Q

1 (_________) function as macrophages and are important in fighting chronic infections

A

monocytes

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2
Q
  1. a person that has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma has (___________)blood
A

type o blood

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3
Q

3.In a blood sample taken from a healthy person the most abundant white blood cell found is the (________ )

A

Neutrophil

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4
Q
  1. the average pH of blood is
A

7.35-7.45

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5
Q
  1. the average white blood cell count is about
A

5-10,000/mm3

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6
Q

(6) the proteins that helps regulate osmotic pressure of blood is

A

albumin

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7
Q

(8) a typical hematocrit is about (_____)

A

45%`

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8
Q

(9) erythropoietin is released by the kidney when

A

o2 level in the blood are too low

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9
Q

(12)

A

resistance to antibiotics

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10
Q

(13) if a person has a parasitic infection, one would expect their_____ count to be elevated

A

eosinophil

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11
Q

(16) old and damaged red blood cells are removed from circulation by the

A

liver and spleen

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12
Q

17 the blood cells that carry oxygen to the body tissues are the

A

? Hemoglobin

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13
Q

19 the most abundant formed element in the blood are

A

erythrocytes

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14
Q

20 the circulatory system that transports blood to lungs is called

A

the pulmonary circulation

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15
Q

21

A

pressure in the right ventricle is greater than pressure in the right atrium

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16
Q

22 the _______ is the layer of the heart wall that lines the chambers

A

endocardium

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17
Q

23 which of the following carry oxygenated blood to the myocardium

A

coronary arteries

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18
Q

24 the pump for the systemic circulation is the

A

left ventricle

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19
Q

25 which of the following contain blood high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide

A

pulmonary veins

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20
Q

26 the semilunar valves

A

must open as blood is ejected from the heart

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21
Q

27 during fetal development the ______ permits blood to flow dirctly from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta

A

ductus arteriosus

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22
Q

28 where is the primary pacemaker of the heart located

A

in the right atrium near the superior vena cava

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23
Q

29 ventricular depolarization is recorded as the ______ on an ECG

A

QRS complex

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24
Q

30 the lowest arterial pressure measured when the ventricles are relaxing is called the

A

diastolic pressure

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25
Q

31 in the wall of a vein smooth muscle is found in the

A

tunica media

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26
Q

32 the second heart sound (s2) is created by

A

? The second heart sound (S2) is produced by the closure of the aortic (A2) and the pulmonary valves (P2) at the end of systole

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27
Q

33 the sympathetic nervous system

A

increases heart rate and force of contraction of ventricular muscle

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28
Q

34

RELAXATTION
(not these-contraction, depolarization, repolariztion)

A

relaxation

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29
Q

35 _____ is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction

A

stroke volume

approx 70ml of blood

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30
Q

36 what do we need to see in umbilical cord

A

one umbilical vein and two umbilical arteries

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31
Q

37 which blood vessels may have valves

A

veins

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32
Q

38 the friction reducing lining of arteries and veins is the

A

tunica intima

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33
Q

39 the receiving chambers of the heart are the

A

atria

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34
Q

40 the layer of the heart that consumes the most energy is the

A

myocardium

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35
Q

41 how does the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) help increase cardiac output during exercise

A

SNS increases the contractile force of cardiac muscle

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36
Q

42 any substance that stimulates an immune response is called

A

antigen

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37
Q

43 as lymph flows through a lymph node, the fluid is ______ by lymphocytes and macrophages

A

filtered and cleansed

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38
Q

44 defense system that protects the body against a variety of pathogens is the

A

nonspecific immune system

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39
Q

45 the first line of defense against an invading organism involves

A

secretions by mucous membranes

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40
Q

46 inflammation is beneficial to the overall immune response because it

A

helps leukocytes reach the site of an infection

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41
Q

47 what chemical is released by virally infected cells to limit the spread of the virus to healthy cells

A

interferon

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42
Q

48 antibodies binding to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins or viruses to prevent their harmful effects is called

A

neutralization

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43
Q

49 what is the function of the bacterial slime layer

A

protects bacteria from antibiotics

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44
Q

50 which cell provide cell-mediated adaptive immunity

A

t cells

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45
Q

51 which antibody is associated with an allergic response

A

IgE

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46
Q

52 when activated by an APC _______ recruit other cells to fight against an invader, attract other immune cells to the area of infection
chemicals to increase the killing activity of the macrophages

A

helper T-cells

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47
Q

53 cytotoxic T cells use _____ to kill virally infected cells

A

perforins and granzymes

48
Q

(54) which of the following organisms do not have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

A

bacteria

49
Q

55 a _______ is a microorganism that can only replicate after they have infected a host cell

A

virus

50
Q
  1. normal microbiota (flora) _______ help establish
A

help establish the immune system

51
Q

57 which of the following statements is true concerning microorganisms
microorganisms that cause disease are

A

pathogens

52
Q

58 which microorganism lacks many of the traits that characterize a living cell?

A

virus

53
Q

? Blood flow through the heart

A

IVC /SVC
rt atrium
Tricuspid valve
Rt ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary capillaries
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta

54
Q

?#
Pacemaker (initiates the heart beat)

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

55
Q

?#
Provide humoral immunity

A

B cells (lymphocytes)

56
Q

?# The secondary response to a particular antigen is faster and larger than the primary response to that same antigen.

A
57
Q

?#
O- and AB+ are two of the least common blood types. What are some of the characteristics of these two blood types?

A
58
Q

?# list of WBC from most to least abundant

A

(Never let monkeys eat bananas)
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils

59
Q

types of agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes, part of immune response, b lymphocytes produce antibodies, t lymphocytes are involved in graft rejection, fighting tumors and viruses, 20-45? of WBC

60
Q

events of hemostasis

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. coagulation
  4. blood clots within 3 to 6min

5clot remains as endothelium regenerates

6 clot is broken down after tissue repair

61
Q

ABO blood grouping is based on the presence or absence to two major protein antigens on the RBC membrane

A

Antigen A
Antigen B

62
Q

blood transfusions

A

Blood type A can receive A & O

Blood type B can receive B & O

Blood type AB can receive A,B, AB, & O (universal recipient)

Blood type O can receive O blood (universal donor)

63
Q

Coverings and walls of the heart

A

pericardium- double walled sac, fibrous pericardium is loose and superficial, serous membranes- deep to the fibrous pericardium, 2 layers parietal pericardium: outer layer and visceral pericardium (epicardium) inner layer

64
Q

what fills the space btwn the layers of pericardium

A

pericardial fluid (serous fluid)

65
Q

what initiates the heartbeat

A

SA node (sinoatrial node is pacemaker)

66
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped by one ventricle in 1 min

CO=HR x SV
heart rate approx 75beats per min
stroke volume approx 70ml of blood

67
Q

venous return

A

increased VR leads to increased SV
decreased VR leads to decreased SV

68
Q

vascular system transports blood to tissues and back to heart

A

Types of blood vessels
1. Arteries and arterioles
* Vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the
capillaries
2. Capillaries
* Exchange vessels; substances are exchanged between
blood and surrounding cells/tissues
* Arranged in beds
3. Venules and veins
* Vessels that return blood toward the heart

69
Q

major arteries of the systemic circulation

A

Aorta
* Largest artery in the body
* Leaves from the left ventricle of the heart
* Regions
* Ascending aorta—leaves the left ventricle
* Aortic arch— arches to the left
* Thoracic aorta — travels downward through the thorax
* Abdominal aorta — within the abdominopelvic cavity

70
Q

major veins of systemic circulation

A

Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava enter the
right atrium of the heart
* SVC drains the head and arms
* IVC drains the lower body

Veins draining into the SVC
1. Deep veins drain the upper extremities
* Radial and ulnar veins –>brachial vein –> axillary vein
–>subclavian vein
2. Median cubital vein
* Superficial vein
* Commonly used for blood draws

3.Subclavian veins and internal jugular veins–>brachiocephalic veins

  1. R and L brachiocephalic
    veins join to form the SVC –>right atrium

Veins draining into the IVC
1. femoral vein–>external and internal iliac veins–>common iliac vein–>IVC–>RA

2.Common iliac vein is formed by the union of the internal and external iliac veins

  1. left and right renal veins drain into the IVC
71
Q

Excess tissue fluid that had entered lymphatic capillaries
◦ Fluid within lymphatic vessels

A

lymph

72
Q

collect lymph and return it to the blood
◦ Form a one-way system flowing towards the heart

A

lymphatic vessels

1 lymph capillaries–>
2. lymphatic collecting vessels–>
3 right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct–>
4 subclavian vein

73
Q

Several other organs contribute to functions of lymphatic
system

A

functions are to transport escaped fluids back to the blood, plays essential roles in body defenses and resistance to disease

  1. Spleen – filters blood
  2. Thymus – produces leukocytes in juveniles
  3. Tonsils – lymphoid tissue around the pharynx
  4. Peyer’s patches –lymphoid tissue in the wall of small
    intestine and appendix
74
Q

2 defense systems form the Immune System

A
  1. Innate (nonspecific) defense system
    ◦ Mechanisms protect against a variety of invaders
    ◦ Responds immediately to protect body from foreign
    materials
  2. Adaptive (specific) defense system
    ◦ Specific defense is required for each type of invader
75
Q

Specialized human cells and chemicals produced in the
body form the second line of defense

A
  • Natural killer cells – kill virally infected cells and cancer cells
  • Inflammatory response
  • Phagocytes – engulf foreign particles
  • Antimicrobial proteins
    * Complement proteins
    * Create holes in membranes of foreign cells
    * Amplify inflammatory response
  • Interferon – prevents virus replication in healthy cells
  • Fever
    Lowers zinc and iron levels decreasing the ability of bacteria to replicate
76
Q

Two complimentary branches of adaptive body defenses

A
  1. Humoral immunity  antibody-mediated immunity
    ◦ Provided by antibodies present in body fluids
  2. Cellular immunity  cell-mediated immunity
    ◦ Targets virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign
    grafts
77
Q

Active humoral immunity

A

Active immunity
◦ Occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce
antibodies
◦ Types
◦ Naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections
◦ Usually lasts a lifetime!
◦ Artificially acquired from vaccines
◦ Doesn’t last a lifetime

78
Q

passive humoral immunity

A

◦ Occurs when antibodies are obtained from someone else
◦ Types
* Naturally acquired from a mother to her fetus
* Artificially acquired from immune serum or gamma globulins
◦ Immunological memory does not occur
◦ Protection provided by “borrowed antibodies”

79
Q

phase of the cardiac cycle with its characteristic event

A
  1. During atrial diastole, the ventricles fill passively with blood.target
  2. During systole, the ventricles contract.
  3. During isovolumertic relaxation, the ventricles relax and all valves are closed.
80
Q

During isovolumetric contraction, atria relax and ventricles begin to contract. During ventricular systole, high pressure in the ventricles pushes blood through the respective arteries. Atria and ventricles cannot contract at the same time, so the atria are in diastole during ventricular systole.

during phases 3 and 4 of the cardiac cycle.

A
81
Q

Events in the Cardiac Cycle

A
82
Q

how do bacteria reproduce

A

binary fission

83
Q

Some bacteria stain Gram-positive and others stain Gram-negative as a result of differences in the structure of their

A

cell wall

gram-negative bacteria are resistant to antibiotics

84
Q

during phase 1 Atrial diastole

A

During atrial diastole, blood flows passively from the atria to fill their respective ventricles to prepare for systole.

85
Q

during phase 2 atrial systole

A

During atrial systole, atria contract completing ventricular filling. What is happening during these phases?

Atrioventricular (AV) valves are open.

Atria contract to force the remaining blood into the ventricles.

Blood flows passively from veins through atria into ventricles.

86
Q

During isovolumetric contraction, phase 3 atria relax and ventricles begin to contract.

A

intraventricular pressure begins to increase

atrioventricular valves close

intraventricular pressure rises above arterial pressure

87
Q

During ventricular systole phase 4, high pressure in the ventricles pushes blood through the respective arteries. Atria and ventricles cannot contract at the same time, so the atria are in diastole during ventricular systole.

A

semilunar valves open

ventricular ejection occurs

88
Q

Phase 5: Isovolumetric Relaxation
After ventricular contraction, the whole heart is briefly at rest and all the valves are closed. Which of the following statements best summarizes this phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

Isovolumetric relaxation phase happens during ventricular diastole and the intraventricular pressure decreases.

89
Q

functions of blood

A

Distributes body heat

Transports oxygen

Fights infections

Prevents blood loss

90
Q

Hemolytic disease of the newborn could result from which scenario?

A

Pregnant Rh- woman carrying an Rh+ child

91
Q

Choose the correct order for the three steps of hemostasis from start to finish.

A

Vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, and coagulation

92
Q

Receives oxygen-poor blood from the body

A

right atrium

93
Q

Receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs

A

left atrium

94
Q

pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs

A

right ventricle

95
Q

pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body

A

left ventricle

96
Q

Pharynx-Tonsils

Anterior mediastinum-Thymus

Wall of the small intestine-Peyer’s patches

Left upper region of the abdominal cavity-Spleen

Right lower region of the abdominal cavity-
Appendix

A
97
Q

Most plasma proteins are made by

A

The liver

98
Q

Classification of leukocytes

A
99
Q

When you first break a vessel and it bleeds

A

Vascular spasm

100
Q
A

Clot remains as endothelial regenerates

The clot is broken down after tissue repair

101
Q

How to do blood typing

A
102
Q

Functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells & tissue

Remove carbon dioxide and other waste products from cell and tissues

103
Q

Wave forms

A

P wave- atrial depolarization

QRS complex- ventricular depolarization

T wave- ventricular depolarization

No waveform for atrial depolarization

104
Q

What to blood vessels do?

A
105
Q

Veins drain into?

A

SVC

106
Q

Foramen ovals turns in to

A

Fassa ovalis

107
Q

BP is measured in the large arteries

A
108
Q

what is third line of defense

A

recognizes foreign molecules (antigens)

109
Q

what are antibodies

A

Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells
* Antibodies are carried in the plasma
* Bind specifically to antigens to cause the inactivation or
destruction of the antigen

110
Q

Algae

A

Eukaryotes
* Many unicellular
* Some multicellular (like seaweed)
* Consuming seafood contaminated with types of algae
that produced toxins can result in paralytic shellfish
poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, amnesic
shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning and
ciguatera fish poisoning.
* If certain types of algae enter open wounds it could
lead to debilitating, sometimes fatal infections

111
Q

archaea

A

Prokaryotic
* Live in extreme environments
* Little known about diversity and abundance in
humans
* No clear association has been made between
archaea and human disease

112
Q

fungi

A

Eukaryotes – DNA surrounded by nuclear membrane
* Unicellular or multicellular
* Yeasts are unicellular
* Molds, mushrooms are multicellular
* Pathogenic fungi can cause human diseases including
thrush, nail infections, pneumonia, meningitis,
respiratory damage, severe headaches

113
Q

protozoa

A

Unicellular eukaryotic microbes
* Move by pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
* Protozoan pathogens are human parasites causing
diseases including malaria, African trypanosomiasis
(sleeping sickness), amoebic dysentery, and giardiasis
(beaver fever), amebic meningoencephalitis

114
Q

bacteria

A

Prokaryotes
* Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria
* Gran stain – used to distinguish between types of
bacteria based on structure of cell wall.

115
Q

viruses

A

Structure covered earlier in notes under “Acellular
Microbes”
* Diseases include pneumonia, measles, chicken pox,
rabies, herpes simplex, warts, Zika fever, AIDS/HIV

116
Q
A

Bio110 (11 decks)

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