test 5 Flashcards
1 (_________) function as macrophages and are important in fighting chronic infections
monocytes
- a person that has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma has (___________)blood
type o blood
3.In a blood sample taken from a healthy person the most abundant white blood cell found is the (________ )
Neutrophil
- the average pH of blood is
7.35-7.45
- the average white blood cell count is about
5-10,000/mm3
(6) the proteins that helps regulate osmotic pressure of blood is
albumin
(8) a typical hematocrit is about (_____)
45%`
(9) erythropoietin is released by the kidney when
o2 level in the blood are too low
(12)
resistance to antibiotics
(13) if a person has a parasitic infection, one would expect their_____ count to be elevated
eosinophil
(16) old and damaged red blood cells are removed from circulation by the
liver and spleen
17 the blood cells that carry oxygen to the body tissues are the
? Hemoglobin
19 the most abundant formed element in the blood are
erythrocytes
20 the circulatory system that transports blood to lungs is called
the pulmonary circulation
21
pressure in the right ventricle is greater than pressure in the right atrium
22 the _______ is the layer of the heart wall that lines the chambers
endocardium
23 which of the following carry oxygenated blood to the myocardium
coronary arteries
24 the pump for the systemic circulation is the
left ventricle
25 which of the following contain blood high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide
pulmonary veins
26 the semilunar valves
must open as blood is ejected from the heart
27 during fetal development the ______ permits blood to flow dirctly from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta
ductus arteriosus
28 where is the primary pacemaker of the heart located
in the right atrium near the superior vena cava
29 ventricular depolarization is recorded as the ______ on an ECG
QRS complex
30 the lowest arterial pressure measured when the ventricles are relaxing is called the
diastolic pressure
31 in the wall of a vein smooth muscle is found in the
tunica media
32 the second heart sound (s2) is created by
? The second heart sound (S2) is produced by the closure of the aortic (A2) and the pulmonary valves (P2) at the end of systole
33 the sympathetic nervous system
increases heart rate and force of contraction of ventricular muscle
34
RELAXATTION
(not these-contraction, depolarization, repolariztion)
relaxation
35 _____ is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction
stroke volume
approx 70ml of blood
36 what do we need to see in umbilical cord
one umbilical vein and two umbilical arteries
37 which blood vessels may have valves
veins
38 the friction reducing lining of arteries and veins is the
tunica intima
39 the receiving chambers of the heart are the
atria
40 the layer of the heart that consumes the most energy is the
myocardium
41 how does the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) help increase cardiac output during exercise
SNS increases the contractile force of cardiac muscle
42 any substance that stimulates an immune response is called
antigen
43 as lymph flows through a lymph node, the fluid is ______ by lymphocytes and macrophages
filtered and cleansed
44 defense system that protects the body against a variety of pathogens is the
nonspecific immune system
45 the first line of defense against an invading organism involves
secretions by mucous membranes
46 inflammation is beneficial to the overall immune response because it
helps leukocytes reach the site of an infection
47 what chemical is released by virally infected cells to limit the spread of the virus to healthy cells
interferon
48 antibodies binding to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins or viruses to prevent their harmful effects is called
neutralization
49 what is the function of the bacterial slime layer
protects bacteria from antibiotics
50 which cell provide cell-mediated adaptive immunity
t cells
51 which antibody is associated with an allergic response
IgE
52 when activated by an APC _______ recruit other cells to fight against an invader, attract other immune cells to the area of infection
chemicals to increase the killing activity of the macrophages
helper T-cells
53 cytotoxic T cells use _____ to kill virally infected cells
perforins and granzymes
(54) which of the following organisms do not have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
bacteria
55 a _______ is a microorganism that can only replicate after they have infected a host cell
virus
- normal microbiota (flora) _______ help establish
help establish the immune system
57 which of the following statements is true concerning microorganisms
microorganisms that cause disease are
pathogens
58 which microorganism lacks many of the traits that characterize a living cell?
virus
? Blood flow through the heart
IVC /SVC
rt atrium
Tricuspid valve
Rt ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary capillaries
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
?#
Pacemaker (initiates the heart beat)
Sinoatrial (SA) node
?#
Provide humoral immunity
B cells (lymphocytes)
?# The secondary response to a particular antigen is faster and larger than the primary response to that same antigen.
?#
O- and AB+ are two of the least common blood types. What are some of the characteristics of these two blood types?
?# list of WBC from most to least abundant
(Never let monkeys eat bananas)
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
types of agranulocytes
lymphocytes, part of immune response, b lymphocytes produce antibodies, t lymphocytes are involved in graft rejection, fighting tumors and viruses, 20-45? of WBC
events of hemostasis
- vascular spasm
- platelet plug formation
- coagulation
- blood clots within 3 to 6min
5clot remains as endothelium regenerates
6 clot is broken down after tissue repair
ABO blood grouping is based on the presence or absence to two major protein antigens on the RBC membrane
Antigen A
Antigen B
blood transfusions
Blood type A can receive A & O
Blood type B can receive B & O
Blood type AB can receive A,B, AB, & O (universal recipient)
Blood type O can receive O blood (universal donor)
Coverings and walls of the heart
pericardium- double walled sac, fibrous pericardium is loose and superficial, serous membranes- deep to the fibrous pericardium, 2 layers parietal pericardium: outer layer and visceral pericardium (epicardium) inner layer
what fills the space btwn the layers of pericardium
pericardial fluid (serous fluid)
what initiates the heartbeat
SA node (sinoatrial node is pacemaker)
cardiac output
volume of blood pumped by one ventricle in 1 min
CO=HR x SV
heart rate approx 75beats per min
stroke volume approx 70ml of blood
venous return
increased VR leads to increased SV
decreased VR leads to decreased SV
vascular system transports blood to tissues and back to heart
Types of blood vessels
1. Arteries and arterioles
* Vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the
capillaries
2. Capillaries
* Exchange vessels; substances are exchanged between
blood and surrounding cells/tissues
* Arranged in beds
3. Venules and veins
* Vessels that return blood toward the heart
major arteries of the systemic circulation
Aorta
* Largest artery in the body
* Leaves from the left ventricle of the heart
* Regions
* Ascending aorta—leaves the left ventricle
* Aortic arch— arches to the left
* Thoracic aorta — travels downward through the thorax
* Abdominal aorta — within the abdominopelvic cavity
major veins of systemic circulation
Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava enter the
right atrium of the heart
* SVC drains the head and arms
* IVC drains the lower body
Veins draining into the SVC
1. Deep veins drain the upper extremities
* Radial and ulnar veins –>brachial vein –> axillary vein
–>subclavian vein
2. Median cubital vein
* Superficial vein
* Commonly used for blood draws
3.Subclavian veins and internal jugular veins–>brachiocephalic veins
- R and L brachiocephalic
veins join to form the SVC –>right atrium
Veins draining into the IVC
1. femoral vein–>external and internal iliac veins–>common iliac vein–>IVC–>RA
2.Common iliac vein is formed by the union of the internal and external iliac veins
- left and right renal veins drain into the IVC
Excess tissue fluid that had entered lymphatic capillaries
◦ Fluid within lymphatic vessels
lymph
collect lymph and return it to the blood
◦ Form a one-way system flowing towards the heart
lymphatic vessels
1 lymph capillaries–>
2. lymphatic collecting vessels–>
3 right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct–>
4 subclavian vein
Several other organs contribute to functions of lymphatic
system
functions are to transport escaped fluids back to the blood, plays essential roles in body defenses and resistance to disease
- Spleen – filters blood
- Thymus – produces leukocytes in juveniles
- Tonsils – lymphoid tissue around the pharynx
- Peyer’s patches –lymphoid tissue in the wall of small
intestine and appendix
2 defense systems form the Immune System
- Innate (nonspecific) defense system
◦ Mechanisms protect against a variety of invaders
◦ Responds immediately to protect body from foreign
materials - Adaptive (specific) defense system
◦ Specific defense is required for each type of invader
Specialized human cells and chemicals produced in the
body form the second line of defense
- Natural killer cells – kill virally infected cells and cancer cells
- Inflammatory response
- Phagocytes – engulf foreign particles
- Antimicrobial proteins
* Complement proteins
* Create holes in membranes of foreign cells
* Amplify inflammatory response - Interferon – prevents virus replication in healthy cells
- Fever
Lowers zinc and iron levels decreasing the ability of bacteria to replicate
Two complimentary branches of adaptive body defenses
- Humoral immunity antibody-mediated immunity
◦ Provided by antibodies present in body fluids - Cellular immunity cell-mediated immunity
◦ Targets virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign
grafts
Active humoral immunity
Active immunity
◦ Occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce
antibodies
◦ Types
◦ Naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections
◦ Usually lasts a lifetime!
◦ Artificially acquired from vaccines
◦ Doesn’t last a lifetime
passive humoral immunity
◦ Occurs when antibodies are obtained from someone else
◦ Types
* Naturally acquired from a mother to her fetus
* Artificially acquired from immune serum or gamma globulins
◦ Immunological memory does not occur
◦ Protection provided by “borrowed antibodies”
phase of the cardiac cycle with its characteristic event
- During atrial diastole, the ventricles fill passively with blood.target
- During systole, the ventricles contract.
- During isovolumertic relaxation, the ventricles relax and all valves are closed.
During isovolumetric contraction, atria relax and ventricles begin to contract. During ventricular systole, high pressure in the ventricles pushes blood through the respective arteries. Atria and ventricles cannot contract at the same time, so the atria are in diastole during ventricular systole.
during phases 3 and 4 of the cardiac cycle.
Events in the Cardiac Cycle
how do bacteria reproduce
binary fission
Some bacteria stain Gram-positive and others stain Gram-negative as a result of differences in the structure of their
cell wall
gram-negative bacteria are resistant to antibiotics
during phase 1 Atrial diastole
During atrial diastole, blood flows passively from the atria to fill their respective ventricles to prepare for systole.
during phase 2 atrial systole
During atrial systole, atria contract completing ventricular filling. What is happening during these phases?
Atrioventricular (AV) valves are open.
Atria contract to force the remaining blood into the ventricles.
Blood flows passively from veins through atria into ventricles.
During isovolumetric contraction, phase 3 atria relax and ventricles begin to contract.
intraventricular pressure begins to increase
atrioventricular valves close
intraventricular pressure rises above arterial pressure
During ventricular systole phase 4, high pressure in the ventricles pushes blood through the respective arteries. Atria and ventricles cannot contract at the same time, so the atria are in diastole during ventricular systole.
semilunar valves open
ventricular ejection occurs
Phase 5: Isovolumetric Relaxation
After ventricular contraction, the whole heart is briefly at rest and all the valves are closed. Which of the following statements best summarizes this phase of the cardiac cycle?
Isovolumetric relaxation phase happens during ventricular diastole and the intraventricular pressure decreases.
functions of blood
Distributes body heat
Transports oxygen
Fights infections
Prevents blood loss
Hemolytic disease of the newborn could result from which scenario?
Pregnant Rh- woman carrying an Rh+ child
Choose the correct order for the three steps of hemostasis from start to finish.
Vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, and coagulation
Receives oxygen-poor blood from the body
right atrium
Receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs
left atrium
pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
right ventricle
pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body
left ventricle
Pharynx-Tonsils
Anterior mediastinum-Thymus
Wall of the small intestine-Peyer’s patches
Left upper region of the abdominal cavity-Spleen
Right lower region of the abdominal cavity-
Appendix
Most plasma proteins are made by
The liver
Classification of leukocytes
When you first break a vessel and it bleeds
Vascular spasm
Clot remains as endothelial regenerates
The clot is broken down after tissue repair
How to do blood typing
Functions of the cardiovascular system
Deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells & tissue
Remove carbon dioxide and other waste products from cell and tissues
Wave forms
P wave- atrial depolarization
QRS complex- ventricular depolarization
T wave- ventricular depolarization
No waveform for atrial depolarization
What to blood vessels do?
Veins drain into?
SVC
Foramen ovals turns in to
Fassa ovalis
BP is measured in the large arteries
what is third line of defense
recognizes foreign molecules (antigens)
what are antibodies
Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells
* Antibodies are carried in the plasma
* Bind specifically to antigens to cause the inactivation or
destruction of the antigen
Algae
Eukaryotes
* Many unicellular
* Some multicellular (like seaweed)
* Consuming seafood contaminated with types of algae
that produced toxins can result in paralytic shellfish
poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, amnesic
shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning and
ciguatera fish poisoning.
* If certain types of algae enter open wounds it could
lead to debilitating, sometimes fatal infections
archaea
Prokaryotic
* Live in extreme environments
* Little known about diversity and abundance in
humans
* No clear association has been made between
archaea and human disease
fungi
Eukaryotes – DNA surrounded by nuclear membrane
* Unicellular or multicellular
* Yeasts are unicellular
* Molds, mushrooms are multicellular
* Pathogenic fungi can cause human diseases including
thrush, nail infections, pneumonia, meningitis,
respiratory damage, severe headaches
protozoa
Unicellular eukaryotic microbes
* Move by pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
* Protozoan pathogens are human parasites causing
diseases including malaria, African trypanosomiasis
(sleeping sickness), amoebic dysentery, and giardiasis
(beaver fever), amebic meningoencephalitis
bacteria
Prokaryotes
* Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria
* Gran stain – used to distinguish between types of
bacteria based on structure of cell wall.
viruses
Structure covered earlier in notes under “Acellular
Microbes”
* Diseases include pneumonia, measles, chicken pox,
rabies, herpes simplex, warts, Zika fever, AIDS/HIV
