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Bio110 > ch 10 - 11-12 > Flashcards

ch 10 - 11-12 Flashcards

1
Q

A person with blood type AB
has

A

has both A and B antigens on his or her RBCs.

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2
Q

A person with blood type A
has antigen

A

A person with blood type A
has antigen A on his or her RBCs.

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3
Q

A person with blood type B

A

A person with blood type
has antigen B on his or her RBCs.

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4
Q

A person with blood type O

A

A person with blood type
has neither A nor B antigen on his or her RBCs.

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5
Q

An Rh- mom carrying her second Rh+ fetus is at risk for

A

An Rh- mom carrying her second Rh+ fetus is at risk forvAn Rh- mom carrying her second Rh+ fetus is at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn

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6
Q

what antibodies are automatically made

A

Anti-Rh antibodies are not automatically made, unlike the antibodies in ABO blood groups.

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7
Q

what can cause incompatible blood types

bevpresent in the blood of a donor can react with antibodies in the blood of a transfusion recipient, resulting in clumping

cause the most vigorous and potentially fatal transfusion reactions

A

ABO and Rh antigens

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8
Q

RBC membranes have what that specify an individuals blood type

A

agglutinogens

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9
Q

a person with type O blood has

A

two recessive alleles and has neither the type A nor type B antigen

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10
Q

antibodies to the A and B antigens are

A

found preformed in the blood plasma

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11
Q

a person with type O blood has

A

neither A nor B agglutinogens

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12
Q

with respect to ABO and Rh blood groups, there are how many different blood types

A

8

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13
Q

a person with Rh antigen on the surface of the red blood cells, the A antigen on the surface of the red blood cells, anti-B antibodies has what blood type

A

A+ blood

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14
Q

what blood type would give agglutination with anti-A antibodies

A

blood type A-

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15
Q

Can the terms antigen and agglutinogen be used interchangeably?

A

yes

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16
Q

During atrial diastole what happens

A

the ventricles fill passively with blood

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17
Q

during systole what happens

A

the ventricles contract

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18
Q

during isovolumetric relaxation

A

the ventricles relax and all valves are closed

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19
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of

A

Lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues and organs

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20
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

to transport escaped fluids back to the blood

plays essential roles in body defenses and resistance to disease

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21
Q

what is fluid found found within the lymphatic vessels/capillaries

A

lymph

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22
Q

Lymphatic vessels collect lymph and return it to the blood
◦ Form a one-way system flowing toward

A

the heart

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23
Q

the right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct put fluids back where?

A

the subclavian vein

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24
Q

what are lymphatic collecting vessels?

A

right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct

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25
Q

Collects lymph from the right upper extremity, and the right side
of the head and thorax
◦ Drains into R subclavian vein

A

right lymphatic duct

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26
Q

Collects lymph from rest of body
◦ Drains into L subclavian vein

A

thoracic duct

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27
Q

filter lymph before it is returned to blood
◦ Most lymph nodes are kidney-shaped
◦ Less than 1 inch long, surrounded by connective tissue

A

lymph nodes

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28
Q

what is filtered at the lymph node

A

Bacteria
◦ Viruses
◦ Cancer cells
◦ Cell debris

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29
Q

what other several other organs contribute to functions of lymphatic
system

A
  1. Spleen – filters blood
  2. Thymus – produces leukocytes in juveniles
  3. Tonsils – lymphoid tissue around the pharynx
  4. Peyer’s patches –lymphoid tissue in the wall of small
    intestine and appendix
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30
Q

what does spleen do?

A
  1. Spleen – filters blood
31
Q

what does thymus do?

A
  1. Thymus – produces leukocytes in juveniles
32
Q

what does do the tonsils do

A
  1. Tonsils – lymphoid tissue around the pharynx
33
Q

what does the peyer’s patches do?

A
  1. Peyer’s patches –lymphoid tissue in the wall of small
    intestine and appendix
34
Q

when you have a specific resistance to disease

A

immunity

35
Q

2 defense systems form the Immune System

A
  1. Innate (nonspecific) defense system
    ◦ Mechanisms protect against a variety of invaders
    ◦ Responds immediately to protect body from foreign
    materials
  2. Adaptive (specific) defense system
    ◦ Specific defense is required for each type of invader
36
Q

what are the different defense mechanisms in immune system

A

innate (nonspecific) defense mechanisms

adaptive (specific) defense mechanisms

37
Q

what are innate defense mechanisms

A

first line of defense
skin
mucous membranes
secretions of skin and
mucous membranes

second line of defense
phagocytic cells
natural killer cells
antimicrobial proteins
the inflammatory response

38
Q

what are the adaptive defense mechanisms

A

third line of defense
lymphocytes
antibodies
macrophages and other antigen-presenting cells

39
Q

what are mechanical barriers to
pathogens?

A

innate body defenses are

40
Q

Body surface coverings are a physical barrier, first line of
defense
* Intact skin
* Mucous membranes
* Secretions of skin and mucous membranes (H+, mucus)

A

Surface membrane barriers

41
Q

Specialized human cells and chemicals produced in the
body form the second line of defense
* Natural killer cells – kill virally infected cells and cancer cells
* Inflammatory response
* Phagocytes – engulf foreign particles

A

internal defenses: cells and chemicals

42
Q

what kills virally infected cells and cancer cells

A

natural killer cells

43
Q

what Lowers zinc and iron levels decreasing the ability of
bacteria to replicate

A

fever

44
Q

What create holes in membranes of foreign cells
* Amplify inflammatory response
* Interferon – prevents virus replication in healthy cells

A

Antimicrobial proteins
* Complement proteins

45
Q

prevents virus replication in healthy cells

A

interferon

46
Q

what gets Triggered when body tissues are injured

A

inflammatory response

47
Q

Four most common indicators of acute inflammation:

A

redness
heat
swelling
pain

48
Q

what is the process of the inflammatory response

A
  1. Neutrophils migrate to the injured area by chemotaxis
  2. Neutrophils squeeze through the capillary walls by
    diapedesis
  3. Neutrophils phagocytose any foreign material
49
Q

inlfammatory chemicals diffusing from the inflamed sit act as

A

chemotactic agents

50
Q

What inflammatory chemicals diffusing from the inflamed sit act as

A

chemotactic agents

51
Q

What are functions of the inflammatory response

A
  1. Prevents spread of damaging agents
  2. Disposes of cell debris and pathogens through
    phagocytosis
  3. Sets the stage for repair
52
Q

Body’s specific defense system, the third line of defense

A

Recognizes foreign molecules (antigens)
* Mounts an immune response directed specifically against
antigen
* Involves antibodies - proteins that help protect body from
pathogens

53
Q

Produce a rapid immune response against the same
antigen in subsequent exposure
* Provide immunological “memory

A

some B cells become long lived memory cells

54
Q

Occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce
antibodies
◦ Types
◦ Naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections
◦ Usually lasts a lifetime!
◦ Artificially acquired from vaccines
◦ Doesn’t last a lifetime.

A

active immunity

55
Q

Antibodies inactivate antigens in a number of ways

A
  1. Neutralization: antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial
    exotoxins or on viruses to prevent their harmful effects
  2. Agglutination: antibody-antigen reaction causes clumping of
    cells; removed by phagocytosis
  3. Precipitation: antibodies bind to soluble antigens so they can
    be “seen” and removed by phagocytes
  4. Complement fixation: activate complement proteins that cause
    cells to lyse; cause chemotaxis
56
Q

What kills parasitic worms; have rol in allergies

A

eosinophils

57
Q

what is percent of whole blood consisting of RBC

A

hematocrit

58
Q

what carries most of the oxygen in blood

A

hemoglobin

59
Q

what functions as macrophases

A

monocytes

60
Q

what is most abundant leukocyte

A

neurtrophil

61
Q

what blood type is the universal donor

A

Type O

62
Q

what makes platelets

A

megokaryocytes

63
Q

Rh antigen present on RBC membrane

A

Rh positive

64
Q

stoppage of bleeding

A

hemostasis

65
Q

blood cell formation

A

hematopoiesis

66
Q

what occurs immediately after a blood vessel has been cut

A

vascular spasm

67
Q

liquid component of blood is called

A

plasma

68
Q

liquid component of blood

A

plasma

69
Q

plasma protein that regulates osmotic pressure

A

albumin

70
Q

blood type with A and B antigens on RBC membrane

A

type AB

71
Q

cells that release histamine at site of inflammation

A

basophils

72
Q

technical name of RBC’s

A

erythrocytes

73
Q

hormone that stimulates RBC production

A

erythropoietin

Bio110 (11 decks)

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