ch 10 - 11-12 Flashcards
A person with blood type AB
has
has both A and B antigens on his or her RBCs.
A person with blood type A
has antigen
A person with blood type A
has antigen A on his or her RBCs.
A person with blood type B
A person with blood type
has antigen B on his or her RBCs.
A person with blood type O
A person with blood type
has neither A nor B antigen on his or her RBCs.
An Rh- mom carrying her second Rh+ fetus is at risk for
An Rh- mom carrying her second Rh+ fetus is at risk forvAn Rh- mom carrying her second Rh+ fetus is at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn
what antibodies are automatically made
Anti-Rh antibodies are not automatically made, unlike the antibodies in ABO blood groups.
what can cause incompatible blood types
bevpresent in the blood of a donor can react with antibodies in the blood of a transfusion recipient, resulting in clumping
cause the most vigorous and potentially fatal transfusion reactions
ABO and Rh antigens
RBC membranes have what that specify an individuals blood type
agglutinogens
a person with type O blood has
two recessive alleles and has neither the type A nor type B antigen
antibodies to the A and B antigens are
found preformed in the blood plasma
a person with type O blood has
neither A nor B agglutinogens
with respect to ABO and Rh blood groups, there are how many different blood types
8
a person with Rh antigen on the surface of the red blood cells, the A antigen on the surface of the red blood cells, anti-B antibodies has what blood type
A+ blood
what blood type would give agglutination with anti-A antibodies
blood type A-
Can the terms antigen and agglutinogen be used interchangeably?
yes
During atrial diastole what happens
the ventricles fill passively with blood
during systole what happens
the ventricles contract
during isovolumetric relaxation
the ventricles relax and all valves are closed
What does the lymphatic system consist of
Lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues and organs
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
to transport escaped fluids back to the blood
plays essential roles in body defenses and resistance to disease
what is fluid found found within the lymphatic vessels/capillaries
lymph
Lymphatic vessels collect lymph and return it to the blood
◦ Form a one-way system flowing toward
the heart
the right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct put fluids back where?
the subclavian vein
what are lymphatic collecting vessels?
right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct
Collects lymph from the right upper extremity, and the right side
of the head and thorax
◦ Drains into R subclavian vein
right lymphatic duct
Collects lymph from rest of body
◦ Drains into L subclavian vein
thoracic duct
filter lymph before it is returned to blood
◦ Most lymph nodes are kidney-shaped
◦ Less than 1 inch long, surrounded by connective tissue
lymph nodes
what is filtered at the lymph node
Bacteria
◦ Viruses
◦ Cancer cells
◦ Cell debris
what other several other organs contribute to functions of lymphatic
system
- Spleen – filters blood
- Thymus – produces leukocytes in juveniles
- Tonsils – lymphoid tissue around the pharynx
- Peyer’s patches –lymphoid tissue in the wall of small
intestine and appendix
what does spleen do?
- Spleen – filters blood
what does thymus do?
- Thymus – produces leukocytes in juveniles
what does do the tonsils do
- Tonsils – lymphoid tissue around the pharynx
what does the peyer’s patches do?
- Peyer’s patches –lymphoid tissue in the wall of small
intestine and appendix
when you have a specific resistance to disease
immunity
2 defense systems form the Immune System
- Innate (nonspecific) defense system
◦ Mechanisms protect against a variety of invaders
◦ Responds immediately to protect body from foreign
materials - Adaptive (specific) defense system
◦ Specific defense is required for each type of invader
what are the different defense mechanisms in immune system
innate (nonspecific) defense mechanisms
adaptive (specific) defense mechanisms
what are innate defense mechanisms
first line of defense
skin
mucous membranes
secretions of skin and
mucous membranes
second line of defense
phagocytic cells
natural killer cells
antimicrobial proteins
the inflammatory response
what are the adaptive defense mechanisms
third line of defense
lymphocytes
antibodies
macrophages and other antigen-presenting cells
what are mechanical barriers to
pathogens?
innate body defenses are
Body surface coverings are a physical barrier, first line of
defense
* Intact skin
* Mucous membranes
* Secretions of skin and mucous membranes (H+, mucus)
Surface membrane barriers
Specialized human cells and chemicals produced in the
body form the second line of defense
* Natural killer cells – kill virally infected cells and cancer cells
* Inflammatory response
* Phagocytes – engulf foreign particles
internal defenses: cells and chemicals
what kills virally infected cells and cancer cells
natural killer cells
what Lowers zinc and iron levels decreasing the ability of
bacteria to replicate
fever
What create holes in membranes of foreign cells
* Amplify inflammatory response
* Interferon – prevents virus replication in healthy cells
Antimicrobial proteins
* Complement proteins
prevents virus replication in healthy cells
interferon
what gets Triggered when body tissues are injured
inflammatory response
Four most common indicators of acute inflammation:
redness
heat
swelling
pain
what is the process of the inflammatory response
- Neutrophils migrate to the injured area by chemotaxis
- Neutrophils squeeze through the capillary walls by
diapedesis - Neutrophils phagocytose any foreign material
inlfammatory chemicals diffusing from the inflamed sit act as
chemotactic agents
What inflammatory chemicals diffusing from the inflamed sit act as
chemotactic agents
What are functions of the inflammatory response
- Prevents spread of damaging agents
- Disposes of cell debris and pathogens through
phagocytosis - Sets the stage for repair
Body’s specific defense system, the third line of defense
Recognizes foreign molecules (antigens)
* Mounts an immune response directed specifically against
antigen
* Involves antibodies - proteins that help protect body from
pathogens
Produce a rapid immune response against the same
antigen in subsequent exposure
* Provide immunological “memory
some B cells become long lived memory cells
Occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce
antibodies
◦ Types
◦ Naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections
◦ Usually lasts a lifetime!
◦ Artificially acquired from vaccines
◦ Doesn’t last a lifetime.
active immunity
Antibodies inactivate antigens in a number of ways
- Neutralization: antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial
exotoxins or on viruses to prevent their harmful effects - Agglutination: antibody-antigen reaction causes clumping of
cells; removed by phagocytosis - Precipitation: antibodies bind to soluble antigens so they can
be “seen” and removed by phagocytes - Complement fixation: activate complement proteins that cause
cells to lyse; cause chemotaxis
What kills parasitic worms; have rol in allergies
eosinophils
what is percent of whole blood consisting of RBC
hematocrit
what carries most of the oxygen in blood
hemoglobin
what functions as macrophases
monocytes
what is most abundant leukocyte
neurtrophil
what blood type is the universal donor
Type O
what makes platelets
megokaryocytes
Rh antigen present on RBC membrane
Rh positive
stoppage of bleeding
hemostasis
blood cell formation
hematopoiesis
what occurs immediately after a blood vessel has been cut
vascular spasm
liquid component of blood is called
plasma
liquid component of blood
plasma
plasma protein that regulates osmotic pressure
albumin
blood type with A and B antigens on RBC membrane
type AB
cells that release histamine at site of inflammation
basophils
technical name of RBC’s
erythrocytes
hormone that stimulates RBC production
erythropoietin
