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Bio110 > ch 10 - 11-12 > Flashcards

ch 10 - 11-12 Flashcards

1
Q

A person with blood type AB
has

A

has both A and B antigens on his or her RBCs.

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2
Q

A person with blood type A
has antigen

A

A person with blood type A
has antigen A on his or her RBCs.

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3
Q

A person with blood type B

A

A person with blood type
has antigen B on his or her RBCs.

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4
Q

A person with blood type O

A

A person with blood type
has neither A nor B antigen on his or her RBCs.

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5
Q

An Rh- mom carrying her second Rh+ fetus is at risk for

A

An Rh- mom carrying her second Rh+ fetus is at risk forvAn Rh- mom carrying her second Rh+ fetus is at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn

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6
Q

what antibodies are automatically made

A

Anti-Rh antibodies are not automatically made, unlike the antibodies in ABO blood groups.

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7
Q

what can cause incompatible blood types

bevpresent in the blood of a donor can react with antibodies in the blood of a transfusion recipient, resulting in clumping

cause the most vigorous and potentially fatal transfusion reactions

A

ABO and Rh antigens

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8
Q

RBC membranes have what that specify an individuals blood type

A

agglutinogens

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9
Q

a person with type O blood has

A

two recessive alleles and has neither the type A nor type B antigen

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10
Q

antibodies to the A and B antigens are

A

found preformed in the blood plasma

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11
Q

a person with type O blood has

A

neither A nor B agglutinogens

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12
Q

with respect to ABO and Rh blood groups, there are how many different blood types

A

8

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13
Q

a person with Rh antigen on the surface of the red blood cells, the A antigen on the surface of the red blood cells, anti-B antibodies has what blood type

A

A+ blood

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14
Q

what blood type would give agglutination with anti-A antibodies

A

blood type A-

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15
Q

Can the terms antigen and agglutinogen be used interchangeably?

A

yes

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16
Q

During atrial diastole what happens

A

the ventricles fill passively with blood

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17
Q

during systole what happens

A

the ventricles contract

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18
Q

during isovolumetric relaxation

A

the ventricles relax and all valves are closed

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19
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of

A

Lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues and organs

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20
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

to transport escaped fluids back to the blood

plays essential roles in body defenses and resistance to disease

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21
Q

what is fluid found found within the lymphatic vessels/capillaries

A

lymph

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22
Q

Lymphatic vessels collect lymph and return it to the blood
◦ Form a one-way system flowing toward

A

the heart

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23
Q

the right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct put fluids back where?

A

the subclavian vein

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24
Q

what are lymphatic collecting vessels?

A

right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct

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25
Collects lymph from the right upper extremity, and the right side of the head and thorax ◦ Drains into R subclavian vein
right lymphatic duct
26
Collects lymph from rest of body ◦ Drains into L subclavian vein
thoracic duct
27
filter lymph before it is returned to blood ◦ Most lymph nodes are kidney-shaped ◦ Less than 1 inch long, surrounded by connective tissue
lymph nodes
28
what is filtered at the lymph node
Bacteria ◦ Viruses ◦ Cancer cells ◦ Cell debris
29
what other several other organs contribute to functions of lymphatic system
1. Spleen – filters blood 2. Thymus – produces leukocytes in juveniles 3. Tonsils – lymphoid tissue around the pharynx 4. Peyer’s patches –lymphoid tissue in the wall of small intestine and appendix
30
what does spleen do?
1. Spleen – filters blood
31
what does thymus do?
2. Thymus – produces leukocytes in juveniles
32
what does do the tonsils do
3. Tonsils – lymphoid tissue around the pharynx
33
what does the peyer's patches do?
4. Peyer’s patches –lymphoid tissue in the wall of small intestine and appendix
34
when you have a specific resistance to disease
immunity
35
2 defense systems form the Immune System
1. Innate (nonspecific) defense system ◦ Mechanisms protect against a variety of invaders ◦ Responds immediately to protect body from foreign materials 2. Adaptive (specific) defense system ◦ Specific defense is required for each type of invader
36
what are the different defense mechanisms in immune system
innate (nonspecific) defense mechanisms adaptive (specific) defense mechanisms
37
what are innate defense mechanisms
first line of defense skin mucous membranes secretions of skin and mucous membranes second line of defense phagocytic cells natural killer cells antimicrobial proteins the inflammatory response
38
what are the adaptive defense mechanisms
third line of defense lymphocytes antibodies macrophages and other antigen-presenting cells
39
what are mechanical barriers to pathogens?
innate body defenses are
40
Body surface coverings are a physical barrier, first line of defense * Intact skin * Mucous membranes * Secretions of skin and mucous membranes (H+, mucus)
Surface membrane barriers
41
Specialized human cells and chemicals produced in the body form the second line of defense * Natural killer cells – kill virally infected cells and cancer cells * Inflammatory response * Phagocytes – engulf foreign particles
internal defenses: cells and chemicals
42
what kills virally infected cells and cancer cells
natural killer cells
43
what Lowers zinc and iron levels decreasing the ability of bacteria to replicate
fever
44
What create holes in membranes of foreign cells * Amplify inflammatory response * Interferon – prevents virus replication in healthy cells
Antimicrobial proteins * Complement proteins
45
prevents virus replication in healthy cells
interferon
46
what gets Triggered when body tissues are injured
inflammatory response
47
Four most common indicators of acute inflammation:
redness heat swelling pain
48
what is the process of the inflammatory response
1. Neutrophils migrate to the injured area by chemotaxis 2. Neutrophils squeeze through the capillary walls by diapedesis 3. Neutrophils phagocytose any foreign material
49
inlfammatory chemicals diffusing from the inflamed sit act as
chemotactic agents
50
What inflammatory chemicals diffusing from the inflamed sit act as
chemotactic agents
51
What are functions of the inflammatory response
1. Prevents spread of damaging agents 2. Disposes of cell debris and pathogens through phagocytosis 3. Sets the stage for repair
52
Body’s specific defense system, the third line of defense
Recognizes foreign molecules (antigens) * Mounts an immune response directed specifically against antigen * Involves antibodies - proteins that help protect body from pathogens
53
Produce a rapid immune response against the same antigen in subsequent exposure * Provide immunological “memory
some B cells become long lived memory cells
54
Occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies ◦ Types ◦ Naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections ◦ Usually lasts a lifetime! ◦ Artificially acquired from vaccines ◦ Doesn’t last a lifetime.
active immunity
55
Antibodies inactivate antigens in a number of ways
1. Neutralization: antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins or on viruses to prevent their harmful effects 2. Agglutination: antibody-antigen reaction causes clumping of cells; removed by phagocytosis 3. Precipitation: antibodies bind to soluble antigens so they can be “seen” and removed by phagocytes 4. Complement fixation: activate complement proteins that cause cells to lyse; cause chemotaxis
56
What kills parasitic worms; have rol in allergies
eosinophils
57
what is percent of whole blood consisting of RBC
hematocrit
58
what carries most of the oxygen in blood
hemoglobin
59
what functions as macrophases
monocytes
60
what is most abundant leukocyte
neurtrophil
61
what blood type is the universal donor
Type O
62
what makes platelets
megokaryocytes
63
Rh antigen present on RBC membrane
Rh positive
64
stoppage of bleeding
hemostasis
65
blood cell formation
hematopoiesis
66
what occurs immediately after a blood vessel has been cut
vascular spasm
67
liquid component of blood is called
plasma
68
liquid component of blood
plasma
69
plasma protein that regulates osmotic pressure
albumin
70
blood type with A and B antigens on RBC membrane
type AB
71
cells that release histamine at site of inflammation
basophils
72
technical name of RBC's
erythrocytes
73
hormone that stimulates RBC production
erythropoietin

Bio110 (11 decks)

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