Chapter 13, 14,15

Question 1

what is a disease-causing microbe called

Answer 1

pathogenic

Question 2

what are types of microorganisms?

Answer 2

bacteria
archaea
fungi
protozoa
algae
viruses
multicellular parasites

Question 3

a microorganism that may cause a disease

Answer 3

pathogen (germ)

Question 4

what are some actions of microbes

Answer 4

decompose organic waste

produce organic molecules and o2 via photosynthesis

produce industrial chemicals (ethanol, acetone)

make fermented food (vinegar, cheese, bread)

products used in disease treatment (insulin)

cause disease

Question 5

what has no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

include archaea and bacteria

Answer 5

prokaryotic cells (prokaryotes)

Question 6

what is general structure of bacteria

Answer 6

it has a cell membrane-structure similar to eukaryotes

Question 7

what is an anucleate

Answer 7

does not have a nucleus

Question 8

within central nucleoid region

usually 1 circular double stranded DNA molecule

Answer 8

chromosome within bacteria

Question 9

small circular molecules of double stranded DNA (extra-chromosomes DNA)

contain fewer than 10 genes

number in cell varies, not always present

Answer 9

plasmids (within cytoplasm)

Question 10

provides rigidity strength and protection

surrounds cell membrane

Answer 10

general structure of bacteria

Question 11

found outside cell wall
slimy gelatinous material biofilm

protects bacteria from antibiotics and desiccation

Answer 11

slime layer

Question 12

mainly polysaccharides, some protein and lipid

firmly attached to cell wall

protects bacteria from phagocytosis

Answer 12

capsule

Question 13

enables bacteria to move not always present

Answer 13

flagella

Question 14

often on gram-negative bacteria

rigid protein molecules that extend through cell membrane, cell wall and capsule (if present)
enable bacteria to adhere or attach to surfaces

Answer 14

pili

Question 15

bacterial shapes

Answer 15

coccus (spherical)
bacillus (rod shaped)
spirochete (corkscrew)

Question 16

bacteria divide by
used by prokaryotes to reproduce
occurs after DNA has replicated
one cell simply splits in half to become 2 daughter cells

Answer 16

binary fission (prokaryotic fission)

Question 17

include algae, protozoa and fungi
have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Answer 17

eukaryotic cells (eukaryotes)

Question 18

what is structure of eukaryotic cells

Answer 18

some contain cell walls (algae, fungi)
composed of polysaccharides like cellulose and chitin

structure much simpler than those found in prokaryote cell wall

Question 19

can infect humans animals plants fungi protozoa algae and bacterial cells

Answer 19

viruses

Question 20

not alive
lack many traits that characterize life
can not accomplish basic tasks that living cells perform

possess either DNA or RNA -not both

Answer 20

viruses

Question 21

how do viruses reproduce

Answer 21

they need a host cell to reproduce that provides ribosomes enzymes and organic molecules

Question 22

structure of a virus

Answer 22

RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)

protein coat may be surrounded by a membrane composed of lipid bilayer and glycoproteins (envelope)

may have tail sheath and tail fibers
bacteriophage

Question 23

reproduction and release of a virus

Answer 23

virus attaches to cells that have the receptor they recognize

virus penetrates cell via endocytosis

viral nucleic acid escapes the capsid (protein coat)

using host organelles and nutrients, viral nuclei acids and viral proteins are produced

new viruses are assembled from the viral nucleic acid and viral proteins

Question 24

two possible mechanisms of viral release

Answer 24

lysis of infected cell- viruses simply released into extracellular fluid when cell ruptures

Question 25

extremely small, nonliving very infectious protein

Answer 25

prions

Question 26

2 names for organisms first name is genus (first letter always capitalized) second name is species (specific epithet; not capitalized) both names are italicized or underlined

Answer 26

viruses

Question 27

prokaryotes gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria

Answer 27

bacteria gram stain used to distinguish btwn types of bacteria based on structure of cell wall

Question 28

cell wall contains a thin layer of peptidoglycans has an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides appear red or pink with gram stain due to structure of cell wall resistant to antibiotics

Answer 28

gram-negative bacteria most pathogenic bacteria belong to this group

Question 29

thick cell wall composed primarily of peptidoglycans appear dark blue or violet with gram stain due to structure of cell wall sensitive to antibiotics

Answer 29

gram-positive bacteria few pathogenic bacteria belong to this group

Question 30

prokaryotic cells live in extreme environments little know about diversity and abundance in humans no clear association has been made between archaea and human disease

Answer 30

archaea

Question 31

eukaryotes DNA surrounded by nuclear membrane unicellular or multicellular yeasts are unicellular molds, mushrooms are multicellular

Answer 31

fungi

Question 32

what can cause human diseases including thrush, nail infections, pneumonia, meningitis, respiratory damage, severe headaches

Answer 32

pathogenic fungi

Question 33

what is unicellular eukaryotic microbes move by pseudopods, cilia, flagella

Answer 33

protozoa protozoan pathogens are human parasites causing disease including malaria, African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), amoebic dysentery, and giardiasis (beaver fever) amebic meningoencephalitis

Question 34

eukaryotes, many unicellular and some multicellular (like seaweed)

Answer 34

algae consuming seafood contaminated with types of algae that produced toxins can result in paralytic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, amnesic shellfish poisoning, diarrheic shellfish poisoning and ciguatera fish poisoning

Question 35

diseases include pneumonia, measles, chicken pox, rabies, herpes simplex, zika fever, aids/hiv

Answer 35

viruses

Question 36

eukaryotes an organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host's expense

Answer 36

parasite multicellular animal parasites

Question 37

diseases include tapeworm infection within the digestive system, anemia, epilepsy

Answer 37

parasitic flatworms

Question 38

disease include hookworm disease, pinworm disease, trichinosis

Answer 38

roundworms (parasitic worm)

Question 39

microbes normally present in and on the human body over 400 species in your gut

Answer 39

normal microbiota (flora)

Question 40

what does normal gut flora help provide

Answer 40

helps establish the immune system train immune system to respond only to pathogens prevents growth of pathogens produces folic acid, niacin and vitamin K destroys some ingested toxins (dietary carcinogens) may cause disease under some circumstances

Question 41

ability of the body to ward off diseases provided by skin, mucous membranes, cilia, stomach acid and antimicrobial chemicals

Answer 41

resistance disease results when a pathogen overcomes the hosts resistance