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Bio110 > Chapter 13, 14,15 > Flashcards

Chapter 13, 14,15 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a disease-causing microbe called

A

pathogenic

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2
Q

what are types of microorganisms?

A

bacteria
archaea
fungi
protozoa
algae
viruses
multicellular parasites

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3
Q

a microorganism that may cause a disease

A

pathogen (germ)

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4
Q

what are some actions of microbes

A

decompose organic waste

produce organic molecules and o2 via photosynthesis

produce industrial chemicals (ethanol, acetone)

make fermented food (vinegar, cheese, bread)

products used in disease treatment (insulin)

cause disease

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5
Q

what has no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

include archaea and bacteria

A

prokaryotic cells (prokaryotes)

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6
Q

what is general structure of bacteria

A

it has a cell membrane-structure similar to eukaryotes

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7
Q

what is an anucleate

A

does not have a nucleus

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8
Q

within central nucleoid region

usually 1 circular double stranded DNA molecule

A

chromosome within bacteria

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9
Q

small circular molecules of double stranded DNA (extra-chromosomes DNA)

contain fewer than 10 genes

number in cell varies, not always present

A

plasmids (within cytoplasm)

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10
Q

provides rigidity strength and protection

surrounds cell membrane

A

general structure of bacteria

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11
Q

found outside cell wall
slimy gelatinous material biofilm

protects bacteria from antibiotics and desiccation

A

slime layer

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12
Q

mainly polysaccharides, some protein and lipid

firmly attached to cell wall

protects bacteria from phagocytosis

A

capsule

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13
Q

enables bacteria to move not always present

A

flagella

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14
Q

often on gram-negative bacteria

rigid protein molecules that extend through cell membrane, cell wall and capsule (if present)
enable bacteria to adhere or attach to surfaces

A

pili

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15
Q

bacterial shapes

A

coccus (spherical)
bacillus (rod shaped)
spirochete (corkscrew)

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16
Q

bacteria divide by
used by prokaryotes to reproduce
occurs after DNA has replicated
one cell simply splits in half to become 2 daughter cells

A

binary fission (prokaryotic fission)

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17
Q

include algae, protozoa and fungi
have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles

A

eukaryotic cells (eukaryotes)

18
Q

what is structure of eukaryotic cells

A

some contain cell walls (algae, fungi)
composed of polysaccharides like cellulose and chitin

structure much simpler than those found in prokaryote cell wall

19
Q

can infect humans animals plants fungi protozoa algae and bacterial cells

A

viruses

20
Q

not alive
lack many traits that characterize life
can not accomplish basic tasks that living cells perform

possess either DNA or RNA -not both

A

viruses

21
Q

how do viruses reproduce

A

they need a host cell to reproduce that provides ribosomes enzymes and organic molecules

22
Q

structure of a virus

A

RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)

protein coat may be surrounded by a membrane composed of lipid bilayer and glycoproteins (envelope)

may have tail sheath and tail fibers
bacteriophage

23
Q

reproduction and release of a virus

A

virus attaches to cells that have the receptor they recognize

virus penetrates cell via endocytosis

viral nucleic acid escapes the capsid (protein coat)

using host organelles and nutrients, viral nuclei acids and viral proteins are produced

new viruses are assembled from the viral nucleic acid and viral proteins

24
Q

two possible mechanisms of viral release

A

lysis of infected cell- viruses simply released into extracellular fluid when cell ruptures

25
Q

extremely small, nonliving very infectious protein

A

prions

26
Q

2 names for organisms
first name is genus (first letter always capitalized)
second name is species (specific epithet; not capitalized)
both names are italicized or underlined

A

viruses

27
Q

prokaryotes
gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria

A

bacteria
gram stain used to distinguish btwn types of bacteria based on structure of cell wall

28
Q

cell wall contains a thin layer of peptidoglycans

has an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides

appear red or pink with gram stain due to structure of cell wall

resistant to antibiotics

A

gram-negative bacteria
most pathogenic bacteria belong to this group

29
Q

thick cell wall composed primarily of peptidoglycans

appear dark blue or violet with gram stain due to structure of cell wall

sensitive to antibiotics

A

gram-positive bacteria

few pathogenic bacteria belong to this group

30
Q

prokaryotic cells
live in extreme environments
little know about diversity and abundance in humans

no clear association has been made between archaea and human disease

A

archaea

31
Q

eukaryotes
DNA surrounded by nuclear membrane

unicellular or multicellular
yeasts are unicellular
molds, mushrooms are multicellular

A

fungi

32
Q

what can cause human diseases including thrush, nail infections, pneumonia, meningitis, respiratory damage, severe headaches

A

pathogenic fungi

33
Q

what is unicellular eukaryotic microbes

move by pseudopods, cilia, flagella

A

protozoa

protozoan pathogens are human parasites causing disease including malaria, African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), amoebic dysentery, and giardiasis (beaver fever) amebic meningoencephalitis

34
Q

eukaryotes, many unicellular and some multicellular (like seaweed)

A

algae

consuming seafood contaminated with types of algae that produced toxins can result in paralytic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, amnesic shellfish poisoning, diarrheic shellfish poisoning and ciguatera fish poisoning

35
Q

diseases include pneumonia, measles, chicken pox, rabies, herpes simplex,
zika fever, aids/hiv

A

viruses

36
Q

eukaryotes

an organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host’s expense

A

parasite

multicellular animal parasites

37
Q

diseases include tapeworm infection within the digestive system, anemia, epilepsy

A

parasitic flatworms

38
Q

disease include hookworm disease, pinworm disease, trichinosis

A

roundworms (parasitic worm)

39
Q

microbes normally present in and on the human body

over 400 species in your gut

A

normal microbiota (flora)

40
Q

what does normal gut flora help provide

A

helps establish the immune system

train immune system to respond only to pathogens

prevents growth of pathogens

produces folic acid, niacin and vitamin K

destroys some ingested toxins (dietary carcinogens)

may cause disease under some circumstances

41
Q

ability of the body to ward off diseases

provided by skin, mucous membranes, cilia, stomach acid and antimicrobial chemicals

A

resistance

disease results when a pathogen overcomes the hosts resistance

Bio110 (11 decks)

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