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Bio110 > Chapter 5& 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 5& 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some long bone types

A

humerus
Clavicale
metacarpals
Radius
Ulna
Femar
Metatarsal
Tibia
Phalanges
Fibula

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2
Q

Functions of a bone

A

Allows movement
supports and protects
stores minerals

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3
Q

What is an

Osteoctye

A

Mature bone cell

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4
Q

The hard palate is composed of

A

Maxilla and palatine bone

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5
Q

The thumb uses what joint to move to other fingers

A

Saddle joint

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6
Q

What are the events of bone fracture repair

A

Hematoma forms
Fibrocartilage callus forms
Boney callus forms
Bone remodeling occurs

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7
Q

What bone forms the lateral portion of the eye orbit, lateral to nose, articulates the maxillae

A

Zygomatic bone

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8
Q
A

Frontalis

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9
Q
A

Occipitalis

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10
Q
A

Orbicularis oculi

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11
Q
A

Temporalis

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12
Q
A

Sternocleidomastoid

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13
Q
A

Zygomaticus

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14
Q
A

Masseter

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15
Q
A

Orbicularis oris

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16
Q
A

Deltoid

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17
Q
A

Pectoralis major

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18
Q
A

External abdominal oblique

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19
Q
A

Rectus abdominis

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20
Q
A

Latissimus dorsi

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21
Q
A

Trapezius

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22
Q
A

Triceps brachii

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23
Q
A

Biceps brachii

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24
Q
A

Brachioradialis

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25
Q
A

Vastus lateralis

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26
Q

facilitates straightening of the leg.

A

Rectus femoris

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27
Q
A

Vastus medialis

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28
Q
A

Sartorius

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29
Q
A

Abductor muscle

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30
Q
A

Gluteus maximus

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31
Q

facilitates flexion of the lower leg.

A

Biceps femoris

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32
Q
A

Semitendinosus

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33
Q
A

Semimembranosus

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34
Q

a superficial muscle on the anterior leg whose contraction facilitates the foot to dorsiflex and invert.

A

Tibialis anterior

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35
Q
A

Soleus

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36
Q
A

Gastrocnemius

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37
Q

Skeletal muscle cell is called

A

Muscle fiber

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38
Q

When do cross bridges form

A

When myosin heads bind to actin molecules on the thin filaments

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39
Q

What is prime mover in antagonist

A
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40
Q

How many bones in body for an adult skeleton and infant skeleton

A

Adult 206
Infant 270

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41
Q

Name some short bones

A

lunate
patella

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42
Q

name some irregular bone

A

lumbar vertebra
atlas
ethmoid

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43
Q

What is appendicular skeleton and names some bones

A

comprised of upper and lower extremities
which include the shoulder girdle and pelvis
ilium
clavicle
talus
hamate
metarsal bone

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44
Q

What is axial skeleton and names of some bones

A

made up of the 80 bones within the central core of your body
sternum
occipital bone

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45
Q

what is the shaft of a long bone called

A

diaphysis. It has a wall thick layer of compact bone covering thick layer of spongy bone

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46
Q

what is the outside covering of the diaphysis called?

A

periosteum, made of fibrous connective tissue membrane and perforating fibers outside of a bone

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47
Q

what tissue makes up articular cartilage and what does it cover

A

it is made of hyaline cartilage, covers the external surface of the epiphysis, end of a long bone, located on joint surface, it decreases friction at joint surface

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48
Q

what is the growth plate called and tell me about it

A

flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young growing bond, turns into epiphyseal line forms when finished growing in adult bones

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49
Q

what are the 2 basic types of bone tissue

A

compact bone called osteon, where is it located
spongy bone-small needle like pieces of bone, with many open spaces

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50
Q

what is cavity inside diaphysis

A

medullary cavity
lined by endosteum, contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
contains red marrow in infants

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51
Q

what is opening in the center of an osteon, carries blood vessels and nerves

A

central canal
Run lengthwise through the center of each osteon

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52
Q

what spinal curvatures regions are referred to as primary curvatures because they are present when we are born.

A

thoracic and sacral

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53
Q

The coronoid process, olecranon process, and trochlear notch are all found on the _______.

A

ulna which is the medial bone of antebrachium, down the pinky

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54
Q

what causes bones to remodel continually in response to changes in

A

blood calcium levels and the pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton

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55
Q

What is the process by which bones increase in diameter (width) not length

A

appositional growth

Growth hormone and, during puberty, the sex hormones control appositional growth, the process by which bones increase in diameter (width), not length.

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56
Q
A

Ischium, appendicular, Irregular bone, in pelvic girdle

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57
Q
A

Pubis. Pelvic girdle, appendicular skeleton, irregular bone

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58
Q
A

Femur, long bone, lower limb, appendicular skeleton

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59
Q

shin bone

A

Tibia, appendicular skeleton, lower limb, long bone

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60
Q
A

Fibula - lower limb- long bone - appendicular skeleton

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61
Q
A

Calcaneus, short bone, Lower limb, appendicular skeleton

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62
Q
A

Talus, lower limb, appendicular skeleton, short bone

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63
Q
A
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64
Q

What is the functional unit of compact bone containing the central canal and matrix rings

A

osteon

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65
Q

what is the opening in the center of an osteon that carries blood vessels and nerves

A

central canal

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66
Q

what is on the surface of bone where blood vessels enter and leave bone

A

nutrient foramen

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67
Q

what is the cavity inside diaphysis, lined by endosteum, contains yellow marrow in adults and red marrow in infants

A

medullary cavity

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68
Q

what are the concentric rings of bone tissue

A

lamellae

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69
Q

tiny cavities containing osteocytes that are between lamellae

A

lacunae

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70
Q

what are the tiny canals that radiate from the central canal to lacunae, the form a transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply

A

canaliculi

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71
Q

what is bone formation if we break a bone is will start…

A

ossification

Bones are remodeled continually in response to changes in blood calcium ion levels and the pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton.

Except for flat bones that form on fibrous membranes, most bones develop using hyaline cartilage structures as their “models.”

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72
Q

what are bone components of the matrix that make bone flexible, collegon

what are components that are deposited in the matrix that make bones hard

A

organic parts

calcium salts

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73
Q

bone formation that starts with a cartilage model ( six weeks fetal development to early 20’s, most bones develop this way)

A

endochondral ossification

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74
Q

What replaces old cartilage with bone, bone building cells that secrete new bone matrix

A

osteoblast

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75
Q

what are cells involved in remodeling. secrete substances that break down the calcified extracellular matrix

A

osteoclasts

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76
Q

What do you need to grow, the proliferation of cartilage in epiphyseal plates for bone elongation

A

growth hormone

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77
Q

what forms the longitudinal axis of the body, support head, neck and trunk and is divided into three parts
skull & hyoid
vertebral column
ribs and sternum

A

the axial skeleton

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78
Q
A

Frontal bone
Axial skeleton
Flat bone
Cranium

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79
Q
A

Zygomatic bone
Irregular bone
Axial skeleton
Facial bone

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80
Q
A

Maxilla
Facial bone
Axial skeleton

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81
Q
A

Mandible
Axial skeleton
Irregular bone
Facial bones

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82
Q
A

Sphenoid bone
Axial skeleton
Irregular bone
Cranium

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83
Q
A

Axial skeleton
Facial bones
Flat bone
Lacrimal bone

84
Q
A

Nasal bone
Axial skeleton
Flat bone
Facial bone

85
Q
A

Inferior Nasal conche
Axial skeleton
Irregular bone
Facial bone

86
Q
A

Parietal bone
Axial bones
Flat bone
Cranium

87
Q
A

Temporal bone
Axial skeleton
Cranium
Flat bone

88
Q
A

Squamous suture
Cranium

89
Q
A

Ethmoid bone
Cranium
Axial skeleton
Irregular

90
Q
A

Sella turcica
Sphenoid
Cranium
Axial skeleton
Irregular bone

91
Q
A

Foramen magnum
Cranium

92
Q
A

Mandible
Facial bones
Axial skeleton
Irregular bones

93
Q
A

Ethmoid bone
Axial skeleton
Irregular bone
Facial bones

94
Q
A

lambdoid suture
Cranium

95
Q
A

Parietal bone
Cranium
Flat bone
Axial skeleton

96
Q

muscles that closes mouth and purses lips

A

orbicularis oris

97
Q

main protein of thin filament

A

actin

98
Q

modified ER that stores and releases calcium

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

99
Q

movement that scribes a cone in space

A

circumduction

100
Q

biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus

A

hamstring group

101
Q

muscles that flexes elbow and supinates forearm

A

biceps brachii

102
Q

movement where sole of foot turns laterally

A

eversion

103
Q

region on a muscle fiber that contains ACh receptors

A

motor end plate

104
Q

gap between a neuron and muscle fiber

A

synaptic cleft

105
Q

type of muscle with spindle shaped cells and no striations

A

smooth muscle

106
Q

muscle tissue that contains intercalated discs

A

cardiac muscle

107
Q

main theory of muscle contraction

A

sliding filament theory

108
Q

one motor neuron and all the muscle fiber it innervates

A

motor unit

109
Q

neurotransmitter released at neuromuscular junction

A

acetylcholine

110
Q

composed of myosin

A

thick filament

111
Q

anchors thin filament

A

z disc

112
Q

storage sites of neurotransmitters within axon terminal

A

synaptic vesicles

113
Q

superficial muscle of the sural region

A

gastrocnemius

114
Q

attaches skeletal muscle to bone

A

tendon

115
Q

region (structure) between two z discs

A

sarcomere

116
Q

forearm rotates so palm faces anteriorly

A

supination

117
Q

binds to troponin so crossbridge cycling can occur

A

calcium ion

118
Q

connective tissue that surrounds a single muscle fiber

A

endomysium

119
Q

fascicle

A

bundle of muscle fibers

120
Q

movement that decreases that angle at a a join

A

flexion

121
Q
A

Frontalis
Musclesnof head and neck

122
Q
A

Occipitalis

123
Q
A

Orbicularis oculi

124
Q
A

Temoralis

125
Q
A

Sternocleidomastoid

126
Q
A

Zygomaticus

127
Q
A

Masseter
Help you chew

128
Q
A

Pectoralis major

129
Q
A

External abdominal oblique

130
Q
A

Rectus abdomis

131
Q
A

Latissimus dorsi

132
Q
A

Trapezius

133
Q

facilitates straightening (i.e., extension) of the elbow.

A

Triceps brachii

134
Q

superficial muscle of the sural region

A

Gastrocnemius

135
Q
A

Soleus

136
Q
A

Tibialis anterior

137
Q
A

Semimembranosus

138
Q
A

Semitendinosus

139
Q

facilitates flexion of the lower leg.

A

Biceps femoris

140
Q
A

Adductor muscle

141
Q

flexes the thigh at the hip

A

Sartorius

142
Q
A

Vastus medialis

143
Q

facilitates straightening of the leg.

A

Rectus femoris

144
Q
A

Vastus lateralis

145
Q
A

Brachioradialis

146
Q

facilitates flexion of the arm, thus decreasing the angle between the upper and lower arm.

A

Biceps brachii

147
Q

skeletal muscle fiber is enclosed in a delicate areolar connective tissue sheath called an

A

endomysium

148
Q

muscle has striations and many flattened nuclei under the plasma membrane in each fiber

A

skeletal muscle

149
Q

The sarcomere is a contractile unit of muscle, which is the area between successive

A

z discs

150
Q

Muscles that are concerned with bracing actions are called
These are specialized synergists that hold a bone still or stabilize the origin of a prime mover so all the tension can be used to move the insertion bone. The postural muscles that stabilize the vertebral column are examples of

A

fixators

151
Q

refers to reducing the angle of the joint, thus bringing two bones closer together.

A

flexion

152
Q

refers to increasing the angle of the joint, thus moving two bones farther apart.

A

extension

153
Q

a muscle that moves the palm of the hand from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position.

A

pronation

154
Q

facilitates flexion of the lower leg.

A

sartorius

155
Q

compresses the cheek.

A

buccinator

156
Q

what is the prime mover

A

is the muscle that is responsible for causing a particular movement.

157
Q

a muscle that opposes or reverses a particular movement.

A

antagonist

158
Q

a muscle that moves the palm of the hand from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position.

A

pronator

159
Q

a specialized synergist that holds a bone still or stabilizes the origin of a prime mover so all the tension can be used to move the insertion bone. The postural muscles that stabilize the vertebral column are examples of

A

fixator

160
Q

a muscle that reduces undesirable or unnecessary movements.

A

synergist

161
Q

what is sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

is the specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber.

162
Q

the plasma membrane of a muscle cell is usually termed the _____

A

sarcolemma

163
Q

what are the special junctions between two cardiac muscle fibers

A

intercalated discs

164
Q

a contractile unit, which forms a segment of a myofibril.

A

sarcomere

165
Q

the cytoplasm of a muscle cell.

A

sarcoplasm

166
Q

point of attachment of a muscle to the relatively movable bone is the

A

insertion

167
Q

what are the characteristics of skeletal muscle

A

most are attached by tendons to bone

cells are multinucleated

striated (visible banding)

voluntary (subject to conscious control)

168
Q

How many vertebrae bones are in the vertebrae column

A

24
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar

169
Q

How many Vertebrae fuse to form 2 composite bones

A

Sacrum 5 fused
Coccyx 4 fused

170
Q

The spine has a normal curvature how many primary curvatures present at birth

A

The thoracic and sacral regions

171
Q

What are the secondary curvatures

A

Spinal curvatures of the cervical and lumbar regions develop after birth
Convex anteriorly

172
Q

What is the canal through which the spinal cord passes

A

Vertebral foramen

173
Q

What is the weight bearing Portion of a typical vertebrae

A

Body

174
Q

Which vertebrae looks like a giraffe has long pointed spinous processes and articulates with the ribs

A

The 12 thoracic vertebrae

175
Q

What are the 5 vertebrae that have large bodies supports body weight and looks like a moose

A

5 lumbar verebrae
It gets larger because it’s supporting more body weight

176
Q

What is the total number vertebrae in a child

A

33

7 cervical
12Thoracic
5 lumbar
5 Sacral
4 coccygeal

177
Q

What does the thoracic cage consist of

A

7 true ribs own piece of cartilage that attach to sternum
5 false ribs attach indirectly (2 floating ribs)

178
Q

How many bones in the appendicular skeleton

A

126
Composed of limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle

179
Q
A

Lambdoid suture

180
Q
A
181
Q
A

Lacrimal bone

182
Q
A

Inferior nasal conche

183
Q

Ethmoid bone

A
184
Q
A

Sphenoid bone and Sella turcica

185
Q
A

Foramen magnum

186
Q

superficial muscle of the sural region

A

gastrocnemius

187
Q

region between two zdiscs

A

sacromere

188
Q

binds to troponin so crossbridge cycling can occur

A

calcium ion

189
Q

connective tissue that surrounds single muscle fiber

A

endomysium

190
Q

bundle of muscle fibers

A

fascicle

191
Q

movement that decreases the angle at a joint

A

flexion

192
Q

what fills the medullary cavity of the tibia of a three year old

A

red bone marrow

193
Q

what kind of bone is found embedded in a tendon. give an example

A

sesamoid bone, patella

194
Q

Which disease results from the “wear and tear” on joints over many years?

A

osteoarthritis

195
Q

synovial joint

A

articular cartilage covers the ends of adjoining bones and a fluid filled joint cavity separates adjoining bones

196
Q

an important cranial landmark as it houses the pituitary gland

A

sella turcica

197
Q

fracture types that are common in the elderly

A

comminuted and compression

In a comminuted fracture, the bone splinters into three or more fragments. The aged are more susceptible to this type of fracture because their bones are more brittle.

In a compression fracture, the bone is crushed. This type of fracture is more common in older people because their bones are more porous. The vertebrae are particularly susceptible to compression fractures.

198
Q

the glenoid cavity is located where the…

A

humerus articulates with the scapula

199
Q

what is exaggerated thoracic curvature

A

kyphosis

200
Q

membranes that connect bones of fetal skull

A

fontanels

201
Q

joint btwn parietal and temporal bones

A

squamous suture

202
Q

wrist bones are called

A

carpals

203
Q

what lightens the skull and resonates the voice

A

paranasal sinuses

204
Q

bone that is formed when ischium, ilium and pubis fuse together

A

coxal bone

205
Q

immoveable joints

A

synarthroses

Bio110 (11 decks)

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