Test 4 - Study Guide Flashcards
_________- (the number of live births per 1,000 people per year).
crude birthrate
_________ is a measure of the number of people who die.
mortality rate
Migration may take the form of _________, which describes movement into an area to take up permanent residence, or _________, which refers to movement out of an area to another place of permanent residence
- immigration
- emigration
Migration might be _________ (as when college students study abroad), _________ (as when Syrians evacuated war-torn areas), or _________ (as when many Native American tribes were removed from the lands they’d lived in for generations).
- voluntary
- involuntary
- forced
_________ : the number of males per 100 females
sex ratio
_________ : a picture of population distribution by sex and age
population pyramid
_________ : three factors would control human population that exceeded the earth’s carrying capacity,
Malthusian theory
Three factors of the Malthusian theory:
-
-famine
-
- war
- disease
-Malthusian theory-
_________ : they increase mortality rates, thus keeping the population in check.
positive checks
-Malthusian theory-
_________ : control the population but by reducing fertility rates;
preventive checks
-Malthusian theory-
preventive checks include _________ control and _________ .
- birth
- celibacy
Paul Ehrlich, it is the _________, not specifically the food supply, that will play a crucial role in the continued health of planet’s _________
- environment
- population
neo-Malthusian researcher named _________ brought Malthus’s predictions into the twentieth century.
Paul Ehrlich
_________ : asserts that human ingenuity can resolve any environmental or social issues that develop
Cornucopian theory
_________ : suggests that future population growth will develop along a predictable four-stage model
-Demographic transition theory
Four-stages of Demographic transition theory:
Stage 1:
_________, death, and _________ mortality rates are all high, while life expectancy is _________ .
- birth
- infant
- short
Four-stages of Demographic transition theory:
As countries begin to _________, they enter Stage 2, where birthrates are _________ while infant mortality and the _________ rates drop. Life expectancy also increases.
- industrialize
- higher
- death
Four-stages of Demographic transition theory:
Stage 3 occurs once a society is _________ industrialized; birthrates _________, while life expectancy continues to increase. Death rates continue to _________ .
- thoroughly
- decline
- decrease
Four-stages of Demographic transition theory:
Stage 4, we see the _________ era of a society. Birth and death rates are _________, people are healthier and live longer, and society enters a phase of population _________ .
- postindustrial
- low
- stability
_________ is the study of the social, political, and economic relationships in cities
Urbanization
_________ : communities surrounding cities, typically close enough for a daily commute in, but far enough away to allow for more space than city living affords.
Suburbs
_________ : communities that exist outside the ring of suburbs and are typically populated by even wealthier families who want more space and have the resources to lengthen their commute.
exurbs
_________ is a functionalist field of study that looks at on the relationship between people and their built and natural physical environments
Human ecology
(NIMBY) = _________
Not In My Back Yard
In My Back Yard (NIMBY) movements are more likely to emerge in _________ and upper-class neighborhoods as engaged citizens protest poor _________ practices they fear will affect them,
- middle
- environmental
_________ studies the way humans interact with their environments
environmental sociology
_________ sociology is a new area in our field and one of significant importance
environmental
_________ is the term now used to refer to long-term shifts in temperatures due to human activity and, in particular, the release of greenhouse gases into the environment.
climate change
_________ refers to the way in which minority group neighborhoods are burdened with a disproportionate number of hazards, including toxic waste facilities, garbage dumps, and other sources of environmental pollution
Environmental racism
_________ noninstitutionalized activity in which several or many people voluntarily engage.
collective behavior
-WHO-
_________ : Emergent Norm Theory
Smelser’s
_________ : theory asserts that, in this circumstance, people perceive and respond to the crowd situation with their particular (individual) set of norms, which may change as the crowd experience evolves.
Emergent norm
Emergent norm theory asserts that, in this circumstance, people perceive and respond to the crowd situation with their particular (individual) set of _________, which may _________ as the crowd experience evolves.
- norms
- change
_________ : which is another way of explaining some types of Collective behavior
convergent theory
_________ movements seek to change something specific about the social structure.
Reform
_________ movements seek to completely change every aspect of society.
Revolutionary
_________ movements are “meaning seeking,” and their goal is to provoke inner change or spiritual growth in individuals
Religious/Redemptive
_________ movements are focused on self- improvement and limited, specific changes to individual beliefs and behavior.
Alternative
_________ movements seek to prevent or undo change to the social structure. The Ku Klux Klan, the Minutemen, and pro-life movements fall into this category.
Resistance
_________ : explanation of how individuals identify and understand social events and which norms they should follow in any given situation
frames
“bridging” “amplification” “extension” are ways in which social movements can _________
grow
_________ means a complete revision of goals. Once a movement has succeeded, it risks losing relevance.
Transformation
Social movements are not _________, but take on some of those qualities over time.
organizations
