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Sociology 191 > Test 1 - Chapters 1-3 > Flashcards

Test 1 - Chapters 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sociologists working from the ________-level study small groups and individual interactions

A

micro

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2
Q

Sociologists using ________-level analysis look at trends among and between large groups and societies

A

macro

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3
Q

________ an awareness of the relationship between a person’s behavior and experience and the wider culture that shaped the person’s choices and perceptions.

A

sociological imagination

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4
Q

________ a way of seeing our own and other people’s behavior in relationship to history and social structure

A

sociological imagination

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5
Q
  • -WHO–

- Sociological imagination

A

C. Wright Mills

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6
Q
  • -WHO–

- The world’s first sociologist:

A

Ibn Khaldun

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7
Q

–WHO–

Predated the rise of sociology but serves as inspiration for modern feminist sociology:

A

Mary Wollstonecraft

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8
Q

–WHO–

Gave voice the first observation that there were inequalities in society based on sex:

A

Mary Wollstonecraft

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9
Q

–WHO–

The Father of Sociology :

A

Auguste Comte

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10
Q

–WHO–
Sociologists have to look behind the circumstances of the individual, to find the large scale and unseen social forces that are acting upon that individual.

A

Auguste Comte

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11
Q
  • Auguste Comte-
  • Sociologists have to look behind the ________ of the individual, to find the large scale and unseen ________ forces that are acting upon that individual.
A
  • circumstances

- social

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12
Q

________ - scientific study of social patterns

A

positivism

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13
Q

________ named the scientific study of social patterns positivism

A

Comte

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14
Q

________ - explanation based on observation, experiment

and comparison

A

positivist

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15
Q

________ -the First Woman Sociologist

A

-Harriet Martineau

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16
Q

Martineau found the workings of ________ at odds with the professed ________ principles of people in the United States

A
  • capitalism

- moral

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17
Q

Auguste Harriet Martineau was the first person to do a peace of ________ research and the first to argue for an underlying ________ code

A
  • sociological

- moral

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18
Q

Marx looked at the same social conditions as Spencer, but rather than ________, he saw economic ________

A
  • evolution

- exploitation

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19
Q

________ held that the wealthy were deliberately controlling both the ________ systems and the governments in an attempt to increase their ________ at the expense of the working poor.

A
  • Marx
  • economic
  • wealth
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20
Q

________ theory was actually one of economic determinism

A

Marx

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21
Q

–WHO–

His major contribution to Sociology was in opening up the analysis of economic classes and economic conflict.

A

Marx

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22
Q

Marx argued that the source of social change was ________

A

economic determinism

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23
Q

Marx explained the faults of ________. His work gave birth to what we call ________ theory

A
  • capitalism

- conflict

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24
Q

________ argued that all social change could be attributed to the natural forces of evolution. That proved wrong, but in science we learn from our mistakes as well as our successes

A

Spencer

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25
Q

Spencer argued that all social change could be attributed to the natural forces of ________. That proved wrong, but in ________ we learn from our mistakes as well as our successes

A
  • evolution

- science

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26
Q

________ was also one of the first people to discuss

the Division of Labor in societies

A

Durkheim

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27
Q

________ - refers to how
work was becoming more and more specialized, and
how that effort was structured and coordinated.

A

Division of Labor

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28
Q
  • -WHO–

- Social solidarity / mechanical solidarity

A

Durkheim

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29
Q

________ - unifying affect in society how work was becoming more and more specialized, and
how that effort was structured and coordinated

A

Social solidarity / mechanical solidarity

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30
Q

A very significant contribution of ________ was his observation
that societies are ________

A
  • Weber

- stratified

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31
Q

–Weber–

________ - divided into layers of people with unequal access to the benefits of that society.

A

stratified

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32
Q 
--Weber--
His criteria for “stratification” were:
•\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
•power
•\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A
  • property (wealth)

- prestige

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33
Q

________ - tentative explanation for the problem

A

hypothesis

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34
Q

________ - The way each part of society functions together to contribute to the whole

A

Structural Functionalism

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35
Q

________ - The way inequalities contribute to social differences and perpetuate differences in power

A

Conflict Theory

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36
Q

________- One-to-one interactions and communications

A

Symbolic Interactionism

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37
Q

________ - In a healthy society, all parts work together to maintain stability

A

dynamic equilibrium

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38
Q

________- The consequences of a social process that are sought or anticipated

A

Manifest functions

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39
Q

________ - The unsought consequences of a social process

A

latent functions

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40
Q
  • -WHO–
  • Manifest functions
  • Latent functions
A

Robert Merton

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41
Q

________ - looks at society as a competition for limited resources

A

Conflict theory

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42
Q

Conflict theory - is a ________- level approach most identified with the writings of German philosopher and sociologist ________

A
  • macro

- Karl Marx

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43
Q

modern “feminist theory” is a type of “________” approach to ________ issues

A
  • conflict

- gender

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44
Q

________ - focuses on the relationships among individuals within a society

A

Symbolic interactionism

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45
Q

Symbolic interactionism is a ________-level theory that focuses on the ________ among individuals within a society

A
  • micro

- relationships

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46
Q

________ - idea that social systems are whatever people interpret them to be

A

constructivism

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47
Q

–WHO–

sociology is “obvious” until you encounter something counterintuitive

A

Peter Berger

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48
Q

-

A
  • cyberbullying

- Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD)

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49
Q

________ - evidence that comes from direct experience, scientifically gathered data, or experimentation.

A

empirical evidence

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50
Q

empirical evidence - evidence that comes from direct ________, scientifically gathered data, or ________ .

A
  • experience

- experimentation

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51
Q

________ - technique in which the results of virtually all previous studies on a specific subject are evaluated together

A

Meta-analysis

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52
Q

Rotton and Kelly’s meta-analysis included thirty-seven prior studies on the effects of the ________ on crime rates, and the overall findings were that full moons are entirely ________ to crime, suicide, psychiatric problems

A
  • full moon

- unrelated

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53
Q

________ - refers to how likely research results are to be replicated if the study is reproduced

A

reliability

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54
Q

________ - refers to how well the study measures what it was designed to measure

A

validity

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55
Q

3 rules of the Scientific Method:

  1. IF YOU ________ SEE IT, YOU CAN’T TALK ABOUT IT.
  2. IF YOU ________ SEE IT, WHEN YOU TALK ABOUT IT, YOU HAVE TO MAKE SENSE.
  3. ________ EVERYTHING !!
A
  • CAN’T
  • CAN
  • TEST
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56
Q

________ - define the concept in terms of the physical or concrete steps it takes to objectively measure it

A

operational definition

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57
Q

________ - where we start when defining an idea or behavior

A

conceptual definition

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58
Q

________ - define it in a way that gives us something to actually measure

A

operational definition

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59
Q

________ - the cause of the change

A

independent variables

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60
Q

________ - the effect, or thing that is changed

A

dependent variable

61
Q

________ - where people change their behavior because they know they are being watched as part of a study.

A

Hawthorne effect

62
Q

________ - collects data from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviors and opinions, often in the form of a questionnaire

A

survey research

63
Q
  • survey research -

Written are usually called ________ and verbal are usually called “________”

A
  • surveys

- interviews

64
Q

________ - people who are the focus of a study, such as college athletes, international students, or teenagers living with type 1 (juvenile-onset) diabetes

A

population

65
Q

________

  • a manageable number of subjects who represent a larger population.
  • a small sector of the population,
A

sample

66
Q

________ - every person in a population has the same chance of being chosen for the study

A

random sample

67
Q

________ - results that are subjective and often based on what is seen in a natural setting

A

qualitative research

68
Q

________ - refers to gathering primary data from a natural environment without doing a lab experiment or a survey

A

Field research

69
Q

________ - refers to the preliminary kinds of studies that lead to conceptual ideas for further research

A

field research

70
Q

________ - Researchers join people and participate in a group’s routine activities for the purpose of observing them within that context

A

participant observation

71
Q

________ - The extended observation of the social perspective and cultural values of an entire social setting.

A

Ethnography

72
Q

________ - involve objective observation of an entire community.

A

Ethnographies

73
Q

________ - in-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual.

A

Case study

74
Q

________ - also called “wild child,” is one who grows up isolated from human beings

A

feral child

75
Q

You would use a ________ to study Feral children

A

Case study

76
Q

________ - meaning they investigate relationships to test a hypothesis—a scientific approach

A

experiment

77
Q

two main types of experiments: ________ experiments and ________ experiments

A
  • lab-based

- natural or field

78
Q

Black Panther bumper sticker ________

A

experiment

79
Q

________ - doesn’t result from firsthand research collected from primary sources, but are the already completed work of other researchers.

A

Secondary data analysis

80
Q

________ - applying a systematic approach to record and value information gleaned from secondary data as they relate to the study at hand

A

content analysis

81
Q

________ —formal guidelines for conducting sociological research—consisting of principles and ethical standards to be used in the discipline.

A

code of ethics

82
Q

________ - describes procedures for filing, investigating, and resolving complaints of unethical conduct.

A

code of ethics

83
Q

-Sociological Research Methods -
________ :
• Questionnaires • Interviews

A

Survey

84
Q 
-Sociological Research Methods -
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ :
• Observation
• Participant
observation
• Ethnography
• Case study
A

Field Work

85
Q

-Sociological Research Methods -
________ :
• Deliberate manipulation of social customs and mores

A

Experiment

86
Q

-Sociological Research Methods -
________ :
• Analysis of government data (census, health, crime statistics)
• Research of historic documents

A

Secondary Data Analysis

87
Q

________ - shared beliefs, values, and practices, that participants must learn

A

culture

88
Q

________ - a group of people who share a community and a culture

A

society

89
Q

________ culture refers to the objects or belongings of a group of people

A

Material

90
Q

________ - consists of the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society

A

Nonmaterial culture

91
Q

________ is basically stuff you can touch

A

Material Culture

92
Q

________ is basically ideas and beliefs

A

Non-Material Culture

93
Q

________ - everything that has shared meaning for the members of a society or social system

A

Culture

94
Q

________ are patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies.

A

Cultural universals

95
Q

cultures also share common elements: ________

A

Cultural universals

96
Q

Example of ________

-Music, such as in a film, it turns out, is a sort of universal language

A

Cultural universals

97
Q

________ - the deliberate imposition of one’s own cultural values on another culture

A

cultural imperialism

98
Q

People with the best intentions sometimes travel to a society to “help” its people, because they see them as uneducated or backward—essentially inferior. In reality, these travelers are guilty of ________

A

cultural imperialism

99
Q

________ - Ethnocentrism can be so strong that when confronted with all of the differences of a new culture, one may experience disorientation and frustration

A

culture shock

100
Q

________ - the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture.

A

Cultural relativism

101
Q

________ - the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true.

A

Beliefs

102
Q

________ - a culture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society

A

Values

103
Q

________ - the standards society would like to embrace and live up to.

A

ideal culture

104
Q

________ - the way society actually is, based on what occurs and exists.

A

real culture

105
Q

________ - define how to behave in accordance with what a society has defined as good, right, and important, and most members of the society adhere to them

A

Norms

106
Q

breaching experiment, breaking ________

A

Norms

107
Q

________ - are norms that embody the moral views and principles of a group.

A

Mores (mor-ays)

108
Q

________ - such as gestures, signs, objects, signals, and words—help people understand that world.

A

Symbols

109
Q

________ - is a symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted.

A

Language

110
Q

________ - is based on the idea that people experience their world through their language, and that they therefore understand their world through the culture embedded in their language.

A

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

111
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is based on the idea that people experience their world through their ________ , and that they therefore understand their world through the ________ embedded in their language.

A
  • language

- culture

112
Q

________ - a smaller cultural group within a larger culture;

A

subculture

113
Q

Biker culture, Tattoos are examples of

A

subculture

114
Q

________ - refer to this time that elapses between the introduction of a new item of material culture and its acceptance as part of nonmaterial culture

A

culture lag

115
Q

Ways culture change:

________ : Discovery and Invention

A

Innovation

116
Q

The integration of world markets and technological advances of the last decades have allowed for greater exchange between cultures through the processes of ________ and ________

A
  • globalization

- diffusion

117
Q

________ - integration of international trade and finance markets

A

globalization

118
Q

________ - the spread of material and nonmaterial culture.

A

diffusion

119
Q

Comte’s 1st big idea is that there should be a ________ to study ________ and groups

A
  • science

- societies

120
Q

Comte’s next big ideas are:
a) that societies had to be studied
as a ________, not as the sum of the ________ members

A
  • whole

- individual

121
Q

Comte’s next big ideas are:

b) it had to be based on ________ knowledge, and
c) started us looking at the parts of a society based on the ________ that they perform.

A
  • empirical

- function

122
Q

–WHO–

Positivism (________)

A

Comte

123
Q 
--WHO--
Social Darwinism  (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_)
A

Spencer

124
Q 
--WHO--
Economic Determinism (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ )
A

Marx

125
Q 
--WHO--
Pure Sociology  (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_)
A

Parsons

126
Q 
--WHO--
Applied Sociology (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_)
A

Addams

127
Q 
--WHO--
Sociological Imagination (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_)
A

Mills

128
Q

First use of math is as a ________ tool

A

logic

129
Q

-Descriptive statistics-

________ -

a. Mean or average
b. Mode
c. Median

A

Measures of Central Tendency

130
Q

-Descriptive statistics-

Measures of Central Tendency-

a. ________ or average
b. Mode
c. ________

A
  • Mean

- Median

131
Q

-Descriptive statistics-

________ -

a. Range
b. Variance
c. Standard Deviation
d. The “magic” properties of the SD

A

Measures of Dispersion

132
Q

-Descriptive statistics-

Measures of Dispersion-

a. ________
b. Variance
c. ________
d. The “magic” properties of the SD

A
  • Range

- Standard Deviation

133
Q

-Analytical statistics-

________ -

  • -coefficient of correlation
  • -the “magic” properties of the Coefficient
A

Regression analysis

134
Q

-Analytical statistics-

Regression analysis-

  • -coefficient of ________
  • -the “magic” properties of the ________
A
  • correlation

- Coefficient

135
Q

-Analytical statistics-

________ -
–the use of the Chi-Square to determine if the observed data could be due to chance alone.

A

Chi-Square

136
Q

-Analytical statistics-

Chi-Square-
–the use of the Chi-Square to determine if the ________ data could be due to ________ alone.

A
  • observed

- chance

137
Q

The tools of ________ are mainly tools we use to measure human ________

A
  • Sociology

- behavior

138
Q
  • Tools of Sociology -

The measures must be both ________ and ________

A
  • accurate

- reliable

139
Q
  • Tools of Sociology -

The most common device to gather information is the ________

A

survey

140
Q
  • Tools of Sociology -

The big problem with ________ is to ask questions that
are understandable
are not “________” or “leading” people to an answer
truly measure what they are supposed to

A
  • surveys

- loaded

141
Q
  • Tools of Sociology -

If you get the survey instrument correct, you still must also
select the right ________ of the population to get ________ results

A
  • sample

- accurate

142
Q
  • Tools of Sociology -

Another way to gather data is in an ________. You use an experiment in order to reduce and control unnecessary ________.
The same rules apply to experiments as apply to surveys.

A
  • experiment

- variables

143
Q
  • Tools of Sociology -

We use ________ probability to assist us in selecting the right
sample size to ensure representativeness and also in ________ the data.

A

-statistical

analyzing

144
Q
  • Tools of Sociology -

We also use various forms of observation to study ________,
including participant observation and the use of content analysis
of various ________ and documents.

A
  • behavior

- communications

145
Q

________ cannot be ignored or avoided. We are all born into a culture and it pretty much defines our ________ and ourselves.

A
  • culture

- life

146
Q

culture consist of:

  • ________ and non-material parts
  • language, ________, sanctions, values, ________, heritage, etc
A
  • material
  • norms
  • beliefs
147
Q

What do cultures do? That is what functions do they perform?

  • enable cooperation and ________
  • increase ________ and solidarity
  • provide an “________” to societies and other groups
A
  • organization
  • stability
  • identity
148
Q

Types of cultures:

hunting and ________, horticultural, ________, industrial, ________ industrial

A
  • gathering
  • agrarian
  • post
149
Q

Issues related to cultures:

  • Cultural ________
  • Ethnocentrism and culture ________
  • Cultural integration
  • Globalization / Glocalization
  • Cultural ________
  • Ideal vs. Real culture
A
  • conflict
  • shock
  • lag

Sociology 191 (6 decks)

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