Test 1 - Chapters 1-3 Flashcards
Sociologists working from the ________-level study small groups and individual interactions
micro
Sociologists using ________-level analysis look at trends among and between large groups and societies
macro
________ an awareness of the relationship between a person’s behavior and experience and the wider culture that shaped the person’s choices and perceptions.
sociological imagination
________ a way of seeing our own and other people’s behavior in relationship to history and social structure
sociological imagination
- -WHO–
- Sociological imagination
C. Wright Mills
- -WHO–
- The world’s first sociologist:
Ibn Khaldun
–WHO–
Predated the rise of sociology but serves as inspiration for modern feminist sociology:
Mary Wollstonecraft
–WHO–
Gave voice the first observation that there were inequalities in society based on sex:
Mary Wollstonecraft
–WHO–
The Father of Sociology :
Auguste Comte
–WHO–
Sociologists have to look behind the circumstances of the individual, to find the large scale and unseen social forces that are acting upon that individual.
Auguste Comte
- Auguste Comte-
- Sociologists have to look behind the ________ of the individual, to find the large scale and unseen ________ forces that are acting upon that individual.
- circumstances
- social
________ - scientific study of social patterns
positivism
________ named the scientific study of social patterns positivism
Comte
________ - explanation based on observation, experiment
and comparison
positivist
________ -the First Woman Sociologist
-Harriet Martineau
Martineau found the workings of ________ at odds with the professed ________ principles of people in the United States
- capitalism
- moral
Auguste Harriet Martineau was the first person to do a peace of ________ research and the first to argue for an underlying ________ code
- sociological
- moral
Marx looked at the same social conditions as Spencer, but rather than ________, he saw economic ________
- evolution
- exploitation
________ held that the wealthy were deliberately controlling both the ________ systems and the governments in an attempt to increase their ________ at the expense of the working poor.
- Marx
- economic
- wealth
________ theory was actually one of economic determinism
Marx
–WHO–
His major contribution to Sociology was in opening up the analysis of economic classes and economic conflict.
Marx
Marx argued that the source of social change was ________
economic determinism
Marx explained the faults of ________. His work gave birth to what we call ________ theory
- capitalism
- conflict
________ argued that all social change could be attributed to the natural forces of evolution. That proved wrong, but in science we learn from our mistakes as well as our successes
Spencer
Spencer argued that all social change could be attributed to the natural forces of ________. That proved wrong, but in ________ we learn from our mistakes as well as our successes
- evolution
- science
________ was also one of the first people to discuss
the Division of Labor in societies
Durkheim
________ - refers to how
work was becoming more and more specialized, and
how that effort was structured and coordinated.
Division of Labor
- -WHO–
- Social solidarity / mechanical solidarity
Durkheim
________ - unifying affect in society how work was becoming more and more specialized, and
how that effort was structured and coordinated
Social solidarity / mechanical solidarity
A very significant contribution of ________ was his observation
that societies are ________
- Weber
- stratified
–Weber–
________ - divided into layers of people with unequal access to the benefits of that society.
stratified
--Weber-- His criteria for “stratification” were: •\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ •power •\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
- property (wealth)
- prestige
________ - tentative explanation for the problem
hypothesis
________ - The way each part of society functions together to contribute to the whole
Structural Functionalism
________ - The way inequalities contribute to social differences and perpetuate differences in power
Conflict Theory
________- One-to-one interactions and communications
Symbolic Interactionism
________ - In a healthy society, all parts work together to maintain stability
dynamic equilibrium
________- The consequences of a social process that are sought or anticipated
Manifest functions
________ - The unsought consequences of a social process
latent functions
- -WHO–
- Manifest functions
- Latent functions
Robert Merton
________ - looks at society as a competition for limited resources
Conflict theory
Conflict theory - is a ________- level approach most identified with the writings of German philosopher and sociologist ________
- macro
- Karl Marx
modern “feminist theory” is a type of “________” approach to ________ issues
- conflict
- gender
________ - focuses on the relationships among individuals within a society
Symbolic interactionism
Symbolic interactionism is a ________-level theory that focuses on the ________ among individuals within a society
- micro
- relationships
________ - idea that social systems are whatever people interpret them to be
constructivism
–WHO–
sociology is “obvious” until you encounter something counterintuitive
Peter Berger
-
- cyberbullying
- Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD)
________ - evidence that comes from direct experience, scientifically gathered data, or experimentation.
empirical evidence
empirical evidence - evidence that comes from direct ________, scientifically gathered data, or ________ .
- experience
- experimentation
________ - technique in which the results of virtually all previous studies on a specific subject are evaluated together
Meta-analysis
Rotton and Kelly’s meta-analysis included thirty-seven prior studies on the effects of the ________ on crime rates, and the overall findings were that full moons are entirely ________ to crime, suicide, psychiatric problems
- full moon
- unrelated
________ - refers to how likely research results are to be replicated if the study is reproduced
reliability
________ - refers to how well the study measures what it was designed to measure
validity
3 rules of the Scientific Method:
- IF YOU ________ SEE IT, YOU CAN’T TALK ABOUT IT.
- IF YOU ________ SEE IT, WHEN YOU TALK ABOUT IT, YOU HAVE TO MAKE SENSE.
- ________ EVERYTHING !!
- CAN’T
- CAN
- TEST
________ - define the concept in terms of the physical or concrete steps it takes to objectively measure it
operational definition
________ - where we start when defining an idea or behavior
conceptual definition
________ - define it in a way that gives us something to actually measure
operational definition
________ - the cause of the change
independent variables
________ - the effect, or thing that is changed
dependent variable
________ - where people change their behavior because they know they are being watched as part of a study.
Hawthorne effect
________ - collects data from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviors and opinions, often in the form of a questionnaire
survey research
- survey research -
Written are usually called ________ and verbal are usually called “________”
- surveys
- interviews
________ - people who are the focus of a study, such as college athletes, international students, or teenagers living with type 1 (juvenile-onset) diabetes
population
________
- a manageable number of subjects who represent a larger population.
- a small sector of the population,
sample
________ - every person in a population has the same chance of being chosen for the study
random sample
________ - results that are subjective and often based on what is seen in a natural setting
qualitative research
________ - refers to gathering primary data from a natural environment without doing a lab experiment or a survey
Field research
________ - refers to the preliminary kinds of studies that lead to conceptual ideas for further research
field research
________ - Researchers join people and participate in a group’s routine activities for the purpose of observing them within that context
participant observation
________ - The extended observation of the social perspective and cultural values of an entire social setting.
Ethnography
________ - involve objective observation of an entire community.
Ethnographies
________ - in-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual.
Case study
________ - also called “wild child,” is one who grows up isolated from human beings
feral child
You would use a ________ to study Feral children
Case study
________ - meaning they investigate relationships to test a hypothesis—a scientific approach
experiment
two main types of experiments: ________ experiments and ________ experiments
- lab-based
- natural or field
Black Panther bumper sticker ________
experiment
________ - doesn’t result from firsthand research collected from primary sources, but are the already completed work of other researchers.
Secondary data analysis
________ - applying a systematic approach to record and value information gleaned from secondary data as they relate to the study at hand
content analysis
________ —formal guidelines for conducting sociological research—consisting of principles and ethical standards to be used in the discipline.
code of ethics
________ - describes procedures for filing, investigating, and resolving complaints of unethical conduct.
code of ethics
-Sociological Research Methods -
________ :
• Questionnaires • Interviews
Survey
-Sociological Research Methods - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ : • Observation • Participant observation • Ethnography • Case study
Field Work
-Sociological Research Methods -
________ :
• Deliberate manipulation of social customs and mores
Experiment
-Sociological Research Methods -
________ :
• Analysis of government data (census, health, crime statistics)
• Research of historic documents
Secondary Data Analysis
________ - shared beliefs, values, and practices, that participants must learn
culture
________ - a group of people who share a community and a culture
society
________ culture refers to the objects or belongings of a group of people
Material
________ - consists of the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society
Nonmaterial culture
________ is basically stuff you can touch
Material Culture
________ is basically ideas and beliefs
Non-Material Culture
________ - everything that has shared meaning for the members of a society or social system
Culture
________ are patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies.
Cultural universals
cultures also share common elements: ________
Cultural universals
Example of ________
-Music, such as in a film, it turns out, is a sort of universal language
Cultural universals
________ - the deliberate imposition of one’s own cultural values on another culture
cultural imperialism
People with the best intentions sometimes travel to a society to “help” its people, because they see them as uneducated or backward—essentially inferior. In reality, these travelers are guilty of ________
cultural imperialism
________ - Ethnocentrism can be so strong that when confronted with all of the differences of a new culture, one may experience disorientation and frustration
culture shock
________ - the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture.
Cultural relativism
________ - the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true.
Beliefs
________ - a culture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society
Values
________ - the standards society would like to embrace and live up to.
ideal culture
________ - the way society actually is, based on what occurs and exists.
real culture
________ - define how to behave in accordance with what a society has defined as good, right, and important, and most members of the society adhere to them
Norms
breaching experiment, breaking ________
Norms
________ - are norms that embody the moral views and principles of a group.
Mores (mor-ays)
________ - such as gestures, signs, objects, signals, and words—help people understand that world.
Symbols
________ - is a symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted.
Language
________ - is based on the idea that people experience their world through their language, and that they therefore understand their world through the culture embedded in their language.
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is based on the idea that people experience their world through their ________ , and that they therefore understand their world through the ________ embedded in their language.
- language
- culture
________ - a smaller cultural group within a larger culture;
subculture
Biker culture, Tattoos are examples of
subculture
________ - refer to this time that elapses between the introduction of a new item of material culture and its acceptance as part of nonmaterial culture
culture lag
Ways culture change:
________ : Discovery and Invention
Innovation
The integration of world markets and technological advances of the last decades have allowed for greater exchange between cultures through the processes of ________ and ________
- globalization
- diffusion
________ - integration of international trade and finance markets
globalization
________ - the spread of material and nonmaterial culture.
diffusion
Comte’s 1st big idea is that there should be a ________ to study ________ and groups
- science
- societies
Comte’s next big ideas are:
a) that societies had to be studied
as a ________, not as the sum of the ________ members
- whole
- individual
Comte’s next big ideas are:
b) it had to be based on ________ knowledge, and
c) started us looking at the parts of a society based on the ________ that they perform.
- empirical
- function
–WHO–
Positivism (________)
Comte
--WHO-- Social Darwinism (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_)
Spencer
--WHO-- Economic Determinism (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ )
Marx
--WHO-- Pure Sociology (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_)
Parsons
--WHO-- Applied Sociology (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_)
Addams
--WHO-- Sociological Imagination (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_)
Mills
First use of math is as a ________ tool
logic
-Descriptive statistics-
________ -
a. Mean or average
b. Mode
c. Median
Measures of Central Tendency
-Descriptive statistics-
Measures of Central Tendency-
a. ________ or average
b. Mode
c. ________
- Mean
- Median
-Descriptive statistics-
________ -
a. Range
b. Variance
c. Standard Deviation
d. The “magic” properties of the SD
Measures of Dispersion
-Descriptive statistics-
Measures of Dispersion-
a. ________
b. Variance
c. ________
d. The “magic” properties of the SD
- Range
- Standard Deviation
-Analytical statistics-
________ -
- -coefficient of correlation
- -the “magic” properties of the Coefficient
Regression analysis
-Analytical statistics-
Regression analysis-
- -coefficient of ________
- -the “magic” properties of the ________
- correlation
- Coefficient
-Analytical statistics-
________ -
–the use of the Chi-Square to determine if the observed data could be due to chance alone.
Chi-Square
-Analytical statistics-
Chi-Square-
–the use of the Chi-Square to determine if the ________ data could be due to ________ alone.
- observed
- chance
The tools of ________ are mainly tools we use to measure human ________
- Sociology
- behavior
- Tools of Sociology -
The measures must be both ________ and ________
- accurate
- reliable
- Tools of Sociology -
The most common device to gather information is the ________
survey
- Tools of Sociology -
The big problem with ________ is to ask questions that
are understandable
are not “________” or “leading” people to an answer
truly measure what they are supposed to
- surveys
- loaded
- Tools of Sociology -
If you get the survey instrument correct, you still must also
select the right ________ of the population to get ________ results
- sample
- accurate
- Tools of Sociology -
Another way to gather data is in an ________. You use an experiment in order to reduce and control unnecessary ________.
The same rules apply to experiments as apply to surveys.
- experiment
- variables
- Tools of Sociology -
We use ________ probability to assist us in selecting the right
sample size to ensure representativeness and also in ________ the data.
-statistical
analyzing
- Tools of Sociology -
We also use various forms of observation to study ________,
including participant observation and the use of content analysis
of various ________ and documents.
- behavior
- communications
________ cannot be ignored or avoided. We are all born into a culture and it pretty much defines our ________ and ourselves.
- culture
- life
culture consist of:
- ________ and non-material parts
- language, ________, sanctions, values, ________, heritage, etc
- material
- norms
- beliefs
What do cultures do? That is what functions do they perform?
- enable cooperation and ________
- increase ________ and solidarity
- provide an “________” to societies and other groups
- organization
- stability
- identity
Types of cultures:
hunting and ________, horticultural, ________, industrial, ________ industrial
- gathering
- agrarian
- post
Issues related to cultures:
- Cultural ________
- Ethnocentrism and culture ________
- Cultural integration
- Globalization / Glocalization
- Cultural ________
- Ideal vs. Real culture
- conflict
- shock
- lag
