Test 3 - Study Guide Flashcards
_________ : a wide variety of gatherings, from just two people, a club, a regular gathering of friends, or people who work together or share a hobby
group
People who exist in the same place at the same time but who do not interact or share a sense of identity—such as a bunch of people standing in line at Starbucks—are considered an _________, or a crowd
aggregate
An example of a nongroup is people who share similar characteristics but are not tied to one another in any way. These people are considered a _________
category
children born from approximately 1980–2000 are referred to as “Millennials. This would be considered a _________
category
_________ : suggested that groups can broadly be divided into two categories: primary groups and secondary groups
Cooley
Cooley suggested that groups can broadly be divided into two categories: _________ groups and _________ groups
- primary
- secondary
_________ group is usually fairly small and is made up of individuals who generally engage face-to-face in long-term emotional ways.
primary
_________ :This group serves emotional needs: expressive functions rather than pragmatic ones.
primary
_________ groups are often larger and impersonal.
Secondary
_________ groups are task-focused and time-limited. These groups serve an instrumental function
Secondary
_________ : created an online group for writers which became invite only. Possibly went from a secondary to a primary group
Allison Levy
_________ is the group that an individual feels she belongs to, and she believes it to be an integral part of who she is.
in-group
_________ is a group someone doesn’t belong to; often we may feel disdain or competition in relationship to an out-group.
out-group
_________ group is a group that people compare themselves to—it provides a standard of measurement
reference
_________: two-member group
dyad
_________: three-member group
triad
_________ leader is one who is goal-oriented and largely concerned with accomplishing set tasks.
instrumental
an army general or a Fortune 500 CEO would be an _________ leader.
instrumental
_________ leaders are more concerned with promoting emotional strength and health, and ensuring that people feel supported.
expressive
Social and religious leaders—rabbis, priests, imams, directors of youth homes and social service programs—are often perceived as _________ leaders.
expressive
_________ : is an ideal type of formal organization.
bureaucracy
_________ three types of formal organizations:
- Normative or Voluntary
- Coercive
- Utilitarian
Etzioni’s
Etzioni’s three types of formal organizations:
-
-Coercive
-
- Normative or Voluntary
- Utilitarian
Etzioni’s three types of formal organizations:
-Utilitarian
Coercive
_________ : refers to the aspect of bureaucracy that places one individual or office in charge of another, who in turn must answer to her own superiors.
Hierarchy of authority/leadership
_________ : refers to the fact that within a bureaucracy, each individual has a specialized task to perform
rational/clear division of labor
_________ : refers to the way in which rules are outlined, written down, and standardized.
explicit rules and procedures
_________ : which takes personal feelings out of professional situations
impersonality
_________ : meaning that hiring and promotion is based on proven and documented skills, rather than on nepotism or random choice
jobs based on merit (meritocracies)
_________ : wherein an entire organization is ruled by a few elites.
Iron Rule of Oligarchy
_________ system is one in which people are born into their social standing and will remain in it their whole lives.
caste
_________ system is based on both social factors and individual achievement. A class consists of a set of people who share similar status with regard to factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation.
class
_________ is an ideal system based on the belief that social stratification is the result of personal effort that determines social standing.
Meritocracy
social stratification is largely determine by differences in _________
status
_________ refers to a society’s categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power
Social stratification
In our society Social status is granted mainly on the basis of _________
wealth or income
power and prestige are the other 2 main determinants of _________
social status.
_________ is largely the source for this concept of the 3 factors of wealth, power, and prestige
Max Weber
Max Weber is largely the source for this concept of the 3 factors of _________, power, and _________
- wealth
- prestige
_________ : If a person has a high-status occupation, we expect them to have a high-status income, and to live in a high-status neighborhood, to shop in high-status stores and send their children to high-status universities
status consistency
_________ highly educated, but not rich or makes a lot of money but lives poor
status inconsistent
_________ refers to the ability to change positions within a social stratification system.
Social mobility
When people improve or diminish their economic status in a way that affects social class, they experience _________
social mobility
In social mobility you can move up in in social class referred to as _________
upward mobility
In social mobility you can move down in in social class referred to as _________
downward mobility
It is not uncommon for different generations of a family to belong to varying social classes. This is known as _________
intergenerational mobility
an upper-class executive may have parents who belonged to the middle class. In turn, those parents may have been raised in the lower class. This is an example of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
intergenerational mobility
_________ happens when societal changes enable a whole group of people to move up or down the social class ladder.
Structural mobility
the recent recession and the outsourcing of jobs overseas have contributed to high unemployment rates. Many people have experienced economic setbacks, creating a wave of downward
structural mobility.
_________ compares the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries across the world
Global stratification
_________ highlights worldwide patterns of social inequality.
Global stratification
_________ theory is found in the Davis-Moore thesis
functionalist
The Davis-Moore thesis, which argued that the greater the _________ importance of a social role, the greater must be the _________
- functional
- reward
According to _________, different aspects of society exist because they serve a needed purpose.
functionalism
_________ countered the Davis-Moore thesis in by questioning what determined a job’s degree of importance
Melvin Tumin
_________ argued, why a media personality with little education, skill, or talent becomes famous and rich on a reality show or a campaign trail. The thesis also does not explain inequalities in the education system or inequalities due to race or gender.
Melvin Tumin
_________ explains social stratification on the basis of power
Conflict theory
_________ are deeply critical of social stratification, asserting that it benefits only some people, not all of society.
Conflict theorists
_________ is the main source of Conflict theory
Karl Marx
_________ theory boils down to the concept of who do you know
Symbolic Interaction
_________ examines stratification from a micro-level perspective. This analysis strives to explain how people’s social standing affects their everyday interactions.
Symbolic interactionism
The April 24, 2013 collapse of the Rana Plaza in Dhaka, Bangladesh that killed over 1,100 people, was the deadliest garment factory accident in history, and it was preventable
Example of _________
Global Inequality
_________ measures income inequality between countries using a 100-point scale on which 1 represents complete equality and 100 represents the highest possible inequality
The GINI coefficient
The GINI coefficient measures income _________ between countries using a 100-point scale on which 1 represents complete _________ and 100 represents the highest possible _________
- inequality
- equality
- inequality
_________ refers to stigmatized minority groups that were denied a political voice all over the globe (indigenous minority populations, prisoners, and the homeless, for example)
fourth world
fourth world refers to stigmatized minority groups that were denied a _________ voice all over the globe (_________ minority populations, prisoners, and the _________ )
- political
- indigenous
- homeless
_________ terms of core nations, peripheral nations, and semi-peripheral nations
Wallersteins
_________ nations are dominant capitalist countries, highly industrialized, technological, and urbanized.
Core
_________ nations have very little industrialization; what they do have often represents the outdated castoffs of core nations
Peripheral
_________ nations are in-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but nevertheless acting as a major source for raw material and an expanding middle-class marketplace for core nations
Semi-peripheral
_________ poverty is a state of living where people can afford necessities but are unable to meet their society’s average standard of living.
Relative
_________ poverty people lack even the basic necessities
absolute
_________ : around the world, women are bearing a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty.
global feminization of poverty
_________ : more women live in poor conditions, receive inadequate healthcare, bear the brunt of malnutrition and inadequate drinking water,
global feminization of poverty
_________ Three Types of Authority:
- Traditional
- Charismatic
- Legal-Rational
Weber’s
Weber’s Three Types of Authority:
-
-Charismatic
-
- Traditional
- Legal-Rational
GDP = _________
Gross Domestic Product (Per Capita)
Country that is #1 in GDP [Gross Domestic Product Per Capita] is: _________
Qatar
$102,100
The GDP per capita of the poorest country is ___ times less than that of the wealthiest country.
255
