Test 3 - Study Guide

Question 1

_________ : a wide variety of gatherings, from just two people, a club, a regular gathering of friends, or people who work together or share a hobby

Answer 1

group

Question 2

People who exist in the same place at the same time but who do not interact or share a sense of identity—such as a bunch of people standing in line at Starbucks—are considered an _________, or a crowd

Answer 2

aggregate

Question 3

An example of a nongroup is people who share similar characteristics but are not tied to one another in any way. These people are considered a _________

Answer 3

category

Question 4

children born from approximately 1980–2000 are referred to as “Millennials. This would be considered a _________

Answer 4

category

Question 5

_________ : suggested that groups can broadly be divided into two categories: primary groups and secondary groups

Answer 5

Cooley

Question 6

Cooley suggested that groups can broadly be divided into two categories: _________ groups and _________ groups

Answer 6

• primary

- secondary

Question 7

_________ group is usually fairly small and is made up of individuals who generally engage face-to-face in long-term emotional ways.

Answer 7

primary

Question 8

_________ :This group serves emotional needs: expressive functions rather than pragmatic ones.

Answer 8

primary

Question 9

_________ groups are often larger and impersonal.

Answer 9

Secondary

Question 10

_________ groups are task-focused and time-limited. These groups serve an instrumental function

Answer 10

Secondary

Question 11

_________ : created an online group for writers which became invite only. Possibly went from a secondary to a primary group

Answer 11

Allison Levy

Question 12

_________ is the group that an individual feels she belongs to, and she believes it to be an integral part of who she is.

Answer 12

in-group

Question 13

_________ is a group someone doesn’t belong to; often we may feel disdain or competition in relationship to an out-group.

Answer 13

out-group

Question 14

_________ group is a group that people compare themselves to—it provides a standard of measurement

Answer 14

reference

Question 15

_________: two-member group

Answer 15

dyad

Question 16

_________: three-member group

Answer 16

triad

Question 17

_________ leader is one who is goal-oriented and largely concerned with accomplishing set tasks.

Answer 17

instrumental

Question 18

an army general or a Fortune 500 CEO would be an _________ leader.

Answer 18

instrumental

Question 19

_________ leaders are more concerned with promoting emotional strength and health, and ensuring that people feel supported.

Answer 19

expressive

Question 20

Social and religious leaders—rabbis, priests, imams, directors of youth homes and social service programs—are often perceived as _________ leaders.

Answer 20

expressive

Question 21

_________ : is an ideal type of formal organization.

Answer 21

bureaucracy

Question 22

_________ three types of formal organizations:

• Normative or Voluntary
• Coercive
• Utilitarian

Answer 22

Etzioni’s

Question 23

Etzioni’s three types of formal organizations:

-
-Coercive
-

Answer 23

• Normative or Voluntary

- Utilitarian

Question 24

Etzioni’s three types of formal organizations:

-Utilitarian

Answer 24

Coercive

Question 25

_________ : refers to the aspect of bureaucracy that places one individual or office in charge of another, who in turn must answer to her own superiors.

Answer 25

Hierarchy of authority/leadership

Question 26

_________ : refers to the fact that within a bureaucracy, each individual has a specialized task to perform

Answer 26

rational/clear division of labor

Question 27

_________ : refers to the way in which rules are outlined, written down, and standardized.

Answer 27

explicit rules and procedures

Question 28

_________ : which takes personal feelings out of professional situations

Answer 28

impersonality

Question 29

_________ : meaning that hiring and promotion is based on proven and documented skills, rather than on nepotism or random choice

Answer 29

jobs based on merit (meritocracies)

Question 30

_________ : wherein an entire organization is ruled by a few elites.

Answer 30

Iron Rule of Oligarchy

Question 31

_________ system is one in which people are born into their social standing and will remain in it their whole lives.

Answer 31

caste

Question 32

_________ system is based on both social factors and individual achievement. A class consists of a set of people who share similar status with regard to factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation.

Answer 32

class

Question 33

_________ is an ideal system based on the belief that social stratification is the result of personal effort that determines social standing.

Answer 33

Meritocracy

Question 34

social stratification is largely determine by differences in _________

Answer 34

status

Question 35

_________ refers to a society’s categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power

Answer 35

Social stratification

Question 36

In our society Social status is granted mainly on the basis of _________

Answer 36

wealth or income

Question 37

power and prestige are the other 2 main determinants of _________

Answer 37

social status.

Question 38

_________ is largely the source for this concept of the 3 factors of wealth, power, and prestige

Answer 38

Max Weber

Question 39

Max Weber is largely the source for this concept of the 3 factors of _________, power, and _________

Answer 39

- wealth | - prestige

Question 40

_________ : If a person has a high-status occupation, we expect them to have a high-status income, and to live in a high-status neighborhood, to shop in high-status stores and send their children to high-status universities

Answer 40

status consistency

Question 41

_________ highly educated, but not rich or makes a lot of money but lives poor

Answer 41

status inconsistent

Question 42

_________ refers to the ability to change positions within a social stratification system.

Answer 42

Social mobility

Question 43

When people improve or diminish their economic status in a way that affects social class, they experience _________

Answer 43

social mobility

Question 44

In social mobility you can move up in in social class referred to as _________

Answer 44

upward mobility

Question 45

In social mobility you can move down in in social class referred to as _________

Answer 45

downward mobility

Question 46

It is not uncommon for different generations of a family to belong to varying social classes. This is known as _________

Answer 46

intergenerational mobility

Question 47

``` an upper-class executive may have parents who belonged to the middle class. In turn, those parents may have been raised in the lower class. This is an example of _________ ```

Answer 47

intergenerational mobility

Question 48

_________ happens when societal changes enable a whole group of people to move up or down the social class ladder.

Answer 48

Structural mobility

Question 49

the recent recession and the outsourcing of jobs overseas have contributed to high unemployment rates. Many people have experienced economic setbacks, creating a wave of downward

Answer 49

structural mobility.

Question 50

_________ compares the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries across the world

Answer 50

Global stratification

Question 51

_________ highlights worldwide patterns of social inequality.

Answer 51

Global stratification

Question 52

_________ theory is found in the Davis-Moore thesis

Answer 52

functionalist

Question 53

The Davis-Moore thesis, which argued that the greater the _________ importance of a social role, the greater must be the _________

Answer 53

- functional | - reward

Question 54

According to _________, different aspects of society exist because they serve a needed purpose.

Answer 54

functionalism

Question 55

_________ countered the Davis-Moore thesis in by questioning what determined a job’s degree of importance

Answer 55

Melvin Tumin

Question 56

_________ argued, why a media personality with little education, skill, or talent becomes famous and rich on a reality show or a campaign trail. The thesis also does not explain inequalities in the education system or inequalities due to race or gender.

Answer 56

Melvin Tumin

Question 57

_________ explains social stratification on the basis of power

Answer 57

Conflict theory

Question 58

_________ are deeply critical of social stratification, asserting that it benefits only some people, not all of society.

Answer 58

Conflict theorists

Question 59

_________ is the main source of Conflict theory

Answer 59

Karl Marx

Question 60

_________ theory boils down to the concept of who do you know

Answer 60

Symbolic Interaction

Question 61

_________ examines stratification from a micro-level perspective. This analysis strives to explain how people’s social standing affects their everyday interactions.

Answer 61

Symbolic interactionism

Question 62

The April 24, 2013 collapse of the Rana Plaza in Dhaka, Bangladesh that killed over 1,100 people, was the deadliest garment factory accident in history, and it was preventable Example of _________

Answer 62

Global Inequality

Question 63

_________ measures income inequality between countries using a 100-point scale on which 1 represents complete equality and 100 represents the highest possible inequality

Answer 63

The GINI coefficient

Question 64

The GINI coefficient measures income _________ between countries using a 100-point scale on which 1 represents complete _________ and 100 represents the highest possible _________

Answer 64

- inequality - equality - inequality

Question 65

_________ refers to stigmatized minority groups that were denied a political voice all over the globe (indigenous minority populations, prisoners, and the homeless, for example)

Answer 65

fourth world

Question 66

fourth world refers to stigmatized minority groups that were denied a _________ voice all over the globe (_________ minority populations, prisoners, and the _________ )

Answer 66

- political - indigenous - homeless

Question 67

_________ terms of core nations, peripheral nations, and semi-peripheral nations

Answer 67

Wallersteins

Question 68

_________ nations are dominant capitalist countries, highly industrialized, technological, and urbanized.

Answer 68

Core

Question 69

_________ nations have very little industrialization; what they do have often represents the outdated castoffs of core nations

Answer 69

Peripheral

Question 70

_________ nations are in-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but nevertheless acting as a major source for raw material and an expanding middle-class marketplace for core nations

Answer 70

Semi-peripheral

Question 71

_________ poverty is a state of living where people can afford necessities but are unable to meet their society’s average standard of living.

Answer 71

Relative

Question 72

_________ poverty people lack even the basic necessities

Answer 72

absolute

Question 73

_________ : around the world, women are bearing a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty.

Answer 73

global feminization of poverty

Question 74

_________ : more women live in poor conditions, receive inadequate healthcare, bear the brunt of malnutrition and inadequate drinking water,

Answer 74

global feminization of poverty

Question 75

_________ Three Types of Authority: - Traditional - Charismatic - Legal-Rational

Answer 75

Weber’s

Question 76

Weber’s Three Types of Authority: - -Charismatic -

Answer 76

- Traditional | - Legal-Rational

Question 77

GDP = _________

Answer 77

Gross Domestic Product (Per Capita)

Question 78

Country that is #1 in GDP [Gross Domestic Product Per Capita] is: _________

Answer 78

Qatar | $102,100

Question 79

The GDP per capita of the poorest country is ___ times less than that of the wealthiest country.

Answer 79

255