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Sociology 191 > Test 3 - Study Guide > Flashcards

Test 3 - Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

_________ : a wide variety of gatherings, from just two people, a club, a regular gathering of friends, or people who work together or share a hobby

A

group

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2
Q

People who exist in the same place at the same time but who do not interact or share a sense of identity—such as a bunch of people standing in line at Starbucks—are considered an _________, or a crowd

A

aggregate

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3
Q

An example of a nongroup is people who share similar characteristics but are not tied to one another in any way. These people are considered a _________

A

category

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4
Q

children born from approximately 1980–2000 are referred to as “Millennials. This would be considered a _________

A

category

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5
Q

_________ : suggested that groups can broadly be divided into two categories: primary groups and secondary groups

A

Cooley

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6
Q

Cooley suggested that groups can broadly be divided into two categories: _________ groups and _________ groups

A
  • primary

- secondary

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7
Q

_________ group is usually fairly small and is made up of individuals who generally engage face-to-face in long-term emotional ways.

A

primary

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8
Q

_________ :This group serves emotional needs: expressive functions rather than pragmatic ones.

A

primary

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9
Q

_________ groups are often larger and impersonal.

A

Secondary

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10
Q

_________ groups are task-focused and time-limited. These groups serve an instrumental function

A

Secondary

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11
Q

_________ : created an online group for writers which became invite only. Possibly went from a secondary to a primary group

A

Allison Levy

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12
Q

_________ is the group that an individual feels she belongs to, and she believes it to be an integral part of who she is.

A

in-group

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13
Q

_________ is a group someone doesn’t belong to; often we may feel disdain or competition in relationship to an out-group.

A

out-group

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14
Q

_________ group is a group that people compare themselves to—it provides a standard of measurement

A

reference

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15
Q

_________: two-member group

A

dyad

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16
Q

_________: three-member group

A

triad

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17
Q

_________ leader is one who is goal-oriented and largely concerned with accomplishing set tasks.

A

instrumental

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18
Q

an army general or a Fortune 500 CEO would be an _________ leader.

A

instrumental

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19
Q

_________ leaders are more concerned with promoting emotional strength and health, and ensuring that people feel supported.

A

expressive

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20
Q

Social and religious leaders—rabbis, priests, imams, directors of youth homes and social service programs—are often perceived as _________ leaders.

A

expressive

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21
Q

_________ : is an ideal type of formal organization.

A

bureaucracy

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22
Q

_________ three types of formal organizations:

  • Normative or Voluntary
  • Coercive
  • Utilitarian
A

Etzioni’s

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23
Q

Etzioni’s three types of formal organizations:

-
-Coercive
-

A
  • Normative or Voluntary

- Utilitarian

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24
Q

Etzioni’s three types of formal organizations:

-Utilitarian

A

Coercive

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25
Q

_________ : refers to the aspect of bureaucracy that places one individual or office in charge of another, who in turn must answer to her own superiors.

A

Hierarchy of authority/leadership

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26
Q

_________ : refers to the fact that within a bureaucracy, each individual has a specialized task to perform

A

rational/clear division of labor

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27
Q

_________ : refers to the way in which rules are outlined, written down, and standardized.

A

explicit rules and procedures

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28
Q

_________ : which takes personal feelings out of professional situations

A

impersonality

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29
Q

_________ : meaning that hiring and promotion is based on proven and documented skills, rather than on nepotism or random choice

A

jobs based on merit (meritocracies)

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30
Q

_________ : wherein an entire organization is ruled by a few elites.

A

Iron Rule of Oligarchy

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31
Q

_________ system is one in which people are born into their social standing and will remain in it their whole lives.

A

caste

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32
Q

_________ system is based on both social factors and individual achievement. A class consists of a set of people who share similar status with regard to factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation.

A

class

33
Q

_________ is an ideal system based on the belief that social stratification is the result of personal effort that determines social standing.

A

Meritocracy

34
Q

social stratification is largely determine by differences in _________

A

status

35
Q

_________ refers to a society’s categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power

A

Social stratification

36
Q

In our society Social status is granted mainly on the basis of _________

A

wealth or income

37
Q

power and prestige are the other 2 main determinants of _________

A

social status.

38
Q

_________ is largely the source for this concept of the 3 factors of wealth, power, and prestige

A

Max Weber

39
Q

Max Weber is largely the source for this concept of the 3 factors of _________, power, and _________

A
  • wealth

- prestige

40
Q

_________ : If a person has a high-status occupation, we expect them to have a high-status income, and to live in a high-status neighborhood, to shop in high-status stores and send their children to high-status universities

A

status consistency

41
Q

_________ highly educated, but not rich or makes a lot of money but lives poor

A

status inconsistent

42
Q

_________ refers to the ability to change positions within a social stratification system.

A

Social mobility

43
Q

When people improve or diminish their economic status in a way that affects social class, they experience _________

A

social mobility

44
Q

In social mobility you can move up in in social class referred to as _________

A

upward mobility

45
Q

In social mobility you can move down in in social class referred to as _________

A

downward mobility

46
Q

It is not uncommon for different generations of a family to belong to varying social classes. This is known as _________

A

intergenerational mobility

47
Q 
an upper-class executive may have parents who belonged to the middle class. In turn, those parents may have been raised in the lower class.
This is an example of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

intergenerational mobility

48
Q

_________ happens when societal changes enable a whole group of people to move up or down the social class ladder.

A

Structural mobility

49
Q

the recent recession and the outsourcing of jobs overseas have contributed to high unemployment rates. Many people have experienced economic setbacks, creating a wave of downward

A

structural mobility.

50
Q

_________ compares the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries across the world

A

Global stratification

51
Q

_________ highlights worldwide patterns of social inequality.

A

Global stratification

52
Q

_________ theory is found in the Davis-Moore thesis

A

functionalist

53
Q

The Davis-Moore thesis, which argued that the greater the _________ importance of a social role, the greater must be the _________

A
  • functional

- reward

54
Q

According to _________, different aspects of society exist because they serve a needed purpose.

A

functionalism

55
Q

_________ countered the Davis-Moore thesis in by questioning what determined a job’s degree of importance

A

Melvin Tumin

56
Q

_________ argued, why a media personality with little education, skill, or talent becomes famous and rich on a reality show or a campaign trail. The thesis also does not explain inequalities in the education system or inequalities due to race or gender.

A

Melvin Tumin

57
Q

_________ explains social stratification on the basis of power

A

Conflict theory

58
Q

_________ are deeply critical of social stratification, asserting that it benefits only some people, not all of society.

A

Conflict theorists

59
Q

_________ is the main source of Conflict theory

A

Karl Marx

60
Q

_________ theory boils down to the concept of who do you know

A

Symbolic Interaction

61
Q

_________ examines stratification from a micro-level perspective. This analysis strives to explain how people’s social standing affects their everyday interactions.

A

Symbolic interactionism

62
Q

The April 24, 2013 collapse of the Rana Plaza in Dhaka, Bangladesh that killed over 1,100 people, was the deadliest garment factory accident in history, and it was preventable
Example of _________

A

Global Inequality

63
Q

_________ measures income inequality between countries using a 100-point scale on which 1 represents complete equality and 100 represents the highest possible inequality

A

The GINI coefficient

64
Q

The GINI coefficient measures income _________ between countries using a 100-point scale on which 1 represents complete _________ and 100 represents the highest possible _________

A
  • inequality
  • equality
  • inequality
65
Q

_________ refers to stigmatized minority groups that were denied a political voice all over the globe (indigenous minority populations, prisoners, and the homeless, for example)

A

fourth world

66
Q

fourth world refers to stigmatized minority groups that were denied a _________ voice all over the globe (_________ minority populations, prisoners, and the _________ )

A
  • political
  • indigenous
  • homeless
67
Q

_________ terms of core nations, peripheral nations, and semi-peripheral nations

A

Wallersteins

68
Q

_________ nations are dominant capitalist countries, highly industrialized, technological, and urbanized.

A

Core

69
Q

_________ nations have very little industrialization; what they do have often represents the outdated castoffs of core nations

A

Peripheral

70
Q

_________ nations are in-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but nevertheless acting as a major source for raw material and an expanding middle-class marketplace for core nations

A

Semi-peripheral

71
Q

_________ poverty is a state of living where people can afford necessities but are unable to meet their society’s average standard of living.

A

Relative

72
Q

_________ poverty people lack even the basic necessities

A

absolute

73
Q

_________ : around the world, women are bearing a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty.

A

global feminization of poverty

74
Q

_________ : more women live in poor conditions, receive inadequate healthcare, bear the brunt of malnutrition and inadequate drinking water,

A

global feminization of poverty

75
Q

_________ Three Types of Authority:

  • Traditional
  • Charismatic
  • Legal-Rational
A

Weber’s

76
Q

Weber’s Three Types of Authority:

-
-Charismatic
-

A
  • Traditional

- Legal-Rational

77
Q

GDP = _________

A

Gross Domestic Product (Per Capita)

78
Q

Country that is #1 in GDP [Gross Domestic Product Per Capita] is: _________

A

Qatar

$102,100

79
Q

The GDP per capita of the poorest country is ___ times less than that of the wealthiest country.

A

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Sociology 191 (6 decks)

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