Test 3 - P.P. Flashcards
simple definition of a group:
_________ or more people, acting together, in pursuit of a _________ goal.
- Two
- common
Elements of Social Structure:
-Roles
-
- Sanctions
- Status
Elements of Social Structure:
-
-Sanctions
-
-Status
- Norms
- Roles
_________ Groups:
Relationships that are based
on family, friendship, affection or similar kinds of bonds.
Primary
_________ Groups: Relationships such as Co-workers, customer/sales clerk, committee
members, doctor/patient
Primary
- WHO -
Primary and Secondary groups
Cooley
_________ groups are the groups that we are most
concerned about gaining approval from, or “fitting
into.”
Reference
_________ groups are defined on the basis
of whether we are members of the group or not.
In and out
Without these two basic ideas, joint effort in groups would not be possible.
- COOPERATION
- EXCHANGE
_________ implies that we are trading our effort for something we consider to be of equal or greater value
Exchange
_________ implies a
willing sharing of effort in anticipation of sharing in a group reward.
Cooperation
Slavery isn’t a matter of cooperation, it is a matter of _________
coercion
A branch of sociology that has it’s focus on how small groups form and function is _________
sociometry
A _________ is a two-person group.
dyad
_________ : interaction in 2 person groups.
dyadic interaction
All groups have some characteristics in common. These are the basic elements of _________ . All groups have to have Norms, or _________. They have to have some ways to enforce norms, which are
positive and negative _________
- social structure
- rules
- Sanctions
Rules (and roles and sanctions) seem to emerge whenever 2 or more people spend any significant time with each other. That is why we refer to such characteristics as _________
emergent traits
Rules _________ when people come together and form a group
emerge
So in small groups, rules are unwritten or even just understood. We refer such rules by the term _________. Technically: informal norms.
informal
With the advent of Unions, the _________ (writing down) of rules for work took on more significance as a way to protect the rights of both the employee and the employer
formalization
All sizes of groups have rules
and they all give some time to train members on the rules, but rules in large groups are written down. We say they are _________.
formalized
In small groups, enforcement of the rules is dependent on the _________ and on the _________.
- situation
- enforcer
Sanctions, in a large secondary group, are supposed to be _________ and _________ and handled in a professional manner.
- objective
- impersonal
In a nutshell, there is no limit to the demands of roles in _________ groups.
primary
What we mean by “_________ ” is that people have determined all the tasks that need to be completed for the group to succeed in reaching their “_________ ,”
- rational division of labor
- goal
They assigned a certain set of those tasks, or responsibilities, to every individual group
member. These assigned tasks are their “_________
roles
By “_________” we mean written and by “_________” we mean unwritten …and sometimes, unspoken
- formal
- informal
By “social structure” we mean the _________ (rules) and _________
(functions or jobs) that are necessary to keep a group—large or small—functioning for its members. The basic building blocks of “social structure” are 1. norms, 2._________ , and
3. roles
- norms
- roles
- sanctions
_________ - “Patterns of behavior” common to behavior
Internal dynamics
Tradition, according to _________, consists of sentiments and beliefs handed down from generation to generation
Max Weber
_________ tradition in which the first born son inherits everything from his parents
primogeniture
Weber defined _________ as deliberate, matter-of-fact, calculation of the most
efficient means to accomplish a particular task, or set of tasks
rationality
The predominant form of “rational organizations” has come to be called a _________
Bureaucracy
What makes it bureaucratic is that one of those individuals will take on the job of _________ the efforts of the others
coordinating
chain of command. It
is what we mean when we say that communication in a bureaucracy is _________ .
structured communication
If organizations have all of Webers common features, they are what we call _________
inherently efficient
Weber created a hypothetical,
_________ of bureaucracy and used that as a sort of “measuring
stick” to gauge the real organizations he studied
Ideal Type
Weber identified a number of ways in which these organizations can lose efficiency and he called these _________ .
dysfunctional elements
while work routines made jobs repeatable and with predictable outcomes, the _________ of work tended to make the workers inflexible and short sighted.
routinization
routinization = _________
red tape
Over time, the “routines” can create another problem. People begin to get “bored” with their jobs. This leads to a problem of _________ in which people stop caring about their work and the quality of the work begins to suffer.
worker alienation
A second dysfunction:
the _________ in such an organization, makes
communication slow and cumbersome
structured communication
Japanese companies replace the “silos” with something called “_________” that bring all voices into the original design process.
Quality Circles
People work up the ladder until they end up in a job they can’t handle. this is called the _________
Peter principle
_________ people eventually tend to rise to their level of
incompetence
Peter principle
_________ : work will expand to fill the time available for it’s completion
Parkinson’s Law
_________ is the term that Sociologists use to refer to a social process that causes societies, all societies, to “striate” or divide into “levels” or “layers” on the basis of socio-economic status
Stratification
Stratification is the term that Sociologists use to refer to a social process that causes societies, all societies, to “striate” or divide into “levels” or “layers” on the basis of _________
socio-economic status
_________ system. In such
a system, people are not allowed to change their position in the social hierarchy
closed or caste
In India, the lowest caste are the Harijan or “_________” Though not slaves, they are only allowed to do the most menial and degrading kinds of work
untouchables
The _________ concept is basically that where you get to in
the social order is a matter of who you know
interactionist
_________ :
If you only know poor people, chances are you are never going to be rich. If you only know rich people, chances are you are never going to be poor.
interactionist concept
_________ :
The greater the status difference is between any two people, the less likely they are to come in contact with each other.
social distance
SES = _________
Socio-economical status
_________ Theory argues that social stratification happens
when one group in a society controls the economic system
and manipulates it in their own favor. The “elite” run or control
all major aspects of a society
Conflict
_________ Theory argues that stratification is necessary as
some jobs are more difficult, or more important, and the
rewards for doing them must be higher. It also says that we need
poor people to take the jobs no one else wants.
Structural
_________ Theory, already discussed, argues that stratification is a natural outcome of the patterns of interaction, and the social networks, that exist in a society. The rich associate with the rich, and the poor with the poor
Interaction
_________ Theory
is really all about Power
Conflict
_________ : Basically says that the leader or leaders of a group only look for their replacements from among people that think and act as they do.
the Iron Law of Oligarchy
_________ theory’s:
- Doctors have more debt out of school and are on call all the time
- Garbage collectors have health hazards
Structural Functional
_________ :
Changing social class
Social Mobility
This systematic downward mobility is not _________. It is deliberate
accidental
_________ :
Women make less than men
Minorities are convicted more for crimes
Struc tural barriers
_________
stratification” between societies.
Global Stratification
_________ refers to the tendency of societies to divide into “strata”
or “layers” based on measures of status
stratification
