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Sociology 191 > Test 3 - P.P. > Flashcards

Test 3 - P.P. Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

simple definition of a group:

_________ or more people, acting together, in pursuit of a _________ goal.

A
  • Two

- common

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2
Q

Elements of Social Structure:

-Roles
-

A
  • Sanctions

- Status

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3
Q

Elements of Social Structure:

-
-Sanctions
-
-Status

A
  • Norms

- Roles

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4
Q

_________ Groups:
Relationships that are based
on family, friendship, affection or similar kinds of bonds.

A

Primary

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5
Q

_________ Groups: Relationships such as Co-workers, customer/sales clerk, committee
members, doctor/patient

A

Primary

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6
Q
  • WHO -

Primary and Secondary groups

A

Cooley

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7
Q

_________ groups are the groups that we are most
concerned about gaining approval from, or “fitting
into.”

A

Reference

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8
Q

_________ groups are defined on the basis

of whether we are members of the group or not.

A

In and out

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9
Q

Without these two basic ideas, joint effort in groups would not be possible.

A
  • COOPERATION

- EXCHANGE

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10
Q

_________ implies that we are trading our effort for something we consider to be of equal or greater value

A

Exchange

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11
Q

_________ implies a

willing sharing of effort in anticipation of sharing in a group reward.

A

Cooperation

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12
Q

Slavery isn’t a matter of cooperation, it is a matter of _________

A

coercion

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13
Q

A branch of sociology that has it’s focus on how small groups form and function is _________

A

sociometry

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14
Q

A _________ is a two-person group.

A

dyad

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15
Q

_________ : interaction in 2 person groups.

A

dyadic interaction

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16
Q

All groups have some characteristics in common. These are the basic elements of _________ . All groups have to have Norms, or _________. They have to have some ways to enforce norms, which are
positive and negative _________

A
  • social structure
  • rules
  • Sanctions
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17
Q

Rules (and roles and sanctions) seem to emerge whenever 2 or more people spend any significant time with each other. That is why we refer to such characteristics as _________

A

emergent traits

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18
Q

Rules _________ when people come together and form a group

A

emerge

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19
Q

So in small groups, rules are unwritten or even just understood. We refer such rules by the term _________. Technically: informal norms.

A

informal

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20
Q

With the advent of Unions, the _________ (writing down) of rules for work took on more significance as a way to protect the rights of both the employee and the employer

A

formalization

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21
Q

All sizes of groups have rules
and they all give some time to train members on the rules, but rules in large groups are written down. We say they are _________.

A

formalized

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22
Q

In small groups, enforcement of the rules is dependent on the _________ and on the _________.

A
  • situation

- enforcer

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23
Q

Sanctions, in a large secondary group, are supposed to be _________ and _________ and handled in a professional manner.

A
  • objective

- impersonal

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24
Q

In a nutshell, there is no limit to the demands of roles in _________ groups.

A

primary

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25
Q

What we mean by “_________ ” is that people have determined all the tasks that need to be completed for the group to succeed in reaching their “_________ ,”

A
  • rational division of labor

- goal

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26
Q

They assigned a certain set of those tasks, or responsibilities, to every individual group
member. These assigned tasks are their “_________

A

roles

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27
Q

By “_________” we mean written and by “_________” we mean unwritten …and sometimes, unspoken

A
  • formal

- informal

28
Q

By “social structure” we mean the _________ (rules) and _________
(functions or jobs) that are necessary to keep a group—large or small—functioning for its members. The basic building blocks of “social structure” are 1. norms, 2._________ , and
3. roles

A
  • norms
  • roles
  • sanctions
29
Q

_________ - “Patterns of behavior” common to behavior

A

Internal dynamics

30
Q

Tradition, according to _________, consists of sentiments and beliefs handed down from generation to generation

A

Max Weber

31
Q

_________ tradition in which the first born son inherits everything from his parents

A

primogeniture

32
Q

Weber defined _________ as deliberate, matter-of-fact, calculation of the most
efficient means to accomplish a particular task, or set of tasks

A

rationality

33
Q

The predominant form of “rational organizations” has come to be called a _________

A

Bureaucracy

34
Q

What makes it bureaucratic is that one of those individuals will take on the job of _________ the efforts of the others

A

coordinating

35
Q

chain of command. It

is what we mean when we say that communication in a bureaucracy is _________ .

A

structured communication

36
Q

If organizations have all of Webers common features, they are what we call _________

A

inherently efficient

37
Q

Weber created a hypothetical,
_________ of bureaucracy and used that as a sort of “measuring
stick” to gauge the real organizations he studied

A

Ideal Type

38
Q

Weber identified a number of ways in which these organizations can lose efficiency and he called these _________ .

A

dysfunctional elements

39
Q

while work routines made jobs repeatable and with predictable outcomes, the _________ of work tended to make the workers inflexible and short sighted.

A

routinization

40
Q

routinization = _________

A

red tape

41
Q

Over time, the “routines” can create another problem. People begin to get “bored” with their jobs. This leads to a problem of _________ in which people stop caring about their work and the quality of the work begins to suffer.

A

worker alienation

42
Q

A second dysfunction:
the _________ in such an organization, makes
communication slow and cumbersome

A

structured communication

43
Q

Japanese companies replace the “silos” with something called “_________” that bring all voices into the original design process.

A

Quality Circles

44
Q

People work up the ladder until they end up in a job they can’t handle. this is called the _________

A

Peter principle

45
Q

_________ people eventually tend to rise to their level of

incompetence

A

Peter principle

46
Q

_________ : work will expand to fill the time available for it’s completion

A

Parkinson’s Law

47
Q

_________ is the term that Sociologists use to refer to a social process that causes societies, all societies, to “striate” or divide into “levels” or “layers” on the basis of socio-economic status

A

Stratification

48
Q

Stratification is the term that Sociologists use to refer to a social process that causes societies, all societies, to “striate” or divide into “levels” or “layers” on the basis of _________

A

socio-economic status

49
Q

_________ system. In such

a system, people are not allowed to change their position in the social hierarchy

A

closed or caste

50
Q

In India, the lowest caste are the Harijan or “_________” Though not slaves, they are only allowed to do the most menial and degrading kinds of work

A

untouchables

51
Q

The _________ concept is basically that where you get to in

the social order is a matter of who you know

A

interactionist

52
Q

_________ :
If you only know poor people, chances are you are never going to be rich. If you only know rich people, chances are you are never going to be poor.

A

interactionist concept

53
Q

_________ :
The greater the status difference is between any two people, the less likely they are to come in contact with each other.

A

social distance

54
Q

SES = _________

A

Socio-economical status

55
Q

_________ Theory argues that social stratification happens
when one group in a society controls the economic system
and manipulates it in their own favor. The “elite” run or control
all major aspects of a society

A

Conflict

56
Q

_________ Theory argues that stratification is necessary as
some jobs are more difficult, or more important, and the
rewards for doing them must be higher. It also says that we need
poor people to take the jobs no one else wants.

A

Structural

57
Q

_________ Theory, already discussed, argues that stratification is a natural outcome of the patterns of interaction, and the social networks, that exist in a society. The rich associate with the rich, and the poor with the poor

A

Interaction

58
Q

_________ Theory

is really all about Power

A

Conflict

59
Q

_________ : Basically says that the leader or leaders of a group only look for their replacements from among people that think and act as they do.

A

the Iron Law of Oligarchy

60
Q

_________ theory’s:

  • Doctors have more debt out of school and are on call all the time
  • Garbage collectors have health hazards
A

Structural Functional

61
Q

_________ :

Changing social class

A

Social Mobility

62
Q

This systematic downward mobility is not _________. It is deliberate

A

accidental

63
Q

_________ :
Women make less than men
Minorities are convicted more for crimes

A

Struc tural barriers

64
Q

_________

stratification” between societies.

A

Global Stratification

65
Q

_________ refers to the tendency of societies to divide into “strata”
or “layers” based on measures of status

A

stratification

Sociology 191 (6 decks)

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