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Sociology 191 > Test 2 - Chapters 4-14 > Flashcards

Test 2 - Chapters 4-14 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The idea that society is created by humans and human interaction, is called: _________

A

habitualization

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2
Q

_________ - “any action that is repeated frequently becomes cast into a pattern, which can then be … performed again in the future in the same manner and with the same economical effort”

A

Habitualization

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3
Q

Habituation and Institutionalization. These refer to the way that “_________” can produce ideas that we all agree to. Once we all agree to such ideas, we will treat them as if they are “_________” –regardless of whether they are or not.

A
  • interaction

- real

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4
Q
  • WHO -

_________ : if we all agree that something is real, we will act as if it is real and therefore the consequences of those actions will make it real for all practical purposes.

A

W.I. Thomas

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5
Q

W.I. Thomas : if we all agree that something is real, we will act as if it is real and therefore the __________ of those actions will make it _________ for all practical purposes.

A
  • consequences

- real

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6
Q

_________ - the act of implanting a convention or norm into society.

A

institutionalization

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7
Q

Your school was created by the agreement of others before you. In a sense, it exists by consensus, both prior and current. This is known as _________

A

institutionalization

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8
Q

_________ If we all agreed it was “real” we acted that way.

A

social construction of reality

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9
Q

We once thought that smoking tobacco was good for your “nerves.” We once thought that bleeding a person would reduce a fever.
These are examples of _________

A

social construction of reality

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10
Q

_________ - the process through which people are taught to be proficient members of a society.

A

Socialization

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11
Q

Danielle had not been _________

A

socialized

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12
Q

_________ - believed the personality continued to change over time and was never truly finished.

A

Erikson

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13
Q

_________ - view of self-development gave credit to more social aspects, like the way we negotiate between our own base desires and what is socially accepted

A

Erikson’s

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14
Q

_________ - recognized that the development of self evolved through a negotiation between the world as it exists in one’s mind and the world that exists as it is experienced socially

A

Piaget

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15
Q

Piaget - recognized that the development of self _________ through a negotiation between the world as it _________ in one’s mind and the world that exists as it is experienced _________

A
  • evolved
  • exists
  • socially
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16
Q

_________ - believed that personality and sexual development were closely linked, and he divided the maturation process into psychosexual stages

A

Freud

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17
Q

_________ - studied the Self, a person’s distinct identity that is developed through social interaction.

A

Mead

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18
Q
  • WHO -

In order to engage in this process of “self,” an individual has to be able to view him or herself through the eyes of others. That’s not an ability that we are born with

A

Mead

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19
Q
  • WHO -

Developed a theory of moral development that includes three levels: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.

A

Kohlberg

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20
Q

_________ - was interested in how people learn to decide what is right and what is wrong.

A

Kohlberg

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21
Q

_________ - research demonstrated that boys and girls do, in fact, have different understandings of morality.

A

Gilligan’s

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22
Q

Gilligan:
Boys tend to have a _________ perspective, by placing emphasis on rules and laws. Girls, on the other hand, have a _________ and responsibility perspective

A
  • justice

- care

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23
Q

Chris Langan, the Smartest Man You’ve Never Heard Of:

Didn’t possess the set of _________ necessary to succeed on such a high level—skills that aren’t innate but _________ .

A
  • social skills

- learned

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24
Q

_________ - is the first agent of socialization

A

Family

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25
Q

-Agents of Socialization-

_________ is made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests.

A

peer group

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26
Q

Agents of Socialization-

The social _________ of our culture such as school also inform our socialization.

A

-institutions

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27
Q

_________ - the informal teaching done by schools

A

hidden curriculum

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28
Q

School and classroom rituals, led by teachers serving as role models and leaders, regularly reinforce what society expects from children.
This is known as _________

A

hidden curriculum

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29
Q
  • Family
  • Peer groups
  • social institutions
  • Workplace
  • Religion
  • Government
  • Mass Media

These are all :

A

Agents of Socialization-

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30
Q

Just as young children pretend to be doctors or lawyers, play house, and dress up, adults also engage in _________ socialization, the preparation for future life roles

A

anticipatory

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31
Q

_________ - old behaviors that were helpful in a previous role are removed because they are no longer of use.

A

resocialization

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32
Q

_________ - a way of re-programing someone to make them better

A

resocialization

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33
Q

_________ - where people are isolated from society and are forced to follow someone else’s rules

A

total institution

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34
Q

A ship at sea is a _________, as are religious convents, prisons, or some cult organizations. They are places cut off from a _________ society.

A
  • total institution

- larger

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35
Q

The most common way resocialization occurs is in a _________

A

total institution

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36
Q

_________ - new members lose the aspects of their old identity and are given new identities

A

degradation ceremony,

37
Q

Many individuals are resocialized into an institution through a two-part process. First, members entering an institution must leave behind their old identity through what is known as a _________

A

degradation ceremony.

38
Q

_________ - is a violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms,

A

deviance

39
Q

Tattoos, vegan lifestyles, single parenthood, breast implants, and even jogging were once considered _________ but are now widely accepted.

A

deviant

40
Q

_________ - the regulation and enforcement of norms.

EX; Speeding ticket, student who wears a bathrobe to class. adult belching loudly

A

social control

41
Q

The underlying goal of social _________ is to maintain social _________

A
  • control

- order

42
Q

The strongest form of social control is _________ .

A

internalization

43
Q

The strongest form of social control is internalization. If people have truly _________ the rules, they will need no external _________ on their actions.

A

controls

44
Q

The means of enforcing rules are known as _________

A

sanctions

45
Q
  • An expression of thanks is an example of a Positive _________ _________
  • A promotion at work is an example of a Positive _________ _________
A
  • Informal Sanction

- Formal Sanction

46
Q
  • A parking fine is an example of a Negative _________ _________
  • An angry comment is an example of a Negative _________ _________
A
  • Formal Sanction

- Informal Sanction

47
Q

_________ - views deviance as a key component of a functioning society.

A

Functionalism

48
Q

_________ - looks to social and economic factors as the causes of crime and deviance

A

Conflict theory

49
Q

Unlike functionalists, _________ don’t see these social and economic factors as positive functions of society. They see them as evidence of _________ in the system.

A
  • conflict theorists

- inequality

50
Q

_________ is a theoretical approach that can be used to explain how societies and/or social groups come to view behaviors as deviant or conventional.

A

Symbolic interactionism

51
Q

Symbolic interactionism is a theoretical approach that can be used to explain how societies and/or social groups come to view _________ as _________ or conventional.

A
  • behaviors

- deviant

52
Q

Labeling theory, differential association, social disorganization theory, and control theory fall within the realm of _________

A

symbolic interactionism.

53
Q

Functionalism says that _________ is not only always there in a society or group, it is _________ to the maintenance of the group

A
  • deviance

- necessary

54
Q
  • WHO -

_________ : Strain Theory

A

Merton

55
Q

_________ - Access to socially acceptable goals plays a part in determining whether a person conforms or deviates.

A

strain theory

56
Q

An entrepreneur who can’t afford to launch his own company may be tempted to embezzle from his employer for start-up funds.
This is an example of _________

A

strain theory

57
Q

_________ - A person may have the socially acceptable goal of financial success but lack a socially acceptable way to reach that goal.

A

strain theory

58
Q

-Robert Merton: Strain Theory-

_________ : Those who _________ choose not to deviate. They pursue their goals to the extent that they can through socially accepted means.

A
  • Conformity

- conform

59
Q

-Robert Merton: Strain Theory-

_________ : Those who _________ pursue goals they cannot reach through legitimate means by instead using criminal or deviant means.

A
  • Innovation

- innovate

60
Q

-Robert Merton: Strain Theory-

_________ : People who _________ lower their goals until they can reach them through socially acceptable ways. These members of society focus on conformity rather than attaining a distant dream

A
  • Ritualism

- ritualize

61
Q

-Robert Merton: Strain Theory-

_________ : Others _________ and reject society’s goals and means. Some beggars and street people have withdrawn from society’s goal of financial success.

A
  • Retreatism

- retreat

62
Q

-Robert Merton: Strain Theory-

_________ : A handful of people _________ and replace a society’s goals and means with their own. Terrorists or freedom fighters look to overthrow a society’s goals through socially unacceptable means.

A
  • Rebellion

- rebel

63
Q

_________ suggests that conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime.

A

Cultural deviance theory

64
Q

Shaw/McKay’s cultural deviance theory – that localized _________ can produce _________ behavior

A
  • subcultures

- deviant

65
Q
  • WHO -

_________ - cultural deviance theory

A

Shaw/McKay

66
Q

_________ - says that definitions of deviance are mainly controlled by those in control in a society. Hence we have laws about “_________” to keep poor people out of well to do neighborhoods

A
  • Conflict theory

- vagrancy

67
Q

A conflict theorist would note that those in society who hold the _________ are also the ones who make the laws concerning _________. In doing so, they make laws that will benefit them

A
  • power

- crime

68
Q

Crime and Social Class-
While crime is often associated with the _________, crimes committed by the wealthy and powerful remain an _________ and costly problem within society.

A
  • underprivileged

- under-punished

69
Q

Symbolic Interaction theory says patterns of interaction can _________ or increase _________ behavior.

A
  • create

- deviant

70
Q

_________ examines the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society

A

Labeling theory

71
Q

-Labeling theory-
what is considered deviant is determined not so much by the _________ themselves or the people who commit them, but by the reactions of _________ to these behaviors

A
  • behaviors

- others

72
Q

_________ deviance is a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others.

A

Primary

73
Q

Speeding is a deviant act, but receiving a speeding ticket generally does not make others view you as a bad person, nor does it alter your own self-concept.
-This would be considered _________ deviance

A

Primary

74
Q

_________ deviance occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society

A

Secondary

75
Q

The person may begin to take on and fulfill the role of a “deviant” as an act of rebellion against the society that has labeled that individual as such.
(gets in fight at school, becomes a “troublemaker)
-This would be considered _________ deviance

A

Secondary

76
Q
  • WHO -

_________ : Control Theory

A

Hirschi

77
Q

_________ states that social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of _________ from society.

A
  • Control theory

- disconnection

78
Q

Hirschi’s “control theory”

says that our degree of attachment to a group (_________ ) explains why some are more _________ than others.

A
  • social bonds

- deviant

79
Q

_________ = (UCR)

A

Uniform Crime Reports

80
Q

The FBI gathers data from approximately 17,000 law enforcement agencies, and the _________ is the annual publication of this data

A

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

81
Q

-Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)-

In 2008, 1 out of every ___ people in the US were in jail or prison

A

100

82
Q

_________ refers to the beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes someone holds about a group.

A

Prejudice

83
Q

Prejudice is NOT based on _________; instead, it is a _________, originating outside actual experience.

A
  • experience

- prejudgment

84
Q

While prejudice refers to biased thinking, _________ consists of actions against a group of people

A

discrimination

85
Q

_________ can be based on age, religion, health, and other indicators

A

Discrimination

86
Q

Sex is a matter of biology. Gender _________ and genderized behavior is something we _________ – that is, are socialized into.

A
  • affiliation

- learn

87
Q

_________ : discrimination based on age

A

ageism

88
Q

Ageism - We discriminate against the _________, just like we do with most _________ .

A
  • elderly

- minorities

Sociology 191 (6 decks)

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