test 4 review Flashcards
? senses are located in special sense organs, while ? senses are distributed throughout the body
special, general
special senses include:
(1) Vision, (2) Taste, (3) Smell, (4) Hearing, and (5) Equilibrium
CSF is composed of plasma-like solution formed from blood plasma and produced in the ? ?
it is located in the ?, central canal, ? space
choroid plexus, ventricles, subarachnoid
When playing the piano, the primary type of memory used is ? memory
procedural
The link between the nervous and endocrine systems through the control of the pituitary gland is the ?; this region of the brain is the control center and it receives signals from ? system and then sends signals to the pituitary gland, which in turn releases ? that regulate bodily functions
hypothalamus, nervous, hormones
nervous system is ?-acting and uses ? and ? mechanisms
fast, electrical, chemical
endocrine system is ?-acting and secretes ? into ?
slow, hormones, bloodstream
location of hearing receptors
vestibulocochlear/ cochlear division
frequency is the
pitch
amplitude is the sound’s ? or loudness
intensity
? respond to touch, pressure, vibration, or stretch
mechanoreceptors
- ? are sensitive to changes in temperature
thermoreceptors
- ? respond to light energy for sight
Photoreceptors
- ? respond to chemicals for smell, taste, or changes in blood chemistry
Chemoreceptors
- ? respond to potentially damaging stimuli and are sensitive to pain-causing stimuli, such as extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, or inflammatory chemicals
Nociceptors
- ? respond to stimuli arising outside body near or at body surface
*Receptors in skin for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature and most receptors for special sense organs (vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste) are exteroceptors
Exteroceptors
- ? (visceroceptors) respond to stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels and are sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretching, or temperature changes
interoceptors
- ? are located in and respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and CT coverings of bones and muscles to inform the brain of one’s movements
proprioceptors
When focused, the lenses of the eye ? ? to focus it on the ?,
the ? muscle controls the lens
bend, light, retina, ciliary
- Cerebral cortex is the superficial ? matter
Cerebral cortex makes up ?% of mass of brain
the cerebral cortex is the site of the ? mind
1. ?
2. Sensory perception
3. Voluntary motor initiation
4. ?
5. ? storage
6. Understanding
gray, 40, conscious, awareness, communication, memory
If you can’t tell different odors apart, the nerve affected is the
olfactory nerve (I)
? neurons carry information from the body’s sensory receptors INTO the central nervous system (CNS).
afferent
?, also known as association neurons, allow ? between afferent and efferent neurons
interneurons, communication
? carry information OUT from the CNS to muscles and glands to stimulate ?.
efferent, movement
jobs of
E:
NE:
dopamine:
serotonin:
GABA:
ach:
glutamate:
endorphins:
fight/flight, concentration, pleasure, mood, calming, learning, memory, euphoria
? are bundles of axons in the PNS
ganglia
? are clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS
nuclei
? are bundles of neuron processes in the CNS
tracts
? are bundles of neuron processes in the PNS
nerves
damage to the ? may result in
? disturbances
loss of body temperature control
?
hypothalamus, sleep, dehydration
what stimulates your olfactory
smell/odors
damage to what nerve causes deafness or lost ability to hear high frequencies
vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
if someone cannot close their eyes and the side of their mouth droops what cranial nerve is damaged
facial (VII)
The primary difference between myelinated (? matter) and unmyelinated (? matter) fibers is that ? fibers are wrapped in a myelin sheath, a fatty insulating layer formed by ? cells, which significantly ? ? the transmission of nerve ?, while ? fibers lack this sheath and conduct signals much ?
white, gray, myelinated, schwann (neurilemma), speeds up, impulses, unmyelinated, slower
- There are two Fissures:
1. ? fissure - separates two hemispheres
2. ? cerebral fissure - separates cerebrum and cerebellum
longitudinal, transverse
- Two Sulci (responsible for lab practical)
1. ? Sulcus
Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
Separates the precentral gyrus from the postcentral gyrus
2. ? Sulcus
Separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
central, lateral
? ? is the strong outer layer of the meninges
dura mater
the ? mater is the delicate outer layer adhering tightly to the brain
pia
the ? mater is the middle-layer of mininges w web like extensions
arachnoid
The most prominent neuroglial cells in the CNS include ?, ?, microglia, and ependymal cells.
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes
In the ?, the primary neuroglial cells are ? cells (neurilemma) and ? cells.
PNS, Schwann, satellite
The ? medulla supplements the effects of sympathetic stimulation. The adrenal medulla is part of the ? nervous system and it ? hormones that help the body respond to stress.
hormones are: ?/?
adrenal, sympathetic, secretes, NE/E
broca’s area controls and damage causes
muscles in tongue, aphasia (speech disorder)
wernicke’s area controls and damage causes
language comprehension, word salad
if u looked in the back of someone’s eye what could you see
the retina, optic disc, blood vessels
The order of a simple spinal reflex is:
receptor, sensory (afferent), integration (spinal cord), motor (efferent), muscle
The part of the cerebral cortex primarily involved in intellect, cognition, and personality is the ? cortex
prefrontal
Yes, rods in the human eye produce ?, ?, ?.
black, white, gray
cones produce
color
the ? disc is the ? spot in the eye and is caused by a lack of ? in the eye
optic, blind, photoreceptors
Pathway of light entering eye for focusing light on the retina
1. ?
2. ? humor
3. ?
4. ? humor
5. ?
6. ?
- Cornea
- Aqueous humor
- Lens
- Vitreous humor
- Retina
- Photoreceptors
where is the startle center in the brain
corpora quadrigemina
can myelinated axons in the PNS be regenerated after injury?
yes, bc of Schwann cells (neurilemma)
which neurons can be replaced throughout the adult life if injured?
olfactory receptor neurons
if you were getting in a hot tub and initially it is hot but then you become acclimated to the heat this is an example of
adaptation/ phasic receptors/thermoreceptors
if u felt a heart attack in your left shoulder this would be an example of what type of pain
referred pain
real pain originates at the
source of the injury/pain
? division is a ? or digest system that keeps body energy use ? while carrying out maintenance activities
parasympathetic, rest, low
the sympathetic division is the flight or fight system and is activated by the 4 E’s:
exercise excitement emergency and embarrassment
When you consciously perceive something, the part of the brain most directly affected is the ? cortex
cerebral
nerve fibers are crossed meaning what
left optic n goes to right hemi and right optic n goes to left hemi
the ? body recognizes ? or angry facial expressions and assesses ? and elicits fear or aggression response
amygdaloid, fearful, danger
We perceive color because our eyes contain ? that detect different wavelengths of ?, sending signals to the ? which then interprets them
cones, light, brain
The “all or none” phenomenon in action potentials means that
a neuron will either fire a complete action potential of a consistent strength, or it will not fire at all
In a neuron, (rough ER) is a network of folded ? studded with ?, primarily located in the cell body
membranes, ribosomes
The part of the cortex that primarily senses a full bladder or holding your breath for too long is the ? cortex
insular
depolarization is when the
inside become pos; outside becomes neg
repolarization is when the
inside-neg; outside-pos
hyperpolarizing is when the
inside-neg; outside-pos
polarized is when the
inside-neg; outside-pos
? tube functions to equalize pressure
pharyngotympanic
? glands produce an oily substance to prevent eyelids from sticking together.
tarsal
pathway of tears
? commissure
lacrimal ?
lacrimal ?
? duct
? cavity
medial, canaliculi, sac, nasolacrimal, nasal
what inhibits bacteria in the eyeball? antibacterial ?
lysozyme
in the CNS what is used to determine the strength of the stimulus
frequency
? equilibrium is a state of no movement or change, while ? equilibrium is a state of continuous movement
static, dynamic
what part of the eye is responsible for the shape of the lens ? body
ciliary
what part of the eye regulates light?
iris
which chamber has aqueous humor
anterior
which chamber has the vitreous humor
posterior
characteristics of ANS
involuntary, under unconscious control, smooth and cardiac m, glands
characteristics of the SNS
voluntary, houses the skeletal muscles
5 tastes ? (sugar), ? (acids), ? (sodium), ? (coffee), ? (beef/cheese)
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
Cholinergic fibers are nerve fibers that release ? at their endings
ACh
ascending tracts go from ? to ? whereas descending tracts go from ? to ?
body to brain, brain to body
When stimulated, acetylcholine causes muscle ? while inhibition of acetylcholine would result in decreased muscle ?
contraction, activity
nicotinic receptors are ? and muscarinic receptors are ? and ?
excitatory, excitatory, inhibitory
nicotinic are found on ? muscle cells whereas muscarinic are found on ? and ? muscle cells and ?
skeletal, cardiac, smooth, glands
in light ?, the eye ? to the surrounding light
adaptation, adapts
? conduction is made possible because of the ? sheath which insulates the axon of a neuron, allowing for rapid signal transmission by jumping between the gaps called nodes of ?.
saltatory, myelin, Ranvier
during membrane potential, potassium channels ? to allow ? ions to flow out, ? the membrane and returning it to its resting state
open, potassium, repolarizing
if a patient loses Hearing in one ear what would be the result
difficulty in determining where a sound came from
which cranial nerve carries 90% of parasympathetic activity ? nerve
vagus
The ? ? (SN) is a part of the brain’s midbrain that helps control ?
substantia nigra, movement
The ? nerves stimulate the diaphragm
phrenic
The parts of the maculae involved in equilibrium are the ? and saccule
utricle
job of the corpus callosum
hold tg both hemi’s
commissures of brain
anterior, posterior, hippocampus, reticular
The part of the brain that contains the cardiac center, vasomotor center, and respiratory center is the ? oblongata.
medulla
breakdown the diff branches of the NS:
? and motor
has the ? and ? NS
has the ? and parasym divi’s
sensory, somatic, autonomic, sympathetic
? fibers are nerve fibers that release NE/E and dopamine
adrenergic
parasym has what type of fibers
sym has why type of fibers
long pre and short post; short pre and long post
Synaptic potentials are involved in the rapid transmission of ? between neurons
info
when a stimulus comes along and the stimulus reaches the ?, depolarization begins
threshold
The ? activating system (RAS) and ? are the parts of the brain that work together to stimulate alertness:
reticular, thalamus
? (REM) sleep is a sleep stage that’s characterized by rapid eye movements, increased brain activity, and ?.
rapid eye movement, dreaming
A cornea transplant is considered one of the most successful transplants because the cornea naturally lacks ? ?, which means the immune system has difficulty detecting and rejecting the transplanted tissue and your blood ? doesn’t matter meaning anyone can donate their eye
blood vessels, type
The period after an initial stimulus where a cell cannot trigger another action potential is called the ? period.
refractory
if acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner what is the result of acetylcholine on the postsynaptic cells
depolarization causing chemically gated sodium channels to open
part of brain that allows for smooth muscle movement and balance
vestibulocochlear (VIII)
*? System is our emotional or affective brain
limbic
when an action potential is at the axon terminal what opens? ? channels
voltage-gated calcium
signals on dendrites are not called action potentials but are rather called ? potentials
graded
The autonomic nervous system has a ?-neuron pathway for each motor signal, while the somatic nervous system has ? motor neuron pathway
2, 1
diverging is ? input and ? outputs
converging is ? inputs and ? output
parallel is when it ? into diff circuits
1, many, many, 1, spilts
Bell’s palsy is caused by damage to the ? n (VII)
facial
brocas area is in the ? hemi
left
central sulcus separates the ? and ? lobe
frontal , parietal
list number and names of the 31 pairs of cranial nerves
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
list number a names of the 12 cranial nerves
olfactory (1), optic (2), oculomotor (3), trochlear (4), trigeminal (5), abducens (6), facial (7), vestibulocochlear (8), glossopharyngeal (9), vagus (10), accessory (11), hypoglossal (12)
olfactory (1), -
optic (2), -
oculomotor (3), -
trochlear (4), -
trigeminal (5),-
abducens (6), -
facial (7),-
vestibulocochlear (8),-
glossopharyngeal (9), -
vagus (10), -
accessory (11),-
hypoglossal (12)-
smell, vision, eye movement, eye movement, chewing, eye movement, facial exp & taste, hearing and balance, taste/swallowing, many, movement of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius, tongue movement
? ? are tiny pits with ALL cones and has the highest resolution
fovea centralis
the ? ? is an area that contains mostly cones and has the best visuals
macula lutea
? Bodies are responsible for protein synthesis
nissl
