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A&P Test 4 > test 4 review > Flashcards

test 4 review Flashcards

1
Q

? senses are located in special sense organs, while ? senses are distributed throughout the body

A

special, general

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2
Q

special senses include:

A

(1) Vision, (2) Taste, (3) Smell, (4) Hearing, and (5) Equilibrium

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3
Q

CSF is composed of plasma-like solution formed from blood plasma and produced in the ? ?

it is located in the ?, central canal, ? space

A

choroid plexus, ventricles, subarachnoid

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4
Q

When playing the piano, the primary type of memory used is ? memory

A

procedural

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5
Q

The link between the nervous and endocrine systems through the control of the pituitary gland is the ?; this region of the brain is the control center and it receives signals from ? system and then sends signals to the pituitary gland, which in turn releases ? that regulate bodily functions

A

hypothalamus, nervous, hormones

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6
Q

nervous system is ?-acting and uses ? and ? mechanisms

A

fast, electrical, chemical

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7
Q

endocrine system is ?-acting and secretes ? into ?

A

slow, hormones, bloodstream

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8
Q

location of hearing receptors

A

vestibulocochlear/ cochlear division

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9
Q

frequency is the

A

pitch

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10
Q

amplitude is the sound’s ? or loudness

A

intensity

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11
Q

? respond to touch, pressure, vibration, or stretch

A

mechanoreceptors

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12
Q
  • ? are sensitive to changes in temperature
A

thermoreceptors

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13
Q
  • ? respond to light energy for sight
A

Photoreceptors

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14
Q
  • ? respond to chemicals for smell, taste, or changes in blood chemistry
A

Chemoreceptors

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15
Q
  • ? respond to potentially damaging stimuli and are sensitive to pain-causing stimuli, such as extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, or inflammatory chemicals
A

Nociceptors

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16
Q
  • ? respond to stimuli arising outside body near or at body surface
    *Receptors in skin for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature and most receptors for special sense organs (vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste) are exteroceptors
A

Exteroceptors

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17
Q
  • ? (visceroceptors) respond to stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels and are sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretching, or temperature changes
A

interoceptors

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18
Q
  • ? are located in and respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and CT coverings of bones and muscles to inform the brain of one’s movements
A

proprioceptors

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19
Q

When focused, the lenses of the eye ? ? to focus it on the ?,
the ? muscle controls the lens

A

bend, light, retina, ciliary

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20
Q
  • Cerebral cortex is the superficial ? matter
    Cerebral cortex makes up ?% of mass of brain
    the cerebral cortex is the site of the ? mind
    1. ?
    2. Sensory perception
    3. Voluntary motor initiation
    4. ?
    5. ? storage
    6. Understanding
A

gray, 40, conscious, awareness, communication, memory

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21
Q

If you can’t tell different odors apart, the nerve affected is the

A

olfactory nerve (I)

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22
Q

? neurons carry information from the body’s sensory receptors INTO the central nervous system (CNS).

A

afferent

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23
Q

?, also known as association neurons, allow ? between afferent and efferent neurons

A

interneurons, communication

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24
Q

? carry information OUT from the CNS to muscles and glands to stimulate ?.

A

efferent, movement

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25
Q

jobs of
E:
NE:
dopamine:
serotonin:
GABA:
ach:
glutamate:
endorphins:

A

fight/flight, concentration, pleasure, mood, calming, learning, memory, euphoria

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26
Q

? are bundles of axons in the PNS

A

ganglia

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27
Q

? are clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

A

nuclei

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28
Q

? are bundles of neuron processes in the CNS

A

tracts

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29
Q

? are bundles of neuron processes in the PNS

A

nerves

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30
Q

damage to the ? may result in
? disturbances
loss of body temperature control
?

A

hypothalamus, sleep, dehydration

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31
Q

what stimulates your olfactory

A

smell/odors

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32
Q

damage to what nerve causes deafness or lost ability to hear high frequencies

A

vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

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33
Q

if someone cannot close their eyes and the side of their mouth droops what cranial nerve is damaged

A

facial (VII)

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34
Q

The primary difference between myelinated (? matter) and unmyelinated (? matter) fibers is that ? fibers are wrapped in a myelin sheath, a fatty insulating layer formed by ? cells, which significantly ? ? the transmission of nerve ?, while ? fibers lack this sheath and conduct signals much ?

A

white, gray, myelinated, schwann (neurilemma), speeds up, impulses, unmyelinated, slower

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35
Q
  • There are two Fissures:
    1. ? fissure - separates two hemispheres
    2. ? cerebral fissure - separates cerebrum and cerebellum
A

longitudinal, transverse

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36
Q
  • Two Sulci (responsible for lab practical)
    1. ? Sulcus
    Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
    Separates the precentral gyrus from the postcentral gyrus
    2. ? Sulcus
    Separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
A

central, lateral

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37
Q

? ? is the strong outer layer of the meninges

A

dura mater

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38
Q

the ? mater is the delicate outer layer adhering tightly to the brain

A

pia

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39
Q

the ? mater is the middle-layer of mininges w web like extensions

A

arachnoid

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40
Q

The most prominent neuroglial cells in the CNS include ?, ?, microglia, and ependymal cells.

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes

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41
Q

In the ?, the primary neuroglial cells are ? cells (neurilemma) and ? cells.

A

PNS, Schwann, satellite

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42
Q

The ? medulla supplements the effects of sympathetic stimulation. The adrenal medulla is part of the ? nervous system and it ? hormones that help the body respond to stress.
hormones are: ?/?

A

adrenal, sympathetic, secretes, NE/E

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43
Q

broca’s area controls and damage causes

A

muscles in tongue, aphasia (speech disorder)

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44
Q

wernicke’s area controls and damage causes

A

language comprehension, word salad

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45
Q

if u looked in the back of someone’s eye what could you see

A

the retina, optic disc, blood vessels

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46
Q

The order of a simple spinal reflex is:

A

receptor, sensory (afferent), integration (spinal cord), motor (efferent), muscle

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47
Q

The part of the cerebral cortex primarily involved in intellect, cognition, and personality is the ? cortex

A

prefrontal

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48
Q

Yes, rods in the human eye produce ?, ?, ?.

A

black, white, gray

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49
Q

cones produce

A

color

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50
Q

the ? disc is the ? spot in the eye and is caused by a lack of ? in the eye

A

optic, blind, photoreceptors

51
Q

Pathway of light entering eye for focusing light on the retina
1. ?
2. ? humor
3. ?
4. ? humor
5. ?
6. ?

A
  1. Cornea
  2. Aqueous humor
  3. Lens
  4. Vitreous humor
  5. Retina
  6. Photoreceptors
52
Q

where is the startle center in the brain

A

corpora quadrigemina

53
Q

can myelinated axons in the PNS be regenerated after injury?

A

yes, bc of Schwann cells (neurilemma)

54
Q

which neurons can be replaced throughout the adult life if injured?

A

olfactory receptor neurons

55
Q

if you were getting in a hot tub and initially it is hot but then you become acclimated to the heat this is an example of

A

adaptation/ phasic receptors/thermoreceptors

56
Q

if u felt a heart attack in your left shoulder this would be an example of what type of pain

A

referred pain

57
Q

real pain originates at the

A

source of the injury/pain

58
Q

? division is a ? or digest system that keeps body energy use ? while carrying out maintenance activities

A

parasympathetic, rest, low

59
Q

the sympathetic division is the flight or fight system and is activated by the 4 E’s:

A

exercise excitement emergency and embarrassment

60
Q

When you consciously perceive something, the part of the brain most directly affected is the ? cortex

A

cerebral

61
Q

nerve fibers are crossed meaning what

A

left optic n goes to right hemi and right optic n goes to left hemi

62
Q

the ? body recognizes ? or angry facial expressions and assesses ? and elicits fear or aggression response

A

amygdaloid, fearful, danger

63
Q

We perceive color because our eyes contain ? that detect different wavelengths of ?, sending signals to the ? which then interprets them

A

cones, light, brain

64
Q

The “all or none” phenomenon in action potentials means that

A

a neuron will either fire a complete action potential of a consistent strength, or it will not fire at all

65
Q

In a neuron, (rough ER) is a network of folded ? studded with ?, primarily located in the cell body

A

membranes, ribosomes

66
Q

The part of the cortex that primarily senses a full bladder or holding your breath for too long is the ? cortex

A

insular

67
Q

depolarization is when the

A

inside become pos; outside becomes neg

68
Q

repolarization is when the

A

inside-neg; outside-pos

69
Q

hyperpolarizing is when the

A

inside-neg; outside-pos

70
Q

polarized is when the

A

inside-neg; outside-pos

71
Q

? tube functions to equalize pressure

A

pharyngotympanic

72
Q

? glands produce an oily substance to prevent eyelids from sticking together.

A

tarsal

73
Q

pathway of tears
? commissure
lacrimal ?
lacrimal ?
? duct
? cavity

A

medial, canaliculi, sac, nasolacrimal, nasal

74
Q

what inhibits bacteria in the eyeball? antibacterial ?

A

lysozyme

75
Q

in the CNS what is used to determine the strength of the stimulus

A

frequency

76
Q

? equilibrium is a state of no movement or change, while ? equilibrium is a state of continuous movement

A

static, dynamic

77
Q

what part of the eye is responsible for the shape of the lens ? body

A

ciliary

78
Q

what part of the eye regulates light?

A

iris

79
Q

which chamber has aqueous humor

A

anterior

80
Q

which chamber has the vitreous humor

A

posterior

81
Q

characteristics of ANS

A

involuntary, under unconscious control, smooth and cardiac m, glands

82
Q

characteristics of the SNS

A

voluntary, houses the skeletal muscles

83
Q

5 tastes ? (sugar), ? (acids), ? (sodium), ? (coffee), ? (beef/cheese)

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

84
Q

Cholinergic fibers are nerve fibers that release ? at their endings

A

ACh

85
Q

ascending tracts go from ? to ? whereas descending tracts go from ? to ?

A

body to brain, brain to body

86
Q

When stimulated, acetylcholine causes muscle ? while inhibition of acetylcholine would result in decreased muscle ?

A

contraction, activity

87
Q

nicotinic receptors are ? and muscarinic receptors are ? and ?

A

excitatory, excitatory, inhibitory

88
Q

nicotinic are found on ? muscle cells whereas muscarinic are found on ? and ? muscle cells and ?

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth, glands

89
Q

in light ?, the eye ? to the surrounding light

A

adaptation, adapts

90
Q

? conduction is made possible because of the ? sheath which insulates the axon of a neuron, allowing for rapid signal transmission by jumping between the gaps called nodes of ?.

A

saltatory, myelin, Ranvier

91
Q

during membrane potential, potassium channels ? to allow ? ions to flow out, ? the membrane and returning it to its resting state

A

open, potassium, repolarizing

92
Q

if a patient loses Hearing in one ear what would be the result

A

difficulty in determining where a sound came from

93
Q

which cranial nerve carries 90% of parasympathetic activity ? nerve

A

vagus

94
Q

The ? ? (SN) is a part of the brain’s midbrain that helps control ?

A

substantia nigra, movement

95
Q

The ? nerves stimulate the diaphragm

A

phrenic

96
Q

The parts of the maculae involved in equilibrium are the ? and saccule

A

utricle

97
Q

job of the corpus callosum

A

hold tg both hemi’s

98
Q

commissures of brain

A

anterior, posterior, hippocampus, reticular

99
Q

The part of the brain that contains the cardiac center, vasomotor center, and respiratory center is the ? oblongata.

A

medulla

100
Q

breakdown the diff branches of the NS:
? and motor
has the ? and ? NS
has the ? and parasym divi’s

A

sensory, somatic, autonomic, sympathetic

101
Q

? fibers are nerve fibers that release NE/E and dopamine

A

adrenergic

102
Q

parasym has what type of fibers

sym has why type of fibers

A

long pre and short post; short pre and long post

103
Q

Synaptic potentials are involved in the rapid transmission of ? between neurons

A

info

104
Q

when a stimulus comes along and the stimulus reaches the ?, depolarization begins

A

threshold

105
Q

The ? activating system (RAS) and ? are the parts of the brain that work together to stimulate alertness:

A

reticular, thalamus

106
Q

? (REM) sleep is a sleep stage that’s characterized by rapid eye movements, increased brain activity, and ?.

A

rapid eye movement, dreaming

107
Q

A cornea transplant is considered one of the most successful transplants because the cornea naturally lacks ? ?, which means the immune system has difficulty detecting and rejecting the transplanted tissue and your blood ? doesn’t matter meaning anyone can donate their eye

A

blood vessels, type

108
Q

The period after an initial stimulus where a cell cannot trigger another action potential is called the ? period.

A

refractory

109
Q

if acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner what is the result of acetylcholine on the postsynaptic cells

A

depolarization causing chemically gated sodium channels to open

110
Q

part of brain that allows for smooth muscle movement and balance

A

vestibulocochlear (VIII)

111
Q

*? System is our emotional or affective brain

A

limbic

112
Q

when an action potential is at the axon terminal what opens? ? channels

A

voltage-gated calcium

113
Q

signals on dendrites are not called action potentials but are rather called ? potentials

A

graded

114
Q

The autonomic nervous system has a ?-neuron pathway for each motor signal, while the somatic nervous system has ? motor neuron pathway

A

2, 1

115
Q

diverging is ? input and ? outputs

converging is ? inputs and ? output

parallel is when it ? into diff circuits

A

1, many, many, 1, spilts

116
Q

Bell’s palsy is caused by damage to the ? n (VII)

A

facial

117
Q

brocas area is in the ? hemi

A

left

118
Q

central sulcus separates the ? and ? lobe

A

frontal , parietal

119
Q

list number and names of the 31 pairs of cranial nerves

A

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

120
Q

list number a names of the 12 cranial nerves

A

olfactory (1), optic (2), oculomotor (3), trochlear (4), trigeminal (5), abducens (6), facial (7), vestibulocochlear (8), glossopharyngeal (9), vagus (10), accessory (11), hypoglossal (12)

121
Q

olfactory (1), -
optic (2), -
oculomotor (3), -
trochlear (4), -
trigeminal (5),-
abducens (6), -
facial (7),-
vestibulocochlear (8),-
glossopharyngeal (9), -
vagus (10), -
accessory (11),-
hypoglossal (12)-

A

smell, vision, eye movement, eye movement, chewing, eye movement, facial exp & taste, hearing and balance, taste/swallowing, many, movement of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius, tongue movement

122
Q

? ? are tiny pits with ALL cones and has the highest resolution

A

fovea centralis

123
Q

the ? ? is an area that contains mostly cones and has the best visuals

A

macula lutea

124
Q

? Bodies are responsible for protein synthesis

A

nissl

A&P Test 4 (7 decks)

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