ch. 12 terms Flashcards
? matter contains nonmyelinated neurons and cell bodies
gray
? matter is composed of mostly of myelinated axons
white
fluid filled chambers in the brain are called (v)
ventricles
? ventricle lies in ? (d) and is connected to the Fourth ventricle cerebral aqueduct
*? ventricle is continuous with central canal of the spinal cord
3rd, diencephalon, 4th
? hemispheres form the superior part of the brain and account for 83% of brain mass
cerebral
Surface markings on the Cerebral Hemispheres include: (G.S.F)
?: ridges
?: shallow grooves
?: deep grooves
gyri, sulci, fissures
fissure that separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres (L)
longitudinal fissure
fissure that separates cerebrum from cerebellum
transverse cerebral fissure
name the 5 lobes:
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insular
? cortex makes up ?% of mass of brain
cerebral, 40
Four general considerations of cerebral cortex
1. # functional areas
2. Each hemisphere is ?
3. Lateralization = ?
4. Conscious ?
3, contralateral, specialization, behavior
3 types of functional areas
1. ? areas: control voluntary movement
2. ? areas: conscious awareness of sensation
3. Association areas: integrate diverse ?
motor, sensory, info
Each hemisphere is concerned with ? (opposite) side of body
contralateral
? (specialization) of the cortical function can occur in only # hemisphere
lateralization, 1
Conscious behavior involves entire ? in one way or another
cortex
motor areas act to control voluntary movement
1. Primary motor cortex- control ? muscle movements (damage can cause ?)
2. Premotor cortex- plans and coordinates skilled ? activities (control over ? is lost)
3. Broca’s area- controls ? production in 1 hemisphere (if damaged: ?)
4. Frontal eye field- controls ? eye movement (eye ?)
skeletal, paralysis, motor, movement, speech, aphasia, voluntary, paralysis
8 sensory areas: (P.S.V.A.V.O.G.V)
1. ? somatosensory cortex
2. ? association cortex
3. Primary ? Cortex
4. ? areas
5. ? cortex
6. ? cortex
7. ? cortex
8. ? sensory area
- Primary somatosensory cortex
- Somatosensory association cortex
- Primary Visual Cortex
- Auditory areas
- Vestibular cortex
- Olfactory cortex
- Gustatory cortex
- Visceral sensory area
sensory that receives sensory input from body
Primary somatosensory cortex
sensory that integrates sensory info for object recognition
Somatosensory association cortex
sensory that receives visual info from retinas
primary visual cortex
sensory that processes sound info and memory
auditory areas
sensory that is responsible for balance awareness (v)
vestibular cortex
sensory that is involved in conscious awareness of odors (o)
olfactory cortex
sensory that is located in insula and is responsible for perceiving taste (g)
gustatory cortex
sensory that is responsible for perceiving internal body sensations (v)
visceral sensory areas
? association areas receive inputs and send outputs and are located where sensation, ?, and emotions become conscious
multimodal, thoughts
Multimodal association areas are broadly divided into three parts
1. ? association area
2. ? association area
3. ? association area
anterior, posterior, limbic
Anterior association area (Prefrontal cortex) contains
1. Working memory needed for abstract ideas
2. ?
3. ?
4. Persistence
5. Planning
judgement, reasoning
Posterior association area plays a role in recognizing ? and faces,
localizing us and our surroundings in space
*Involved in understanding the written and spoken language (? area)
patterns, Wernicke’s
system involved in emotions and memory processing (l)
limbic
? dominance is the preference of one hemisphere for certain functions over the other
cerebral dominance
left hemi is responsible for ?
language
right hemi is responsible for visual-spatial skills and ?
intuition
the function of the corpus ? is to ? the 2 hemi’s and allow them to function as a whole
callosum, connect
The Diencephalon consist of 3 Paired Gray Matter Structures:
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
All three enclose the third ventricle
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
the ? is the relay station for sensory info to cortex
thalamus
the ? is the main control for body homeostasis
hypothalamus
the ? regulates sleep-wake cycles
epithalamus
Brain Stem consist of (1) ?, (2) Pons, and (3) ? oblongata
midbrain, medulla
functions of midbrain are:
? control
? processing
?/? cycle
? response
motor, sensory, sleep/wake, pain
Degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra results in ? disease
Parkinson’s
? (means bridge) is located between midbrain and medulla oblongata
pons
the medulla oblongata is responsible for ? management, circulation, and ?
heart, breathing
cerebellum makes us 11% of brain mass and coordinates ? movements and ?
voluntary, balance
? vitae is the tree-like pattern of ? matter in the cerebellum
arbor, white
The amygdaloid body recognizes angry or ? facial expressions and
assesses danger and elicits a fear or aggression ?
fearful, response
The cingulate gyrus plays a role in:
1. Expressing ? via gestures
2. Resolving mental ?
emotions, conflict
the brainstem structure that governs arousal and consciousness is called the ? formation
reticular
the ? ? system sends impulses to keep cerebral cortex alert
reticular activating
damage to wernicke’s area can cause a ? disorder (word salad)
language
damage to broca’s area can cause ?
paralysis
Different kinds of memory
1. ? (d) memory
2. ? (p) memory of skills
3. ? (m) memory
4. ? (e) memory
declarative, procedural, motor, emotional
declarative memory is for
facts
procedural memory is for
skills
motor memory is like
riding a bike
emotional memory involves memory of ? being linked to an emotion
experiences
short-term memory is ? memorization
temporary
long-term memory has a ? capacity
limitless
Consciousness is clinically defined on continuum that grades behavior in response to stimuli
1. ? - highest state of consciousness
2. ? (lethargy)
3. Stupor-daze
4. ? - most depressed state of consciousness
alertness, drowsiness, coma
4 Protections of Brain
1. ?
2. Meninges = membranes
3. ? fluid
4. ? brain barrier
bone, CSF, blood
? mater is the strong outer layer of the meninges
dura
the ? mater is the middle layer of meninges with web-like extensions
arachnoid
the ? mater is the delicate layer adhering tightly to the brain
pia
the space that contains CSF between arachnoid and pia mater
subarachnoid space
4 functions of CSF:
gives buoyancy
reduces ? of brain
protects ? from blows
nourishes ?/ carries signals
weight, CNS, brain
the ? ? barrier is a protective barrier that regulates substance entry to brain
blood brain
functions of spinal cord:
1. Provides ? to and from brain and body
2. Major reflex center where ? are initiated and completed at the spinal cord
communication, reflexes
the spinal cord is protected by ? and ?
bone, fat
The site of a lumbar puncture or spinal tap is below ? where the spinal cord is absent
L3
the name for a bundle of nerve roots below spinal cord termination is called ? equina
cauda
White matter runs in three directions
1. Ascending-?
2. Descending-?
3. Transverse-?
up, down, across
