ch. 13 terms Flashcards
? respond to touch, pressure, vibration, or stretch
mechanoreceptors
? are sensitive to changes in temperature
thermoreceptors
? respond to light energy for sight
Photoreceptors
? respond to chemicals for smell, taste, or changes in blood chemistry
chemorecptors
? respond to potentially damaging stimuli and are sensitive to pain- causing stimuli, such as extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, or inflammatory chemicals
nociceptors
? respond to stimuli arising outside body near or at body surface
exteroceptors
? (visceroceptors) respond to stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels and are sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretching, or temperature changes
interoceptors
? are located in and respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and CT coverings of bones and muscles to inform the brain of one’s movements
Proprioceptors
General senses include tactile sensations
1. ?
2. Pressure
3. Stretch
4. Vibration
5. ?
6. ?
7. Muscle sense
touch, temperature, pain
? (free) nerve endings are found in
1. ? Receptors
2. Nociceptors
3. Tactile ?
4. Hair Follicle Receptors
Nonencapsulated (free) nerve endings are abundant in ? and CT
nonencapsulated, temperature, disc, epithelia
Encapsulated (free) nerve endings include:
1. Tactile Corpuscles
2. Lamellar Corpuscles
3. ? Spindles
4. ? Organs
5. ? Receptors
muscle, tendon, joint
? receptors are activated between 10 to 40C( 50 to 104ºF) and located in ? dermis
? receptors are activated between 32 to 48C( 90-118ºF) and located in ? dermis
cold, superficial, heat, deeper
? discs function as light touch receptors and are located at the ? layer of epidermis
tactile, basal
Nociceptors (Pain Receptors) are triggered by extreme ? changes, a pinch, or the release of chemicals from damaged tissue
temperature
? ? receptors are free nerve endings that wrap around hair follicles and act as light ? receptors. they also detect the ? of hairs and allow you to feel a mosquito landing on your skin
hair follicle, touch, bending
Optic nerve (II): Responsible for ?
vision
Tactile corpuscles are small receptors involved in ? touch
*Tactile corpuscles found just below skin
*Tactile corpuscles are mostly in sensitive and ? areas
discriminative, hairless
Lamellar corpuscles are large receptors that respond to deep pressure and ? then turn off (adapt rapidly)
Lamellar corpuscles located in ? dermis
vibration, deep
Muscle ? are spindle-shaped proprioceptors within ? and respond to muscle ? and also initiate a reflex that resists stretch
spindles, perimysium, stretching
? organs are proprioceptors located in tendons that detect ?
tendon, stretching
? receptors are proprioceptors that monitor joint ? and motion
joint, positions
? is the awareness (sensing) of changes
? is the conscious ? of those stimuli
sensation, perception, interpretation
? of ? a protective mechanism where neurons release neurotransmitter substance P
perception, pain
Two Types of Adaptation are
1. ? receptors
2. ? receptors
phasic, tonic
Three basic levels of neural integration in sensory systems:
1. Processing at the ? level
2. Processing at the ? Level
3. Processing at the ? Level
receptor, circuit, perceptual
olfactory nerve (I): responsible for
sense of smell
Phasic receptors are sensory receptors for
1. Pressure
2. ?
3. ?
4. Temperature
touch, smell
How the impulse is delivered to proper areas of the cerebral cortex:
1. ?-order sensory neurons
2. ?-order sensory neurons
3. ?-order sensory neurons to the ? cortex (perceptual level)
1st, 2nd, 3rd, somatosensory
Examples are of tonic receptors are
1. ?
2. Most proprioceptors
nociceptors
Sensory input interpreted in cerebral cortex
1. Perceptual detection- detects ?
2. Magnitude estimation- detects ? of stimulus by ? of impulses
3. Spatial discrimination- detects site and pattern of ?
4. Quality discrimination- ability to ? in specific details
5. Pattern recognition- ability to recognize ? and ? patterns
stimulus, intensity, frequency, stimulation, differentiate, familiar, unfamiliar
? pain results from stimulation of visceral organ receptors and is felt as vague aching, gnawing, or ? and is activated by
1. ? stretching
2. Ischemia
3. irritating chemicals
4. Muscle ?
visceral, burning, tissue, spasm
Two types of Ganglia
1. ? root ganglia = sensory neurons
2. Ganglia in ? system between = preganglionic motor neurons and postganglionic motor neurons
dorsal, ANS
Endoneurium is CT that encloses ? and their ? sheaths
Perineurium is CT that bundles fibers into ?
Epineurium is tough fibrous sheath around all ? to form the ?
axons, myelin, fascicles, fascicles, nerve
oculomotor nerves (III) are responsible for
eye movement
? pain is pain from one body region perceived as coming from a different region
referred
trochlear nerves (4) are responsible for
eye movement
12 cranial nerves
mnemonic:
“Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet, AHhhh” name them:
olfactory (1), optic (2), oculomotor (3), trochlear (4), trigeminal (5), abducens (6), facial (7), vestibulocochlear (8), glossopharyngeal (9), vagus (10), accessory (11), hypoglossal (12)
glossopharyngeal nerve (9) are responsible for
taste and swallowing
abducens (6) nerves control ? ? movements
lateral, eye
accessory nerves (11) aids in the movement of the ?, ?
sternocleidomastoid, trapezius
trigeminal nerve (5) are responsible for helping the face feel ?, and ?
pain, sensation
facial nerves (7) allow for facial ?, ? functions and taste
expressions, sensory
hypoglossal nerves (12) controls the muscles that enable ? movement
tongue
vestibulocochlear nerves (8) are responsible for
hearing and balance
vagus nerves (10) regulates activities of ?,?, and abdominal viscera
heart, lungs
in order: mnemonic for
Can The Lion Sit Comfortably?
? pairs of ? nerves
? pairs of ? nerves
? pairs of ? nerves
? pairs of ? nerves
? pair of tiny ? nerves
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 saccral, 1coccygeal
? nerve
-Longest and thickest nerve of body
-Innervates most muscles in ? and foot
? nerve in upper limb
-provides motor and ? functions to arm
-funny bone
sciatic, leg, ulnar, sensory
Spinal reflexes
1. Stretch - upright, ? neurons, patellar/knee-jerk reflex
2. Flexor - initiated by painful stimulus, ? neurons, minimize tissue damage, ? reflex
2, 3, withdrawal
components of reflex arc are:
1. ?
2. sensory (afferent) neuron
3. ? center
4. motor (efferent) neuron
5. ?
receptor, integration, effector
