ch. 15 terms Flashcards
accessory structures protect & aid in ?. of eye
accessory structures include
1. ?- protect eye
2. ?- shade & prevent sweat from entering eye
3. Conjunctiva
4. Lacrimal apparatus
5. ? eye muscles
function, eyebrows, eyelids, extrinsic
? glands are modified sebaceous glands that produce ?
secretion that ? the lid and eye to prevent them from sticking tg
tarsal, oily, lubricates
conjunctiva is a transparent ? membrane that produces a lubricating mucous ?
? conjunctiva- lines underside of eyelids
? conjunctiva- covers white part of eyes, not cornea
mucous, secretion, palpebral, bulbar
? ? is space between palpebral and bulbar
conjunctiva where the contact lens rests
conjunctival sac
Lacrimal ? consists of the lacrimal ? and ducts that drain into ? cavity
-Lacrimal gland secretes ?
apparatus, gland, nasal, tears
Lacrimal ? (tears) is a dilute saline solution containing
1. Mostly ? and ?
2. Antibodies
3. Antibacterial ? – an enzyme that kills ?
secretion, water, mucous, lysozyme, bacteria
*Blinking spreads tears toward the ? ? where the tears enter the paired lacrimal ?. the tears then drain into the Lacrimal ?, then into the ? duct which empties into ? cavity
medial commissure, canaliculi, sac, nasolacrimal, nasal
The ? duct is a tube that drains tears from the eyes into the nasal cavity
nasolacrimal
Extrinsic eye muscles consists of
1. The four rectus muscles in the eye: the ?, ?, ?, and ? recti, have different functions that control eye ?
2. Two ? muscles
Move eye in vertical plane or ? the eyeball
Superior and inferior oblique muscles
superior, inferior, medial, lateral, movement, oblique, rotate
Wall of eyeball contains three layers
1. ? layer
2. ? layer
3. ? layer
fibrous, vascular, inner
The ? chamber is the front part of the eye between the ? and the ?. inside of the chamber is Aqueous ? that nourishes the cornea and iris. its function is to help focus ? onto the retina.
anterior, cornea, iris, humor, light
The ? chamber is an important structure involved in the production and ? of aqueous humor. it is located between the iris and the ? and it contains the ?, choroid, and ? nerve head.
posterior, circulation, lens, retina, optic
? layer contains the:
?- protects and shapes eyeball
?- allows light entry and bending
fibrous, sclera, cornea
? layer contains the:
?- contains blood and absorbs light in eye
? body- surrounds lens; controls its shape
?- colored part of eye that regulates light entry
vascular, choroid, ciliary, iris
2 types of smooth muscle that control amt of light that enters eye:
1. ? pupillae- comtrols the amount of light that reaches the retina by ? the pupil
2. ? pupillae- ? the pupil to let ? light into the eye
sphincter, constricting, dilator, dilates, more
the ? has an outer ? layer and an inner neural layer. it also stores vitamin ?
retina, pigmented, A
? disc is site where optic nerve leaves the eye and lacks
?, & is referred to as blind spot
optic, photoreceptors
the ? ? is an area that contains mostly cones and has the best visuals
macula lutea
? ? are tiny pits with ALL cones and has the highest resolution
fovea centralis
?- sensitive to dim light; peripheral vision
?- are receptors for bright light and color vision
rods, cones
-Aqueous humor drains via the ? ? sinus into the blood
-Aqueous humor supplies ? and oxygen and removes ?
scleral venous, nutrients, waste
Pathway of light entering eye for focusing light on the retina
1. ?
2. Aqueous humor
3. ?
4. Vitreous humor
5. retina
6. ?receptors
cornea, lens, photo
for ? vision the lenses are stretched ?
for ? vision the lenses are thick & ?
distant, flat, close, convex
Focusing for ? vision is gradually lost with age because the
lens loses ? and can’t recoil
close, elasticity
the processing and relaying of visual info occurs when: ? hits the retina, ?receptor cells convert light into ? signals and the signals are then relayed to the ? nerve
light, photoreceptor, electrical, optic
Both eyes view same image from slightly different ? and the visual
? fuses these slightly different images resulting in a 3D
image, which leads to ? perception
angles, cortex, depth
? must be dissolved in aqueous solution to be detected by chemoreceptors
chemoreceptors detect molecules in the air and ?
*? receptors are excited by chemicals dissolved in nasal fluids
*? receptors respond to chemicals dissolved in saliva
chemicals, saliva, smell, taste
? epithelium (Organ of smell) is located in roof of nasal cavity and covers superior nasal conchae
olfactory
The ? pathway is the process that transmits information about ? molecules from the nose to the ?
olfactory, odor, brain
? is the organ of taste
gustatory
Papillae are peg-like projections of tongue mucosa and are classed as: (Freddy Fished Very Fervently)
1. ? papillae
2. ? papillae
3. ? papillae
4. ? papillae
- Fungiform
- Foliate
- Vallate
- Filiform
*There are five basic taste sensations
1. ?—sugars, saccharin, alcohol, some amino acids
2. ?—hydrogen ions in solution (acids)
3. ?—metal ions (inorganic salts); sodium chloride tastes
saltiest
4. ?—alkaloids such as quinine and nicotine, caffeine, and
nonalkaloids (aspirin)
5. ?—amino acids glutamate and aspartate; example: beef
(meat) or cheese taste, and monosodium glutamate
sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami
The ear has three major areas
1. ? (outer) ear: ? only
2. ? ear (tympanic cavity): ? only
3. ? (inner) ear: ? and ?
external, middle, internal, hearing (x3), equilibrium
the external ear consists of:
1. ?
2. External ? ?
auricle, acoustic meatus
the middle ear consists of:
-? tube connects the middle ear to the ? and is a flattened tube that can be opened by yawning or swallowing to equalize
pharyngotympanic, nasopharynx
pharyngotympanic tube functions to ? ?
between
1. Middle ear cavity
2. External air pressure
equalize, pressure
auditory ossicles are three small bones in tympanic cavity
named for their shape:
1. M
2. I
3. S
malleus, incus, stapes
The inner ear (labyrinth) is located in the temporal bone and consists of two major divisions
1. ? labyrinth- in petrous part of temporal bone- filled w ? fluid
2. ? labyrinth– in bony labyrinth- filled w ?
bony, perilymph, membranous, endolymph
In the ?, the Saccule and Utricle sacs house equilibrium receptors called Maculae
*Macula responds to
1. ? of Gravity
2. Reports changes in ? of head
vestibule, pull, position
In the ? canals, the enlarged area of the
ducts of each canal that houses equilibrium
receptor region called the crista ampullaris
*Equilibrium receptors of the crista ampullaris
respond to ? or ? movements
of the head
semicircular, angular, rotational
the organ of Corti is
cochlea
the properties of sound are:
1. ? = pitch
2. ? = sound’s intensity or loudness
frequency, amplitude
pathway of sound:
? membrane
auditory ossicles
stapes
? membrane
tympanic, basilar
How do we determine where the sound is coming from?
Depends on
1. ? of the sound
2. ? of sound waves reaching both ears
Location of Sound
-If sound is in front, back, or overhead, sound waves cue ? ears at
same time
-If sound is on one side, sound wave activates receptors of ? ear
slightly earlier
intensity, timing, both, nearer
? receptors monitor head position and movement for balance
equilibrium
semicircular canals monitor ? equilibrium whereas vestibule monitor ? equilibrium
dynamic, static
static eq.-
dynamic eq.-
no movement, continuous movement
