ch. 11 terms Flashcards by sunshine m

Nervous and ? systems coordinate and regulate all body activities to maintain ?

endocrine, homeostasis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

? System is slower and uses chemical messengers (Hormones) that travel
in BV to target cells
*Hormone effects last longer
*Hormones bind to receptors on target cells and change cell’s ?

endocrine, metabolism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

? System is faster and uses an ? and chemical mechanisms
*Nervous system is rapid, specific, and causes almost immediate
?
*Nerve impulses will “switch on or switch off”
*Nervous impulse effects short-lived
*Neurotransmitters bind to receptors

nervous, electrical, responses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

information gathered by sensory receptors is called

sensory input

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

processing and interpreting sensory input is called

integration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

activation of effector organs to produce responses

motor output

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

? consists of the Brain and Spinal Cord

CNS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

? consists of cranial and spinal nerves

PNS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

? nerves = to and from spinal cord
? nerves = to and from brain

spinal, cranial

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

*? are bundles of axons (nerve fibers) in the PNS
*? are collections of neuron cell bodies

nerves, ganglia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 functional divisions of PNS are :

sensory and motor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

? (afferent) division consist of nerve fibers (axons) that carry impulses
to CNS from sensory receptors

sensory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 branches of sensory division are: (S.V.)

somatic and visceral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

? sensory fibers
Convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints
to CNS; Consciously perceived
keeps CNS informed of events going on both
? and ? the body

somatic, inside, outside

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

? sensory fibers
Convey impulses from visceral organs
to CNS; Not
consciously perceived

visceral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

? Division (efferent)
*Transmits impulses from CNS to effector organs
*It causes
1. Muscles to ?
2. Glands to ?

motor, contract, secrete

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

*? = muscles and glands

effectors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

? Nervous System is the Voluntary Nervous System that controls ? muscle movemets

somatic, skeletal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

? nervous system is the involuntary nervous system that regulates smooth and ? muscles

autonomic, cardiac

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

branches of the autonomic NS: (S.P)

sympathetic, parasympathetic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

division that prepares body for ‘fight/flight’ responses

sympathetic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

division that promotes ‘rest/digest’

parasympathetic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nervous tissue consists two main cell types:
1. ? = glial cells
2. ? = nerve cells
*neuroglial (glial cells) are small cells that support the delicate ?
*neurons (nerve cells) are excitable cells that respond to a ? and transmit electrical signals

neuroglial, neurons, neurons, stimulus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

change in environment triggering a response is called a

stimulus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neuroglia of the CNS include: 1. Astrocytes- ?-shaped glial cells that support neurons and capillaries 2. ? cells- ? cells that monitor neuron health and respond to injury 3. Ependymal cells- line brain cavities & circulate CSF 4. ?- form ? sheaths around CNS nerve fibers

star, microglial, small, Oligodendrocytes, myelin

? cells surround neuron cell bodies in PNS

satellite

Schwann cells (?) surround all peripheral nerve fibers and form insulating ? sheaths

neurolemmocytes, myelin

Special characteristics of Neurons 1. Extreme ? (lasts a person’s lifetime) 2. ? (lose ability to divide), with few exceptions 3. High metabolic rate so require continuous supply of ? and glucose 4. All have a cell body and one or more slender processes

longevity, amitotic, oxygen

 ? are bundles of neuron processes (axons) in CNS  ? are bundles of neuron processes (axons) in PNS

tracts, nerves

 ? are clusters of neuron cell bodies in ? that are protected by bones of skull or vertebrae  ? are clusters of neuron cell bodies in ? that are protected by transverse processes of vertebral column

nuclei, CNS, ganglia, PNS

Signals on dendrites are not called AP *Signals on dendrites are short-distance signals called ? ? ; they have ? signals, are either ? or hyperpolarizing depending on stimulus ?, and decay with distance

graded potential, input, depolarizing, intensity

Each neuron has one axon that starts at cone-shaped area called the ? ?

axon hillock

long axons are called ? Fibers Axons have occasional branches called axon ? Distal endings of the terminal branches on an axon are called ? ?

nerve, collaterals, axon terminals

axolemma is the axons ? ?

cell membrane

An ? ? is a long-distance rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane that maintains the same ? and is ?polarizing

action potential, volume, depolarizing

axons that are surrounded by myelin sheaths conduct faster when they have ? fibers and form ? matter

myelinated, white

fibers w/o myelin sheaths conduct slower when they have ? fibers and form ? matter

nonmyelinated, gray

neurons w 3+ processes and are common in the CNS (polar)

multipolar

neurons w 1 axon and 1 dendrite, rare

bipolar

neurons w only 1 process, primarily sensory

unipolar

? Neurons (Afferent Neurons) transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward the CNS

sensory

? (Association Neurons) lie between motor and sensory neurons and shuttle signals through the CNS pathways where integration occurs *Most interneurons are found entirely within the CNS *?% of body’s neurons are interneurons

interneurons, 99

? Neurons (Efferent Neurons) carry impulses from the CNS to effectors *All motor neurons are ?polar

motor, multipolar

? ? potential occurs when the cell is inactive

resting membrane

? is a measure of potential energy generated by separated charges and measure as Volts (V) or millivolts (mV)

voltage

? channels (aka non-gated) are always open

leakage

? channels only open/close when part of a protein changes

gated

there are 3 types of gated channels: 1. ? gated channels- (ligand-gated)- only open with the binding of a specific chemical (ach) 2. ?-gated channels- open and close in response to changes in membrane potential/electrical charge 3. ? gated channels- open and close in response to the physical deformation of receptors

chemical, voltage, mechanically

Resting membrane potential of a resting neuron is approximately ? mV

–70

Two factors generate the RMP 1. Differences in ionic composition of ? and ? 2. Differences in plasma membrane ? the ? distribution of ions across the cell membrane, combined with the membrane's selective ? to certain ions, creates the electrical potential difference known as the RMP.

ICF, ECF, permeability, unequal, permeability

Four main steps in an Action Potential (r.s/polar) 1. ? 2. ? 3. ? 4. ?

resting state, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization

At ? state, all gated sodium potassium channels are ? and only sodium potassium leakage channels ?

resting, closed, open

When a stimulus comes along (such as chemicals, heat, light, or mechanical pressure) and the stimulus reaches ?, depolarization begins

threshold

depolarization occurs when the membrane potential becomes less ? than the resting potential causing ? channels to open and become more ?

negative, sodium, positive

repolarization is the process of returning back to the ? ? after ?, allowing potassium ions to flow out to restore the ? internal charge.

membrane potential, depolarization, negative

? is the process whereby the membrane potential becomes more ? than the ? potential making it difficult for the neuron to fire an AP.

hyperpolarization, negative, resting

phenomenon that states that an 'AP occurs fully or not at all, no partial AP'

all-or-non-phenomenon

Absolute refractory period: This is the time during which a cell cannot ? another ? potential, no matter how strong the stimulus is.

generate, action

Relative refractory period: Following the absolute refractory period, this is the time when a cell can ? fire another AP, but only if a significantly ? stimulus is applied.

potentially, stronger

? ? (MS) is an ? disease that occurs when myelin sheaths in CNS are destroyed when the ? system attacks the myelin

multiple sclerosis, autoimmune, immune

a neuron that conducts impulses toward the synapse

presynaptic neuron

a neuron that transmits signals away from the synapse

postsynaptic neuron

6 steps involved in transfer across chemical synapses: (A.C.R.B.R.E)

Action potential arrival, Calcium influx, Release of neurotransmitter, Binding to receptors, Response in postsynaptic cell, Enzymatic breakdown/reuptake

the process of neurotransmitter reabsorption by a presynaptic neuron is called

reuptake

8 neurotransmitters by chemical structure: (E.N.D.S.G.A.G.E)

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, GABA, acetylcholine, glutamate, endorphins

Excitatory (?polarizing) Inhibitory (?polarizing)

depolarizing, hyperpolarizing

With ? processing, input travels along one pathway to a specific destination

serial

? are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli

reflexes

? processing is when the input travels along several pathways to different parts of circuitry and deal simultaneously with the information

parallel

Five Components of Spinal Reflex Series (R.S.C.M.E) 1. ? 2. ? neuron 3. ? integration center 4. ? neuron 5. ?

1. Receptor 2. Sensory neuron 3. CNS integration center 4. Motor neuron 5. Effector

one input that leads to multiple outputs is called an ? circuit

diverging

many inputs that lead to one output is called a ? circuit

converging

ch. 11 terms Flashcards

(72 cards)