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A&P Test 4 > ch. 11 terms > Flashcards

ch. 11 terms Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous and ? systems coordinate and regulate all body activities to maintain ?

A

endocrine, homeostasis

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2
Q

? System is slower and uses chemical messengers (Hormones) that travel
in BV to target cells
*Hormone effects last longer
*Hormones bind to receptors on target cells and change cell’s ?

A

endocrine, metabolism

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3
Q

? System is faster and uses an ? and chemical mechanisms
*Nervous system is rapid, specific, and causes almost immediate
?
*Nerve impulses will “switch on or switch off”
*Nervous impulse effects short-lived
*Neurotransmitters bind to receptors

A

nervous, electrical, responses

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4
Q

information gathered by sensory receptors is called

A

sensory input

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5
Q

processing and interpreting sensory input is called

A

integration

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6
Q

activation of effector organs to produce responses

A

motor output

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7
Q

? consists of the Brain and Spinal Cord

A

CNS

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8
Q

? consists of cranial and spinal nerves

A

PNS

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9
Q

? nerves = to and from spinal cord
? nerves = to and from brain

A

spinal, cranial

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10
Q

*? are bundles of axons (nerve fibers) in the PNS
*? are collections of neuron cell bodies

A

nerves, ganglia

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11
Q

2 functional divisions of PNS are :

A

sensory and motor

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12
Q

? (afferent) division consist of nerve fibers (axons) that carry impulses
to CNS from sensory receptors

A

sensory

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13
Q

2 branches of sensory division are: (S.V.)

A

somatic and visceral

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14
Q

? sensory fibers
Convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints
to CNS; Consciously perceived
keeps CNS informed of events going on both
? and ? the body

A

somatic, inside, outside

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15
Q

? sensory fibers
Convey impulses from visceral organs
to CNS; Not
consciously perceived

A

visceral

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16
Q

? Division (efferent)
*Transmits impulses from CNS to effector organs
*It causes
1. Muscles to ?
2. Glands to ?

A

motor, contract, secrete

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17
Q

*? = muscles and glands

A

effectors

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18
Q

? Nervous System is the Voluntary Nervous System that controls ? muscle movemets

A

somatic, skeletal

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19
Q

? nervous system is the involuntary nervous system that regulates smooth and ? muscles

A

autonomic, cardiac

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20
Q

branches of the autonomic NS: (S.P)

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic

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21
Q

division that prepares body for ‘fight/flight’ responses

A

sympathetic

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22
Q

division that promotes ‘rest/digest’

A

parasympathetic

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23
Q

Nervous tissue consists two main cell types:
1. ? = glial cells
2. ? = nerve cells
*neuroglial (glial cells) are small cells that support the delicate ?
*neurons (nerve cells) are excitable cells that respond to a ? and transmit electrical signals

A

neuroglial, neurons, neurons, stimulus

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24
Q

change in environment triggering a response is called a

A

stimulus

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25
Q

Neuroglia of the CNS include:
1. Astrocytes- ?-shaped glial cells that support neurons and capillaries
2. ? cells- ? cells that monitor neuron health and respond to injury
3. Ependymal cells- line brain cavities & circulate CSF
4. ?- form ? sheaths around CNS nerve fibers

A

star, microglial, small, Oligodendrocytes, myelin

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26
Q

? cells surround neuron cell bodies in PNS

A

satellite

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27
Q

Schwann cells (?) surround all peripheral nerve fibers
and form insulating ? sheaths

A

neurolemmocytes, myelin

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28
Q

Special characteristics of Neurons
1. Extreme ? (lasts a person’s lifetime)
2. ? (lose ability to divide), with few exceptions
3. High metabolic rate so require continuous supply of ? and glucose
4. All have a cell body and one or more slender processes

A

longevity, amitotic, oxygen

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29
Q

 ? are bundles of neuron processes (axons) in CNS
 ? are bundles of neuron processes (axons) in PNS

A

tracts, nerves

30
Q

 ? are clusters of neuron cell bodies in ? that are protected by bones of skull or vertebrae
 ? are clusters of neuron cell bodies in ? that are protected by transverse processes of vertebral column

A

nuclei, CNS, ganglia, PNS

31
Q

Signals on dendrites are not called AP
*Signals on dendrites are short-distance signals called ? ? ; they have ? signals, are either ? or hyperpolarizing depending on stimulus ?, and decay with distance

A

graded potential, input, depolarizing, intensity

32
Q

Each neuron has one axon that starts at cone-shaped area called the ? ?

A

axon hillock

33
Q

long axons are called ? Fibers
Axons have occasional branches called axon ?
Distal endings of the terminal branches on an axon are called ? ?

A

nerve, collaterals, axon terminals

34
Q

axolemma is the axons ? ?

A

cell membrane

35
Q

An ? ? is a long-distance rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane that maintains the same ? and is ?polarizing

A

action potential, volume, depolarizing

36
Q

axons that are surrounded by myelin sheaths conduct faster when they have ? fibers and form ? matter

A

myelinated, white

37
Q

fibers w/o myelin sheaths conduct slower when they have ? fibers and form ? matter

A

nonmyelinated, gray

38
Q

neurons w 3+ processes and are common in the CNS (polar)

A

multipolar

39
Q

neurons w 1 axon and 1 dendrite, rare

A

bipolar

40
Q

neurons w only 1 process, primarily sensory

A

unipolar

41
Q

? Neurons (Afferent Neurons) transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward the CNS

A

sensory

42
Q

? (Association Neurons) lie between motor and sensory neurons and
shuttle signals through the CNS pathways where integration occurs
*Most interneurons are found entirely within the CNS
*?% of body’s neurons are interneurons

A

interneurons, 99

43
Q

? Neurons (Efferent Neurons) carry impulses from the CNS to effectors
*All motor neurons are ?polar

A

motor, multipolar

44
Q

? ? potential occurs when the cell is inactive

A

resting membrane

45
Q

? is a measure of potential energy generated by separated charges and measure as Volts (V) or millivolts (mV)

A

voltage

46
Q

? channels (aka non-gated) are always open

A

leakage

47
Q

? channels only open/close when part of a protein changes

A

gated

48
Q

there are 3 types of gated channels:
1. ? gated channels- (ligand-gated)- only open with the binding of a specific chemical (ach)
2. ?-gated channels- open and close in response to changes in membrane potential/electrical charge
3. ? gated channels- open and close in response to the physical
deformation of receptors

A

chemical, voltage, mechanically

49
Q

Resting membrane potential of a resting neuron is approximately ? mV

A

–70

50
Q

Two factors generate the RMP
1. Differences in ionic composition of ? and ?
2. Differences in plasma membrane ?
the ? distribution of ions across the cell membrane, combined with the membrane’s selective ? to certain ions, creates the electrical potential difference known as the RMP.

A

ICF, ECF, permeability, unequal, permeability

51
Q

Four main steps in an Action Potential (r.s/polar)
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?

A

resting state, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization

52
Q

At ? state, all gated sodium potassium channels are ? and only sodium potassium leakage channels ?

A

resting, closed, open

53
Q

When a stimulus comes along (such as chemicals, heat, light, or mechanical pressure) and the stimulus reaches ?, depolarization begins

A

threshold

54
Q

depolarization occurs when the membrane potential becomes less ? than the resting potential causing ? channels to open and become more ?

A

negative, sodium, positive

55
Q

repolarization is the process of returning back to the ? ? after ?, allowing potassium ions to flow out to restore the ? internal charge.

A

membrane potential, depolarization, negative

56
Q

? is the process whereby the membrane potential becomes more ? than the ? potential making it difficult for the neuron to fire an AP.

A

hyperpolarization, negative, resting

57
Q

phenomenon that states that an ‘AP occurs fully or not at all, no partial AP’

A

all-or-non-phenomenon

58
Q

Absolute refractory period:
This is the time during which a cell cannot ? another ? potential, no matter how strong the stimulus is.

A

generate, action

59
Q

Relative refractory period:
Following the absolute refractory period, this is the time when a cell can ? fire another AP, but only if a significantly ? stimulus is applied.

A

potentially, stronger

60
Q

? ? (MS) is an ? disease that occurs when myelin sheaths in CNS are destroyed when the ? system attacks the myelin

A

multiple sclerosis, autoimmune, immune

61
Q

a neuron that conducts impulses toward the synapse

A

presynaptic neuron

62
Q

a neuron that transmits signals away from the synapse

A

postsynaptic neuron

63
Q

6 steps involved in transfer across chemical synapses: (A.C.R.B.R.E)

A

Action potential arrival, Calcium influx, Release of neurotransmitter, Binding to receptors, Response in postsynaptic cell, Enzymatic breakdown/reuptake

64
Q

the process of neurotransmitter reabsorption by a presynaptic neuron is called

A

reuptake

65
Q

8 neurotransmitters by chemical structure: (E.N.D.S.G.A.G.E)

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, GABA, acetylcholine, glutamate, endorphins

66
Q

Excitatory (?polarizing)
Inhibitory (?polarizing)

A

depolarizing, hyperpolarizing

67
Q

With ? processing, input travels along one pathway to a specific destination

A

serial

68
Q

? are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli

A

reflexes

69
Q

? processing is when the input travels along several pathways to different parts of circuitry and deal simultaneously with the information

A

parallel

70
Q

Five Components of Spinal Reflex Series (R.S.C.M.E)
1. ?
2. ? neuron
3. ? integration center
4. ? neuron
5. ?

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Sensory neuron
  3. CNS integration center
  4. Motor neuron
  5. Effector
71
Q

one input that leads to multiple outputs is called an ? circuit

A

diverging

72
Q

many inputs that lead to one output is called a ? circuit

A

converging

A&P Test 4 (7 decks)

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