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Intro to Counseling Tests > Test 4 Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Test 4 Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

_______, the grandfather of Cognitive Behavior Therapy, was trained as a psychoanalyst, but found it superficial.

A

Albert Ellis

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2
Q

Albert Ellis combined humanistic, philosophical, and behavioral therapy to form __________.

A

relational-emotive therapy (now known as rational emotive behavior therapy, or REBT)

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3
Q

_______ is the pioneering figure in cognitive therapy,

A

Aaron Beck

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4
Q

Cognitive therapy is one of the most influential and empirically validated approaches to psychotherapy as well as /the most comprehensive theory of _______.

A

depression

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5
Q

Ellis’s Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy emphasizes what 5 things?

A 
Thinking
Judging
Deciding
Analyzing
Doing
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6
Q

One key concept of REBT is that emotional and behavioral difficulties develop develop when people ____________ for ______.

A

mistake simple preferences (desires for love, approval, success) for dire needs.

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7
Q

One view of Emotional Disturbance (REBT) is that people DO NOT NEED to be ________. What do therapists teach clients to do because of this?

A
  • to be accepted and loved

- therapists teach clients to feel undepressed despite not being loved and/or accepted by others

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8
Q

A key concept of REBT is that ________ is at the core of most emotional disturbances, so people must learn to ___________.

A
  • Blame

- accept themselves with imperfections if they want to get better

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9
Q

According to REBT, Anxiety stems from the __________.

A

internal repetition of irrational sentences

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10
Q

The _________ is central to REBT theory and practice and provides a useful tool for understanding the client’s feelings, thoughts, events, and behavior.

A

A-B-C Theory of Personality

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11
Q

In the A-B-C Theory of Personality, A is the ______, C is the ________, and B is the _______.

A

A is the existence of a fact, or an activating event, or an inference about an event, of an individual. C is the emotional and behavioral consequence or reaction of the individual; the reaction can be either healthy or unhealthy. B is the person’s belief about A.

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12
Q

In the A-B-C Theory of Personality, A (the activating event) does not cause C (the emotional consequence). Instead, ______ largely creates _______.

A

B (which is the person’s belief about A), largely creates C, the emotional reaction.

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13
Q

The interaction of the various components of the A-B-C framework can be diagramed like ______.

A

A (Activating event) to B (Belief) to C (Emotional and Behavioral Consequences)

B to E (Effect) to F (New feeling)

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14
Q

Within the A-B-C framework, if a person experiences depression after a divorce, for example, it may not be the divorce itself that causes the depressive reaction nor his inference that he has failed, but the person’s _________.

A

beliefs about his divorce or about his failure.

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15
Q

Ellis maintains that the beliefs about the rejection and failure (at point B) are what mainly cause the ________ -not the actual event of the divorce or the person’s inference of failure (at point A).

A

depression (at point C)

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16
Q

Believing that human beings are largely responsible for creating their own emotional reactions and disturbances and showing people how they can _________ is at the heart of REBT.

A

showing people how they can change their irrational beliefs that directly “cause” their disturbed emotional consequences is at the heart of REBT.

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17
Q

Emotional disturbance is fostered and fed by the self-defeating sentences clients ________, such as “I am a miserable failure and everything I did was wrong,” and “I am a worthless person.”

A

continually repeat to themselves

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18
Q

Ellis continually makes the point that “you mainly feel the way you ____” and that distubed emotional reactions such as depression and anxiety are initiated and perpetuated by clients’ self-defeating belief systems, whihc are based on irrational ideas clients have incorporated and invented.

A

think

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19
Q

What distinguishes REBT from other cognitive-behavioral therapies?

A

The systematic exposition of irrational beliefs that result in emotional and behavioral disturbances distinguishes REBT from other cognitive-behavioral therapies

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20
Q

When using REBT, The main function of the therapist is to _____________.

A

challenge clients to reevaluate their ideas and philosophy of life

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21
Q

Assuming that clients have accepted that cognition causes emotions and behaviors, the client’s primary role in REBT is _______.

A

learner and doer

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22
Q

REVT therapists unconditionally accept all clients and also teach them to unconditionally accept others and themselves
They have full acceptance and tolerance of clients by refusing to evaluate clients as persons while being willing to honestly confront ________.

A

They have full acceptance and tolerance of clients by refusing to evaluate clients as persons while being willing to honestly confront

  • the client’s faulty thinking and self-destructive behaviors
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23
Q

What are the 4 cognitive techniques of REBT?

A
  1. Disputing irrational beliefs
  2. Doing homework
  3. Changing one’s language
  4. Using humor
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24
Q

(REBT) When disputing irrational beliefs, clients go over at leas one irrational belief using the _______ until is is at least diminished in strength.

A

logical-analysis method

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25
Q

(REBT) When assigning homework, clients must do what 3 things?

A
  1. make lists of problems
  2. look for absolutist beliefs
  3. dispute beliefs
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26
Q

before assigning homework, the client must fill out the ______.

A

REBT self-help form

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27
Q

Some examples of REBT homework are _______.

A
  • determine which beliefs are absolutists
  • apply the A-B-C model
  • be in risk-taking situations that challenge their self-limiting beliefs
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28
Q

One theory behind the cognitive techniques of REBT is that clients often create a ________.

A

negative self-fulfilling prophecy and actually fail because they told themselves in advance they would.

29
Q

In addition to cognitive homework, REBT therapists use _______ methods.

A

behavior and action

30
Q

When changing one’s language, REBT clients learn to use language that employs new _______ as opposed to language that reflects helplessness and self-condemnation.

A

self-statements

31
Q

Why do REBT therapists use humor as a cognitive technique?

A

Because emotional disturbances often result from taking oneself too seriously and losing one’s sense of perspective.

32
Q

People use humor to ______.

A

regain focus

33
Q

One example of humor is how Ellis encourages people to __________.

A

sing to themselves or groups when they feel depressed or anxious.

34
Q

__________ involves taking time to reflect on situations where they had inappropriate feelings, and imagine themselves in that circumstance.

A

Rational-emotive imagery

35
Q

What are the two types of cognitive techniques used in REBT?

A

emotive techniques and behavioral techniques

36
Q

______ developed Cognitive Therapy (CT).

A

Aaron Beck

37
Q

Aaron Beck developed Cognitive Therapy (CT) out of his research on ______, where he saw the pattern depressed people had a negative bias in their interpretations of certain life events.

A

depression

38
Q

Abitrary inferences, selective abstraction, overgeneralization, mangification and minimization, personalization, labeling and mislabeling, and polarized thinking are many types of ______.

A

cognitive distortions

39
Q

_________: making conclusions without supporting and relevant evidence

A

Arbitrary Inferences.

40
Q

An example of an arbitrary inference is ________: thinking of the absolute worst scenario and outcomes for most situations.

A

catastrophic thinking

41
Q

_______: forming conclusions based on an isolated detail of an event.

A

Selective abstraction

42
Q

According to selective abstraction, events that matter are those dealing with ________.

A

failure and self-deprivation

43
Q

_________: the process of holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applying them inappropriately to dissimilar events or settings

A

Overgeneralization

44
Q

________: thinking and interpreting in all-or-nothing terms, or categorizing experiences in either-or extremes (black or white)

A

Polarized Thinking (also called dichotomous thinking)

45
Q

In cognitive therapy, therapists promote replacing ________, depicting the client’s thoughts in a rational manner and using language which is not self-condemning.

A

absolutes with preferences

46
Q

REBT’s theory is directive, persuasive and confrontive, while Beck’s cognitive therapy is more of a _______.

A

partnership

47
Q

Becks’ cognitive therapy used the ________, which uses open-ended questions to get clients to arrive at their own conclusions.

A

socratic method

48
Q

REBT uses _________ to persuade clients that certain beliefs are irrational and nonfunctional.

A

rational disputation

49
Q

Beck’s cognitive therapy goes by the rule that Dysfunctional beliefs are bad because they interfere with normal thinking, not because they are ______.

A

irrational

50
Q

_______ states that people live by rules and the trouble comes when they label, interpret, and evaluate by a set of rules that are unrealistic or that are used inappropriately or excessively.

A

Beck’s cognitive therapy

51
Q

REBT believes that warm, personal relationship with client is NOT essential, while Beck’s CT emphasizes ______.

A

the relationship is basic to applying CT

  • Therapists should have genuine warmth, accurate empathy, nonjudgmental acceptance, and ability to establish trust and rapport with clients
  • Necessary but not sufficient
52
Q

_______ enables clients to test their beliefs in daily-life situations (An experiment)

A

Beck’s CT

53
Q

With REBT, Not as much emphasis placed on clients active involvement and self-discovery, but with Beck’s CT

A

Clients are encouraged to be much more active in whole process, especially their role in self-discovery

  • Clients are taught how to be their own therapist
  • Clients participate in creating homework assignments
54
Q

REBT _______ while Beck’s CT is a ______.

A

teaches, collaborative empiricism

55
Q

Beck’s Cognitive therapists have the desire to apply procedures that will ___________.

A

assist individuals in making alternative interpretations of events in client’s daily living

56
Q

______: pattern that triggers depression.

A

Cognitive triad

57
Q

What are the 3 components of the cognitive triad?

A
  • clients hold a negative view of themselves through, for example, blaming setbacks on personal inadequacies without considering circumstantial explanations
  • They have the tendency to interpret experiences in a negative manner. (Selective Abstraction: depressed people select certain facts that conform to their negative conclusions)
  • They have Gloomy vision and projections about the future and expect present difficulties to continue and anticipate only failure in the future
58
Q

_______ focuses on changing the client’s self-verbalizations, which affect a person’s behavior much like statements made from another person.

A

Donald Meichenbaum’s Cognitive Behavior Modification

59
Q

Basic Premise of Donald Meichenbaum’s Cognitive Behavior Modification is that clients must notice how they think, feel, and behave, and realize the impact they have on others before they can _______.

A

change their behavior

60
Q

Similar to CT and/or REBT:
Donald Meichenbaum’s Cognitive Behavior Modification has the assumption that distressing emotions are typically the result of _______.

A

maladaptive thoughts

61
Q

Donald Meichenbaum’s Cognitive Behavior Modification uses _____.

A 
Cognitive restructuring 
(Cognitive structure is the organizing aspect of thinking that seems to monitor and direct the choice of thoughts).
62
Q

__________: a strategy that teaches clients stress management techniques

A

Stress Inoculation

63
Q

During stress inoculation, clients are given opportunities to deal with relatively mild stress stimuli in successful ways so that they gradually develop a _______.

A

tolerance for stronger stimuli

64
Q

________ consists of a combination of information giving, Socratic discussion, cognitive restructuring, problem solving, relaxation training, behavioral rehearsals, self-monitoring, self

A

Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)

65
Q

What are the stages of the three stage model?

A
  • conceptual phase,
  • skills acquisition and rehearsal phase, and
  • application and follow-through phase.
66
Q

During the ______, focus is on creating a working relationship with the client by helping them gain a better understanding of the nature of stress and reconceptualizing it in social-interactive terms.

i. Teaches clients to become aware of their own role in stress, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
ii. Start self-monitoring, which continues throughout all of the phases

A

conceptual phase

67
Q

During the _______, the therapist focuses on giving the clients a variety of behavioral and cognitive coping techniques to apply to stressful situations

i. Clients learn direct actions
ii. Clients are exposed to various behavioral interventions and are encouraged to find ways to relax, which, according to Meichenbaum, is as much a state of mind as it is a physical state

A

Skills Acquisition and Rehearsal Phase

68
Q

During the _______ the therapist focuses on carefully arranging for transfer and maintenance of change from the therapeutic situation to the real world
i. Clients have real world homework assignments that get more difficult as time goes on

A

Application and Follow-Through Phase,

69
Q

When using the ___________ (which focuses on the stories people tell about themselves and others about significant events in their lives), therapists teach clients that there are multiple realities and attempt to help the client appreciate how he constructs his own reality.

A

Constructivist Narrative Perspective (CNP)

Intro to Counseling Tests (7 decks)

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