Test 3

Question 1

The person-centered view of human nature:

a. affirms a person’s capacity to direct his or her own life.
b. views people as basically competitive
c. states that humans are driven by irrational forces
d. assumes that, while humans have the potential for growth, we tend to remain stagnant

Answer 1

a. affirms a person’s capacity to direct his or her own life.

Question 2

Person-centered therapy is best described as:

a. a philosophy of how the therapy process develops.
b. a completed “school” of counseling.
c. a fixed set of therapeutic principles.
d. a systematic set of behavioral techniques.

Answer 2

a. a philosophy of how the therapy process develops.

Question 3

A self-actualized person:

a. welcomes uncertainty in his or her life
b. has a capacity for deep and intense interpersonal relationships
c. does not have artificial dichotomies within himself or herself
d. is spontaneous and creative
e. all of these

Answer 3

e. all of these

Question 4

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the person-centered approach?

a. Emphasis is given to developing a contract for therapy
b. the focus is on the subjective world of the client
c. importance is placed on the attitudes and beliefs of the therapist

Answer 4

a. Emphasis is given to developing a contract for therapy

Question 5

Person-centered therapy is a(n):

a. action-oriented approach to therapy
b. humanistic approach to therapy
c. existential approach to therapy
d. deterministic approach to therapy

Answer 5

b. humanistic approach to therapy

Question 6

What is the most important factor related to progress in person-centered therapy?

a. defining concrete and measurable goals
b. the therapist’s technical skills
c. the relationship between the client and therapist
d. the therapist’s ability to think logically and to scientifically solve problems
e. the client’s motivation to change

Answer 6

c. the relationship between the client and therapist

Question 7

Which of the following is not considered a necessary and sufficient condition for change in the person-centered framework?

a. unconditional positive regard
b. creative expression
c. accurate empathetic understanding
d. congruence

Answer 7

b. creative expression

Question 8

The person-centered therapist is best describes as:

a. facilitator
b. teacher
c. human engineer
d. friend

Answer 8

a. facilitator

Question 9

In order for a therapist to communicate “accurate empathic understanding” the counselor must:

a. have experienced a situation very similar to the client’s current predicament.
b. clarify details and facts relevant to the client’s experiences.
c. feel a deep sense of warmth toward the client
d. connect emotionally to the client’s subjective experience

Answer 9

d. connect emotionally to the client’s subjective experience

Question 10

The technique of reflection involves the therapist:

a. restating the client’s words verbatim
b. sharing his or her genuine emotional response with the client
c. mirroring the clients emotional experience of a particular situation
d. bringing an actual mirror into the session and having a client look at himself or herself in the mirror.

Answer 10

c. mirroring the clients emotional experience of a particular situation

Question 11

The person-centered philosophy views diagnosis as:

a. useful tool for case conceptualization
b. a meaningful way of understanding of a client’s psychological state
c. a labeling process that diminishes the therapist’s ability to develop a holistic understanding of the client
d. a necessary process that does not impact the course of therapy.

Answer 11

c. a labeling process that diminishes the therapist’s ability to develop a holistic understanding of the client

Question 12

One point of disagreement between existential and humanistic thought involves:

a. a respect for the client’s subjective experience
b. a trust in the capacity of the client to make positive choices.
c. an emphasis on freedom
d. the idea of an innate self-actualizing drive.

Answer 12

d. the idea of an innate self-actualizing drive.

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct order in terms of the historical development of Carl Roger’s approach to counseling?

a. client-centered/person-centered/nondirective
b. client-centered/nondirective/person-centered
c. nondirective/client-centered/person-centered
d. nondirective/person-centered/client-centered
e. person-centered/ client-centered/ nondirective

Answer 13

c. nondirective/client-centered/person-centered

Question 14

According to Rogerian therapy, an “internal source of evaluation” is defined as:

a. internalizing the validation one receives from others
b. looking more to oneself for the answer to the problems of existence
c. going on one’s instincts when judging the behavior of others
d. a neurotic tendency to be self-critical

Answer 14

b. looking more to oneself for the answer to the problems of existence

Question 15

Which of the following personal characteristics of the therapist is most important, according to Carl Rogers?

a. unconditional positive regard
b. acceptance
c. genuineness
d. accurate empathic understanding
e. accurate active listening

Answer 15

c. genuineness

Question 16

A consistent theme that underlies most of Carl Roger’s writings is:

a. the need to find meaning in life through love, work, or suffering
b. the need for a religion to find meaning in life
c. a faith in the capacity of individuals to develop in a constructive manner if a climate of trust is established

Answer 16

c. a faith in the capacity of individuals to develop in a constructive manner if a climate of trust is established

Question 17

The person-centered therapist’s most important function is:

a. to begin therapy with a comprehensice lifestyle assessment
b. to challenge clients to examine their past
c. to skillfully confront clients when they engage in self-destructive behaviors
d. to be his or her real self in the relationship with a client.

Answer 17

d. to be his or her real self in the relationship with a client.

Question 18

From Carl Roger’s perspective the client/therapist relationship is characterized by:

a. a sense of equality
b. the transference relationship
c. the therapist functioning as the expert
d. a clearly defined contract that specifies what clients will talk about in the sessions.

Answer 18

a. a sense of equality

Question 19

The person-centered approach has been applied to:

a. personal-growth groups
b. education
c. family therapy
d. foreign relations
e. all of these

Answer 19

e. all of these

Question 20

One of the limitations of the person-centered approach is that:

a. it has not been subjected to rigorous research
b. it is not grounded in personality theory
c. therapists use vigorous confrontational methods
d. there can be tendency to give too much support and not enough challenge.

Answer 20

d. there can be tendency to give too much support and not enough challenge.

Question 21

In the 1960s and 1970s Rogers did a great deal to spearhead the development of:

a. organizational management seminars
b. private colleges aimed at training person-centered therapists
c. personal-growth groups and encounter groups
d. . the National Laboratories and T-groups
e. registration and certification of person-centered counselors

Answer 21

c. personal-growth groups and encounter groups

Question 22

Accurate empathic understanding helps clients to:

a. notice and value their expressions
b. reconceptualize earlier experiences
c. modify their perceptions of themselves, others, and the world
d. all of these

Answer 22

d. all of these

Question 23

Gestalt therapy is a form of:

a. Freudian psychoanalytic therapy
b. neo-Freudian analytic therapy
c. behavior therapy
d. existential therapy

Answer 23

d. existential therapy

Question 24

Field theory suggest that:

a. the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
b. human beings have a innate capacity to self regulate
c. everything in human experience is relational and in constant flux
d. phenomenological inquiry is the key to behavior change
e. the “how” of behavior is more important than the “why” of behavior.

Answer 24

c. everything in human experience is relational and in constant flux

Question 25

Erv Polster believes that storytelling:

a. is always a form of resistance
b. can be the heart of the therapeutic process since people are storytelling beings
c. is acceptable only if one’s client is a writer
d. is an indication that one’s client is a pathological liar
e. is a sign of high verbal abilities, and thus, high intelligence

Answer 25

b. can be the heart of the therapeutic process since people are storytelling beings

Question 26

A critical difference between early Gestalt therapy and relational Gestalt therapy is:

a. the emphasis on contact
b. the approach to confrontation
c. the use of techniques
d. the focus on the figure formation process.

Answer 26

b. the approach to confrontation

Question 27

The Gestalt therapist:

a. freely makes interpretation for the client
b. pays attention to the client’s nonverbal language
c. is mainly nondirective
d. helps the client understand why he or she is behaving in self-defeating ways
e. assigns homework to bring about specific cognitive and behavior changes

Answer 27

b. pays attention to the client’s nonverbal language

Question 28

When a person experiences an internal conflict between top dog and underdog, which of the following would be most appropriate?

a. making the rounds
b. the reversal technique
c. the internal dialogue exercise
d. the rehearsal exercise

Answer 28

c. the internal dialogue exercise

Question 29

Often Greta, who struggles to feel good about herself, comes to sessions with slouched posture. In order to help Greta gain a clearer understanding of the inner meaning of her slouched posture, a Gestalt therapist might:

a. ask Greta to exaggerate her poor posture, which is likely to intensify her feelings attached to it.
b. have Gretta undergo hypnosis
c. ask Greta to free associate to the words “slouched posture.”
d. refer her to an orthopedic surgeon to rule out scoliosis

Answer 29

a. ask Greta to exaggerate her poor posture, which is likely to intensify her feelings attached to it.

Question 30

A Gestalt technique that is most useful when a person attempts to deny an aspect of his or her personality (such as tenderness) is:
a. making the rounds
b. the reversal exercise
c. the rehearsal technique
the empty chair technique

Answer 30

b. the reversal exercise

Question 31

The basic goal of Gestalt therapy is:

a. attaining awareness, and with it greater choice
b. to understand why we feel as we do
c. to uncover repressed material
d. to help clients develop better social skills.

Answer 31

a. attaining awareness, and with it greater choice

Question 32

According to Gestalt theory, people use avoidance in order to:

a. keep themselves from facing unfinished business
b. keep from feeling uncomfortable emotions
c. keep from having to change
d. all of these

Answer 32

d. all of these

Question 33

Which of the following is not true about Gestalt techniques?

a. “exercises” are ready-made techniques
b. clients need to be prepared for the involvement in Gestalt techniques
c. “experiments” grow out of the interaction between therapist and client
d. Experiments are always carried out during the therapy session, rather than outside it
e. Techniques are used for the purpose of increasing the client’s awareness

Answer 33

d. Experiments are always carried out during the therapy session, rather than outside it

Question 34

Gestalt therapists say that clients resist contact by means of:

a. introjection
b. projection
c. all of these

Answer 34

c. all of these

Question 35

Which of the following aspects of a client’s use of language would a Gestalt therapist not focus on?

a. “it” talks
b. “you” talks
c. questions
d. language that denies power
e. semantics

Answer 35

e. semantics

Question 36

Which of the following is not true about the Gestalt view of the role of confrontation in therapy?

a. it is not possible to be both confrontational and gentle with clients.
b. it is important to confront clients with the ways they are avoiding being fully alive
c. confrontation does not have to be aimed at negative traits
d. confrontation should be a genuine expression of caring

Answer 36

a. it is not possible to be both confrontational and gentle with clients.

Question 37

The empty chair technique:

a. assists clients in reowning parts of their personality
b. balances internal polarities
c. allows clients to externalize an introject
d. helps to resolve unfinished business
e. all of these

Answer 37

e. all of these

Question 38

A teenage girl is angry with her parents and cuts on her arm. In Gestalt terms, she is most likely engaging in:

a. introjection
b. projection
c. retroflection
d. confluence

Answer 38

c. retroflection

Question 39

Because of his need to be liked, Jose makes careful efforts to get along with everyone and minimize interpersonal conflicts. Which boundary disturbance is Jose exhibiting?

a. introjection
b. projection
c. retroflection
d. confluence

Answer 39

d. confluence

Question 40

Contemporary Gestalt therapists view client resistance as:

a. a way that clients avoid confrontation
b. a sign of poor motivation for therapeutic work
c. a therapy interfering force that needs to be overcome
d. an element of therapy that needs to be respected

Answer 40

d. an element of therapy that needs to be respected

Question 41

Behavior therapy assumes that:

a. behavior is learned
b. behavior is the result of free choices
c. behavior is determined by psychic energy
d. behavior is leaned

Answer 41

d. behavior is learned

Question 42

Behavior therapy is characterized by:

a. a focus on overt specific behavior
b. a formulation of precise treatment goals
c. the design of an appropriate treatment plan
d. the objective assessment of the results of therapy
e. all of these

Answer 42

e. all of these

Question 43

The main goal of behavior therapy is:

a. fostering self-actualization
b. expanding self-understanding and insight
c. assisting clients in making judgments concerning their behavior
d. eliminating maladaptive learning and providing for more effective learning.

Answer 43

d. eliminating maladaptive learning and providing for more effective learning.

Question 44

Which anxiety reduction technique involves creating a hierarchy of the client’s fearful experience?

a. assertive training
b. operant conditioning
c. systematic desensitization
d. social reinforcement
e. stress inoculation

Answer 44

c. systematic desensitization

Question 45

Behavior therapy is suited for:

a. individual therapy
b. group therapy
c. institutions and clinics
d. classroom learning situations
e. all of these

Answer 45

e. all of these

Question 46

Phil has been in behavior therapy to address his fear of heights. The treatment will not be considered complete until:

a. Phil transfers what he learns in therapy to his everyday life and takes actual steps to confront is fear.
b. Phil agrees to take up sky diving as a hobby
c. Phil has absolutely no fear of heights, which may be measured by his willingness to move to one of the top floors of a skyscraper

Answer 46

a. Phil transfers what he learns in therapy to his everyday life and takes actual steps to confront is fear.

Question 47

Which of the following is not one of the seven major areas of personality functioning described by the acronym “BASIC ID”?

a. behavior
b. cognition
c. interpersonal relationships
d. aspirations
e. sensations

Answer 47

d. aspirations

Question 48

Haley has difficulty turning down dates and consistently allows men to take advantage of her. A behavioral intervention that may help Haley establish boundaries with others and speak up for herself is:

a. stress inoculation training
b. anger management
c. assertion training

Answer 48

c. assertion training

Question 49

The situation in which behaviors are influenced by the consequence that follow them is:

a. classical conditioning
b. operant conditioning
c. modeling
d. flooding

Answer 49

b. operant conditioning

Question 50

______ involves the removal of unpleasant stimuli from a situation once a certain behavior has occurred.

a. Negative reinforcement
b. Positive reinforcement
c. Punishment
d. Systematic desensitization
e. Flooding

Answer 50

a. Negative reinforcement

Question 51

Behavior therapists tend to:

a. be active and directive
b. function as consultants
c. function as problem solvers
d. all of these

Answer 51

d. all of these

Question 52

All of the following are steps in the use of systematic desensitization except for:

a. hypnosis
b. relaxation training
c. the development of an anxiety hierarchy
d. psychoeducation

Answer 52

a. hypnosis

Question 53

The premise of the exposure-based therapies is that anxiety is reduced through:

a. extinction of a maladaptive response to a feared stimulus
b. habituation
c. pairing a feared stimulus with a competing, calming response
d. progressive muscle relaxation
e. negative reinforcement

Answer 53

c. pairing a feared stimulus with a competing, calming response

Question 54

The key principle in applied behavioral analysis is:

a. to use the least aversive means to change behavior
b. to use positive and negative punishment to change behavior
c. in vivo desensitization
d. all of these

Answer 54

a. to use the least aversive means to change behavior

Question 55

EMDR is typically used to help clients:

a. restructure their cognitions regarding traumatic events
b. explore repressed unconscious material from early childhood
c. facilitate the client’s expression of personal needs while in relationship with others
d. reduce anxiety related to specific phobias.

Answer 55

a. restructure their cognitions regarding traumatic events