Test 4 Flashcards
The preparedness theory of phobia suggests that:
A. there is a critical time period in which the body prepares for a phobic episode
B. we learn to fear objects because of classical conditioning
C. more women than men experience phobic disorders
D. we are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears
D. we are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears
The negative symptoms of schizophrenia appear to be produced by
A. extremely low levels of dopamine.
B. extremely high levels of dopamine.
C. neuroanatomical deficits.
D. the gene for schizophrenia.
C. neuroanatomical deficits.
The various psychotropic medications that influence neurotransmitter levels in the synaptic cleft do so by
A. an excitatory effect
B. an inhibitory effect
C. preventiing the breakdown of released neurotransmitters
D. all of the options apply
D. all of the options apply
________ is characterized by the presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that at different times take control of the individual’s behavior.
A. Dissociative identity disorder
B. Dissociative amnesia
C. Dissociative fugue
D. Schizophrenia
A. Dissociative identity disorder
The existence of critical and sensitive periods illustrates the fact that human development requires a(n) __________ between maturation and environmental stimulation.
A. parallelism
B. segregation
C. dependency
D. interaction
D. interaction
Rogers encouraged therapists to demonstrate three basic qualities. Which of the following is one of the three that he identified.
A. discrepancy.
B. actualization.
C. congruence.
D. irrationality.
C. congruence.
A child who is in the concrete operational stage of cognitive development can do all of the following EXCEPT
A. conserve volume.
B. conserve number.
C. reason symbolically.
D. reason hypothetically.
D. reason hypothetically.
Anna-Karina hears voices in her head that tell her what to do and what to say. She is experiencing
A. delusions.
B. hallucinations.
C. thought distortions.
D. compulsions.
B. hallucinations.
Sigmund Freud used all the following methods to tap into the unconscious except:
A. hypnosis
B. free association
C. desensitization
D. dream analysis
C. desensitization
The diathesis-stress model of mental disorders holds that mental disorders are due to the interaction of
A. environment and stressors.
B. genetic and physiological variables.
C. genetic variables and predisposition.
D. a genetic predisposition and stressors.
D. a genetic predisposition and stressors.
Erin is a neuropsychologist who specializes in researching mental disorders. She views most disorders as being due to the interaction of stress with a predisposition that reflects the combination of genes and early experience. Erin subscribes to the __________ model of mental disorders.
A. genotype-phenotype
B. medical-psychodynamic
C. ultimate-proximate
D. diathesis-stress
D. diathesis-stress
Consider the brief transcript that follows, which was taken from a session with a therapist (T) involving a 19-year-old college student (C) suffering from anxiety. C: “Sometimes I can’t stand school. There’s so much pressure and so many tests and papers; the work never seems to end. There’s always another deadline to meet. It’s really getting to me.” T: Sounds to me like you’re saying that you need a break, perhaps a long weekend at the beach?” What therapeutic technique did the therapist demonstrate?
A. Systematic desensitization
B. Cognitive restructuring
C. Reflection
D. Congruence
C. Reflection
One day Satsu realized that a horse was not really a “big doggie” but a different animal called a “horse.” This is an example of
A. schematic knowledge.
B. adaptation.
C. accommodation.
D. assimilation.
C. accommodation.
Diathesis can be defined as:
A. a triggering event such as stress
B. a disease
C. a predisposition for a disease
D. the heritability of a disease
C. a predisposition for a disease
An individual in the manic phase of bipolar disorder sometimes may have hallucinations or delusions, and therefore the disorder may be misdiagnosed as:
A. paranoid personality disorder
B. dissociative fugue
C. schizophrenia
D. dissociative identity disorder
C. schizophrenia
Modern intelligence testing originated in __________ with the work of __________.
A. France; Binet
B. the United States; Terman
C. Germany; Pearson
D. England; Spearman
A. France; Binet
The ability to generate solutions that other people tend not to generate is what Sternberg called:
A. analytic intelligence
B. creative intelligence
C. practical intelligence
D. crystallized intelligence
B. creative intelligence
__________ refers to a social and emotional bond between an infant and his or her caregiver.
A. Exchange
B. Bonding
C. Love
D. Attachment
D. Attachment
The heritability coefficient of intelligence is roughly 0.5, meaning:
A. 50% chance of intelligence due to genetics and 50% is due to environmental factors.
B. 50% chance of intelligence due to genetics and 50% is due to unspecified factors.
C. intelligence is completely determined by genes in 50% of the population
D. in a large population, about 50% of the variability in intelligence scores can be explained by genetic differences
D. in a large population, about 50% of the variability in intelligence scores can be explained by genetic differences
The first episode of schizophrenia typically occurs in which age group?
A. infancy to childhood
B. childhood to adolescence
C. late adolescence to early adulthood
D. adulthood
C. late adolescence to early adulthood
________ believed that intelligence is a single general ability, whereas _________ believed that people do not have a single general ability called intelligence, but instead have several primary mental abilities.
A. Charles Spearman; Louis Thurstone
B. Wilhelm Wundt; Howard Gardner
C. Lewis Terman; Alfred Binet
D. Louis Thrustone; William Stern
A. Charles Spearman; Louis Thurstone
Which of the following is sometimes used as a treatment for severe depression when medication is not working?
A. cingulotomy
B. anterior capsulotomy
C. electroconvulsive shock treatment (ECT)
D. lobotomy
C. electroconvulsive shock treatment (ECT)
Piaget’s concept of egocentrism refers to the child’s
A. belief that she or he is more important than anyone else.
B. desire to be at the center of every else’s interest.
C. belief that others see the world exactly as she or he does.
D. assumption that everyone understands what she or he is saying.
C. belief that others see the world exactly as she or he does.
________ is characterized by the presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that at different times take control of the individual’s behavior.
A. Dissociative identity disorder
B. Dissociative amnesia
C. Dissociative fugue
D. Schizophrenia
A. Dissociative identity disorder
With respect to the medical model of disease, etiology is defined as:
A. the typical course of the disease
B. the susceptibility of a disease to treatment and cure
C. a pattern of causes of disease
D. the classification of disease
C. a pattern of causes of disease
Hair and eye color are a function of the ____________ effect of genes in relation to the environment
A. independent
B. correlated
C. interactive
D. none of the options apply
A. independent
personality disorders comprise 3 subgroups - these are:
A. paranoid behavior; schizotypal behavior; schizoid behavior
B. odd/eccentric behavior; dramatic/emotional behavior; anxious/fearful behavior
C. histrionic behavior; narcissistic behavior; borderline behavior
D. avoidant behavior; dependent behavior; obsessive compulsive behavior
B. odd/eccentric behavior; dramatic/emotional behavior; anxious/fearful behavior
Thurstones understanding of intelligence could be described as fitting in which of the following categories:
A. monarchic
B. oligarchic
C. hierarchical
D. none of the options apply
B. oligarchic
In the Strange Situation, an infant who shows distress when his mother leaves and pushes her away when she returns is considered to be __________ attached.
A. securely
B. disorganizedly
C. avoidantly
D. ambivalently
D. ambivalently
According to Erikson, a negative outcome of the adolescent crisis is
A. low self-esteem.
B. insecurity.
C. stagnation.
D. a confused of self.
D. a confused of self.
The tendency of clients in psychoanalysis to project their attitudes and emotions onto the therapist as a result of “reliving” some of their unpleasant childhood experiences is called
A. projection.
B. displacement.
C. countertransference.
D. transference.
D. transference.
Which statement is TRUE?
A. Half of your best friend’s intelligence is due to her genes and half is due to her experiences
B. the heritability of intelligence is about 0.5 for both poor and rich children
C. across all populations, about 50% of the difference between people’s intelligence test scores is due to differences in environmental factors
D. the heritability coefficient tells us how much of each person’s intelligence is due to environment and how much is due to heredity
C. across all populations, about 50% of the difference between people’s intelligence test scores is due to differences in environmental factors
A statistic that describes the proportion of the difference between people’s scores that can be explained by the differences in their genetic makeup is called:
A. the heritability coefficient
B. the two-factor theory of intelligence
C. analysis of variance
D. factor analysis
A. the heritability coefficient
Pharmacotherapy for mental disorders is
A. only effective for those disorders with negative symptoms.
B. still controversial and has only limited application.
C. a panacea.
D. a form of treatment, not a cure.
D. a form of treatment, not a cure.
Quantitative development is to ____________ as qualitative development is to ____________.
A. discrete stage like development; continuous, gradual development
B. continuous, gradual development; discrete stage like development
C. gradual, discrete development; stage like, continuous development
D. gradual, linear development; continuous, smooth development
B. continuous, gradual development; discrete stage like development
A person who argues that it is immoral to execute criminals because life is the most important human value is most likely to be in Kohlberg’s __________ stage of moral development.
A. 6th
B. 4th
C. 7th
D. 3rd
A. 6th
Assimilation is to __________ as accommodation is to __________.
A. conservation; object permanence
B. incorporation; modification
C. sensorimotor; preoperational
D. concrete; formal
B. incorporation; modification
The class of drugs used to treat the symptoms of schizophrenia is referred to as:
A. sedatives
B. barbiturates
C. antipsychotics
D. mood stabilizers
C. antipsychotics
Humanistic is to __________ as cognitive-behavioral is to __________.
A. intrinsic value; unique potential
B. defense mechanisms; cultural-bound syndromes
C. biological abnormality; intrapsychic conflict
D. oversensitivity to criticism; subjective interpretation and environmental factors
D. oversensitivity to criticism; subjective interpretation and environmental factors
The idea that quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object’s appearance is what Jean Piaget termed:
A. conservation
B. object permanence
C. assimilation
D. accommodation
A. conservation
For a test to be valid, it would have to
A. none of the options apply
B. actually measure the construct it is intended to measure
C. consistently produce similar results
D. be a reliable measure
B. actually measure the construct it is intended to measure
Piaget argued that at the process pivotal to the move from one developmental stage to the next was that of
A. both assimilation and accomodation
B. assimilation
C. accomodation
D. equilibration
D. equilibration
The fact that anti-psychotic medications are not effective in reducing the negative symptoms of schizohprenia leads to the conclusion that
A. the negative symptoms are a function of environmental factors.
B. the negative symptoms are a function of neuranaotomical deficits.
C. the negative symptoms are a function of neurotransmitter deficits.
D. the negative symptoms are a function of interpersonal factors.
B. the negative symptoms are a function of neuranaotomical deficits.
A specific time during development in which a certain experience must occur in order for the individual to develop normally is called a __________ period.
A. sensitive
B. critical
C. necessary
D. key
A. sensitive
B. critical
_______is widely considered to be the father of modern developmental psychology.
A. Harry Harlow
B. Wilhelm Wundt
C. Jean Piaget
D. Lawrence Kohlberg
C. Jean Piaget
The psychodynamic perspective conceives of psychopathology as comprising 3 broad classes - these are:
A. neuroses, psychoses, and schizophrenia
B. neuroses, personality disorders, and psychoses
C. psychoses, personality disorders, and mood disorders
D. mood disorders, personality disorders, and anxiety disorders
B. neuroses, personality disorders, and psychoses
The DSM-IV-TR is most consistent with which of the following perspectives?
A. Humanistic
B. Medical
C. Cognitive-behavioral
D. Sociocultural
B. Medical
Steve spilled soda on the carpet after his dad told him not to take it into the living room. His dad sees the mess, puts his arm around Steve, and explains that he is upset about the spill, that Steve should have listened to him, and that he made a mistake. He then asks Steve to help clean up the mess. What kind of parent is Steve’s dad MOST likely to be?
A. Responsive
B. Permissive
C. Authoritative-reciprocal
D. autocratic
C. Authoritative-reciprocal
Both __________ disorder and __________ disorder are part of the category of anxiety disorders.
A. obsessive-compulsive; schizophrenic
B. attention-deficit; phobic
C. panic; obsessive-compulsive
D. panic; autistic
C. panic; obsessive-compulsive
The __________ developed byAinsworth is used to test __________ in infants.
A. Strange Situation; anxiety
B. Situation Sort; social bonding
C. attachment quotient; social bonding and anxiety
D. Strange Situation; attachment
D. Strange Situation; attachment
__________, which is __________ than major depressive disorder, lasts _________.
A. Dysthymia; more severe; at least 2 years
B. Dysthymia; less severe; at least 2 years
C. Dysthymia; more severe; at least 2 weeks
D. Dysthymia; less severe; at least 2 weeks
B. Dysthymia; less severe; at least 2 years
Dysthymia is to ______________ as hypomania is to ____________.
A. major depression; mania
B. seasonal affective disorder; depression
C. bipolar II; seasonal affective disorder
D. none of the options apply
A. major depression; mania
Animals have been shown to experience ___________ periods whereas humans are thought to experience __________ periods in their development.
A. critical: sensitive
B. sensitive; critical
C. crucial; critical
D. sensitive; crucial
A. critical: sensitive
Through accommodation, infants
A. compensate for their lack of experience in communicating their needs to others.
B. transform new information to fit existing schemats.
C. modify existing schemas to fit new information.
D. apply existing information to new information.
C. modify existing schemas to fit new information.
The therapy procedure that begins with the client making a list of stimuli that are ranked in order of their ability to produce anxiety is called
A. rational-emotive therapy.
B. systematic desensitization.
C. modeling.
D. aversion therapy.
B. systematic desensitization.
Exposure techniques such as systematic desensitization, flooding, and graded exposure are based on the principles of
A. classical conditioning
B. modeling
C. operant conditioning
D. social learning
A. classical conditioning
Which three factors are critical to the field of intelligence testing?
A. validity, stability, reliability
B. validity, accuracy, reliability
C. standardization, stability, reliability
D. validity, standardization, reliability
D. validity, standardization, reliability
A person who is self-promoting, shows little empathy for others, and seeks attention in grandiose ways for the self is exhibiting symptoms of __________ personality disorder.
A. narcissistic
B. passive-aggressive
C. histrionic
D. avoidant
A. narcissistic
Nowadays, development is understood to be both quantitative and qualitative in nature - in particular, develpment in childhood is thought to be _________ while in adulthood it is considered to be _________.
A. quantitative, qualitative
B. slow and gradual, discrete and sequential
C. none of the options apply
D. qualitative, quantitative
D. qualitative, quantitative
The psychotropic medications that are ffective inreducing the positive symptoms of schizophrenia are understood to influence the levels of which neurotransmitter?
A. norepinephrine
B. dopamine
C. testostorone
D. seratonin
B. dopamine
In a patient with schizophrenia, lack of emotion is a ________, whereas hallucinating is a ________.
A. flat affect; manic expression
B. medial symptom; positive symptom
C. negative symptom; positive symptom
D. negative symptom; manic expression
C. negative symptom; positive symptom
In a(n) __________ study of social development, the researcher obtains data from different groups of individuals.
A. sequential
B. longitudinal.
C. longitudinal
D. cross-sectional.
D. cross-sectional.
Toddler Jake shows severe signs of distress when his mother leaves. When she returns, he pushes her away. Jake is manifesting the characteristics of ____________ attachment.
A. disorganized
B. ambivalent
C. avoidant
D. secure
B. ambivalent
Harlow’s research with infant monkey’s and mechanical surrogate mothers showed that the monkeys have a biological need for
A. crying
B. playing
C. contact comfort
D. sucking
C. contact comfort
Anna-Karina hears voices in her head that tell her what to do and what to say. She is experiencing
A. hallucinations.
B. delusions.
C. compulsions.
D. thought distortions.
A. hallucinations.
Which of the following is NOT a negative symptom of schizophrenia?
A. social withdrawal
B. hallucinations
C. lack of emotion
D. poverty of speech
B. hallucinations
During therapy, Marie begins to react to her psychoanalytic therapist as she typically does to her mother. Marie is probably experiencing:
A. a reaction formation
B. countertransference
C. transference
D. resistance
C. transference
Which of the following disorders is characteristically understood to be e response to overwhelming psychic pain/trauma?
A. Phobias
B. Schizophrenia
C. Dissociative identity diorder
D. Major depression
C. Dissociative identity diorder
Annie appears rather dazed in interaction with her mother and seems contradictory in her behavior, showing no emotion when held though she stops crying when picked up. She is showing __________ attachment.
A. resistant
B. avoidant
C. secure
D. disoriented
D. disoriented
The end of the __________ period of cognitive development coincides with the beginning of adolescence.
A. sensorimotor
B. formal operational
C. preoperational
D. concrete operational
D. concrete operational
A short-term side effect of treating schizophrenia with antipsychotic drugs, such as the phenothiazines, is the production of symptoms that are characteristic of
A. multiple sclerosis.
B. cri-du-chat syndrome.
C. Down syndrome.
D. Parkinson’s disease.
D. Parkinson’s disease.
Research using the strange situation has demonstrated that a majority of American infants display a(n):
A. avoidant attachment style
B. secure attachment style
C. ambivalent attachment style
D. disorganized attachement style
B. secure attachment style
Which of the following mental disorders shows the poorest prognosis
A. anxiety disorders
B. cyclothymia
C. mood disorders
D. schizophrenia
D. schizophrenia
The self develops as a function of which set of processes
A. reflected appraisal, others perception, self esteem, and social identity(others/surroundings)
B. self perception, culture, genetics, and social identity(others/surroundings)
C. reflected appraisal, self perception, self esteem, and social identity(thers/surroundings)
D. reflected appraisal, self perception, culture, and social identity (others/surroundings)
D. reflected appraisal, self perception, culture, and social identity (others/surroundings)
Which therapy is oriented toward applying principles of learning derived from laboratory research to helping people solve their problems through therapy?
A. Rational-emotive therapy
B. Psychodynamic therapy
C. Cognitive-behavior therapy
D. Client-centered therapy
C. Cognitive-behavior therapy
Mental health professionals holding the medical perspective view mental disorders to be the result of
A. oversensitivity to the demands and criticisms of others.
B. learned maladaptive behavior patterns.
C. intrapsychic conflict.
D. malfunctioning of the brain and nervous system.
D. malfunctioning of the brain and nervous system.
In class we discussed the fact that genetic factors account for approximately what percentage of the population variation in intelligence?
A. 25 to 40%
B. 10%
C. 50 to 75%
D. we cannot tell
C. 50 to 75%
According to Piaget, when children learn that taking turns while playing a game is an example of fairness, they have shifted their moral perspective from:
A. rules to consequences
B. realism to relativism
C. prescriptions to principles
D. outcomes to intentions
C. prescriptions to principles
Consistent with Vygotsky’s concept of __________, the child-parent partnership works best when parents provide scaffolding of the child’s development.
A. equilibration;
B. zone of proximal development
C. actual development;
D. assimilation;
B. zone of proximal development
Mental health professionals holding the humanistic perspective view mental disorders to be the result of
A. oversensitivity to the demands and criticisms of others.
B. learned maladaptive behavior patterns.
C. malfunctioning of the brain and nervous system.
D. intrapsychic conflict.
A. oversensitivity to the demands and criticisms of others.
The approach to mental disorders that shifts the focus from the mental to the physiological level of analysis is the
A. medical model
B. cognitive-behavioral
C. sociocultural
D. psychodynamic
A. medical model
Josh constantly complains about fatigue, muscle tension and sleep problems. He is irritable, worries incessantly about the little things that cause others in his family no concern and has trouble concentrating. From these symptoms it is likely that Josh has:
A. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
B. major depression
C. bipolar disorder
D. dissociative disorder
A. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Pat finds herself worrying about most things in her life, from whether her children are safe drivers to making the right decision on refinancing her home, what to fix for dinner, and whether her husband is faithful. Pat is worrying has begun to interfere with her sleep. Pat more likely has which of the following disorders?
A. dysthymia
B. Obsessive compulsive disorder
C. Generalized Anxiety disorder
D. panic disorder
C. Generalized Anxiety disorder
Erikson reasoned that __________ development occurs as a result of the way in which individuals resolve __________ .
A. social; moral dilemmas
B. moral; interpersonal crises
C. psychosocial; interpersonal crises
D. moral; moral dilemmas
C. psychosocial; interpersonal crises
The kind of therapy that is directed at providing people with insight into their unconscious motivations and impulses is called
A. rational-emotive therapy.
B. cognitive-behavioral therapy.
C. psychoanalysis.
D. client-centered therapy.
C. psychoanalysis.
For developmental psychologists, theory of mind refers to the child’s ability to understand that
A. his or her beliefs predict his or her actions.
B. his or her beliefs predict other people’s actions.
C. other people’s experiences are related to their beliefs and perspectives.
D. the mind is a space in which thinking and problem solving occurs.
C. other people’s experiences are related to their beliefs and perspectives.
A major difference between authoritative-reciprocal and autocratic parents is that authoritative parents
A. never use punishment.
B. impose few rules.
C. explain the rules to their children.
D. establish firm rules.
C. explain the rules to their children.
Rogers referred to the difference between the real and ideal perceptions of the self as
A. irrationality.
B. incongruence.
C. actualization.
D. discrepancy.
B. incongruence.
The key feature of any mental disorder is the extent to which it is
A. unusual.
B. maladaptive and disruptive.
C. abnormal.
D. unpredictable.
B. maladaptive and disruptive.
The technique, frequently used by cognitive therapists, of teaching clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace them with more realistic beliefs is called:
A. cognitive dissonance.
B. cognitive restructuring.
C. mindfulness meditation.
D. desensitization.
B. cognitive restructuring.
The strange situation test measures a child’s:
A. problem-solving ability when given a novel cognitive stimulus
B. preference for toys covered in cloth or wire mesh
C. reaction on the first day of school
D. attachment style
D. attachment style
Amarta is being treated for a major mental disorder. A few times each week, he is anesthetized and temporarily paralyzed before seizures are induced. Amarta is undergoing
A. psychosurgery.
B. ECT.
C. antianxiety therapy.
D. radical reparative therapy.
B. ECT.
The psychotropic medications that are affective in reducing the positive symptoms of schizophrenia are understood to influence the levels of which neurotransmitter?
A. norepinephrine
B. seratonin
C. testostorone
D. dopamine
D. dopamine
Crystalized intelligence
A. is the ability to deal with novel problems
B. none of the options apply
C. requires speed, fluency, and flexibility
D. declines with age
B. none of the options apply
C. requires speed, fluency, and flexibility
Erikson reasoned that __________ development occurs as a result of the way in which individuals resolve __________ .
A. moral; moral dilemmas
B. psychosocial; interpersonal crises
C. social; moral dilemmas
D. moral; interpersonal crises
B. psychosocial; interpersonal crises
What is the therapeutic procedure called that encourages people to speak freely without fear of being criticized by the therapist by asking them to respond without censorship to words?
A. Free association
B. Countertransference
C. Transference
D. Reflection
A. Free association
When children begin to realize that groups of people can agree to adopt, change, or abandon some moral rules, they are in what stage of moral thinking, according to Piaget?
A. autonomous morality
B. principled morality
C. realism
D. relativism
D. relativism
The primary function of the Global Assessment of Functioning scale is to assess the
A. severity of the stressors in a person’s life.
B. extent to which one’s quality of life is impaired.
C. individual’s genetic background.
D. extent to which a psychological disorder is physical.
B. extent to which one’s quality of life is impaired.
When placed in the Strange Situation, Stanley becomes a bit distressed when his mother leaves, but calms down as soon as she returns. Stanley appears to be a(n) __________ attached infant.
A. securely
B. restrictedly
C. avoidantly
D. resistantly
A. securely
Which of the following options are an example of the effects of the interactive relationship between genes and environment.
A. language
B. none of the options apply
C. eye color
D. anxiety disorders
D. anxiety disorders
The typical side effect(s) that are seen in the antidepressant medications are
A. sleep disturbances and sexual dysfunction
B. tardive dyskinesia
C. none of the options apply
D. drug abuse
A. sleep disturbances and sexual dysfunction
Your 3-year-old niece is playing hide-and-seek with you. When it is her turn to hide, she goes into the corner, turns her back on you and closes her eyes, believing that now you cannot see her. She is demonstrating __________, typical of children in the __________ stage.
A. egocentrism; preoperational
B. object permanence; sensorimotor
C. conservation; preoperational
D. hypothetical thinking; formal operational
A. egocentrism; preoperational
___________ is characterized by the sudden loss of memory accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and even the assumption of a new identity.
A. dissociative identity disorder
B. bipolar disorder
C. dissociative fugue
D. dissociative amnesia
C. dissociative fugue
Humanistic and existential therapies share the assumption that psychological problems stem from:
A. feelings of alienation and loneliness
B. early childhood experiences
C. an external locus of control
D. overuse of defense mechanisms
A. feelings of alienation and loneliness
During the 1950’s, drugs were discovered that could reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia by _________ levels of the neurotransmitter _________.
A. lowering; dopamine
B. increasing; dopamine
C. lowering; serotonin
D. increasing; serotonin
A. lowering; dopamine
All the following are anxiety disorders except:
A. phobic disorders.
B. obsessive-manic disorder.
C. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D. generalized anxiety disorder.
B. obsessive-manic disorder.
Recognizing that mental disorder exists along a continuum from normal to abnormal, the DSM recommends that any diagnosis include a(n)
A. through physical examination by a medical doctor
B. screen for mood disorders
C. intelligence test
D. global assessment of functioning
D. global assessment of functioning
The nature of the relationship between genes and environment can be manifested __________, __________, or _____________.
A. independently, dependently, correlatively
B. independently, interactively, correlatively
C. dependently, interactively, correlatively
D. independently, interactively, exponentially
B. independently, interactively, correlatively
An individual who has been diagnosed as having __________ would probably describe his or her life as being empty, hopeless, miserable, and worthless.
A. bipolar I disorder
B. schizophrenia
C. major depressive disorder
D. cyclothymia
C. major depressive disorder
to prevent side effects, patients on lithium must regularly:
A. increase the dosage to compensate for the tolerance
B. cucle on and off the medication
C. have blood levels of medications checked
D. consume a diet low in protein
C. have blood levels of medications checked
The conceptualization of psychological abnormalities as diseases that, like biological diseases, have symptoms, causes, and possible cures is known as the:
A. biopsychosocial model.
B. medical model.
C. DSM model.
D. prescriptive model.
B. medical model.
Therapy that helps the client reduce the discrepancy between his or her real self and ideal self is called
A. client-centered therapy.
B. rational-emotive therapy.
C. Gestalt therapy.
D. psychodynamic therapy.
A. client-centered therapy.
Rudy has been undergoing therapy for the past several months. During the therapy sessions, his therapist has asked him to “Just talk about anything that comes to mind.” She has also asked him about his dreams. Most likely, Rudy’s therapist is a __________ therapist.
A. client-centered
B. cognitive-behavioral
C. psychoanalyst or psychodynamic
D. rational-emotive
C. psychoanalyst or psychodynamic
The creators of the first intelligence tests were:
A. Henry Goddard and Louis Thrustone
B. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
C. Theodore Simon and Charles Spearman
D. Louis Thurstone and Leland Stanford
B. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
Harry Harlow studied _____ in order to learn more about the importance of caregivers in social development
A. infants in orphanages
B. members of the Piraha tribe
C. adopted children
D. socially isolated rhesus monkeys
D. socially isolated rhesus monkeys
Over the past 9 months, Trisha has become lethargic and has stopped working out at the gym (and as a consequence has gained considerable weight). Previously full of energy and curiosity, she now shows a lack of interest in virtually everything, even sex. It is likely that Trisha is suffering from a:
A. personality disorder
B. dissociative disorder
C. mood disorder
D. generalized anxiety disorder
C. mood disorder
The self develops as a function of which set of processes
A. reflected appraisal, self perception, culture, and social identity (others/surroundings)
B. reflected appraisal, others perception, self esteem, and social identity(others/surroundings)
C. reflected appraisal, self perception, self esteem, and social identity(thers/surroundings)
D. self perception, culture, genetics, and social identity(others/surroundings)
A. reflected appraisal, self perception, culture, and social identity (others/surroundings)
The goal of the analysis of transference in the psychodynamic tradition is to gain insight in the clients
A. object relations.
B. ego.
C. none of the options apply.
D. preconscious.
A. object relations.
Lithium carbonate is most effective in the treatment of
A. phobias.
B. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C. schizophrenia.
D. the bipolar disorders.
D. the bipolar disorders.
Countertransference is to __________ as transference is to __________.
A. counterresistance; resistance
B. rationalization; projection
C. projection; sublimation
D. the therapist; the client
D. the therapist; the client
Parents who establish strict rules for their children and punish their children for disobeying, without any attempt to teach the children why such rules exist are referred to as __________ parents.
A. permissive
B. autocratic
C. authoritative
D. responsive
B. autocratic
C. authoritative
Which two perspectives of mental disorder place particular emphasis on genetic factors in psychological disorders?
A. Humanistic and cognitive-behavioral
B. Medical and biopsychosocial
C. Cognitive-behavioral and sociocultural
D. Biopsychosocial and humanistic
B. Medical and biopsychosocial
About_____ percent of the growth of the brain occurs outside of the womb.
A. 15
B. 25
C. 50
D. 75
D. 75
Kevin believes that television and radio personalities are jealous of him. More specifically, Kevin feels that there is a media conspiracy against him. Kevin appears to be experiencing delusions of
A. control.
B. persecution.
C. grandeur.
D. power.
B. persecution.
A physician prescribes an antidepressant for a patient, within 4 weeks the patient feels better. The patient attribute the depression to a biological cause. The patient is using which of the following biases?
A. fundamental attribution error
B. observer bias
C. intervention causation fallacy
D. single cause fallacy
C. intervention causation fallacy
Jose is terrified that someone is going back to break into his house; he checks his locks dozens of times each day and sets ups traps to detect the presence of intruders when he is away. It is likely that Jose has
A. panic disorder
B. obsessive compulsive disorder
C. social phobia
D. agoraphobia
B. obsessive compulsive disorder
_______ termed general intellectual ability, _______.
A. Spearman; g
B. Spearman; s
C. Thurstone; s
D. Thurstone; m
A. Spearman; g
The idea that maladaptive patterns of cognition lead to maladaptive behavior and that replacing those kinds of thoughts with more constructive ones will lead to an improvement in behavior, is a tenet of
A. systematic desensitization.
B. cognitive-behavior therapy.
C. Gestalt therapy.
D. psychodynamic therapy.
B. cognitive-behavior therapy.
Obsessions are to __________ as compulsions are to __________.
A. actions; ideas
B. anxiety relief; anxiety production
C. thoughts; behaviors
D. anxiety; depression
C. thoughts; behaviors
____________ developed person-centered therapy.
A. Aaron Beck
B. Melanie Klein
C. Carl Rogers
D. Frederick Perls
C. Carl Rogers
Lithium carbonate is most effective in the treatment of
A. the bipolar disorders.
B. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C. schizophrenia.
D. phobias.
A. the bipolar disorders.
___________ is characterized by a sudden loss of memory for significant personal information.
A. dissociative identity disorder
B. bipolar disorder
C. dissociative fugue
D. dissociative amnesia
D. dissociative amnesia
Which of the following is a delusion?
A. A person believing the CIA has implanted a microchip in his brain
B. a person hearing the devil talking inside his head
C. a person reporting that she smells like feces even though she is clean
D. a person watching UFO’s fly overhead each night
A. A person believing the CIA has implanted a microchip in his brain
Nowadays, development is understood to be both quantitative and qualitative in nature - in particular, develpment in childhood is thought to be _________ while in adulthood it is considered to be _________.
A. quantitative, qualitative
B. none of the options apply
C. slow and gradual, discrete and sequential
D. qualitative, quantitative
D. qualitative, quantitative
Tests that load heavily on crystallized intelligence do NOT include tests involving
A. memory span.
B. verbal comprehension.
C. experimental evaluation.
D. word analogies.
A. memory span.
___________ is characterized by a sudden loss of memory for significant personal information.
A. dissociative identity disorder
B. bipolar disorder
C. dissociative fugue
D. dissociative amnesia
D. dissociative amnesia
Erikson stressed that the primary crisis faced by adolescents was
A. intimacy versus isolation.
B. identity versus autonomy.
C. autonomy versus self-doubt.
D. identity versus role confusion.
D. identity versus role confusion.
Newly hatched ducklings and goslings follow the first moving object to which they are exposed. According to Konrad Lorenz, the hatchlings are showing:
A. affiliation
B. imprinting
C. maturation
D. dependence
B. imprinting
Piaget argued that at critical points in a child’s life, assimilation and accommodation are no longer adequate for continued cognitive development. As a result, the process he called ____________ occurs causing a movement from one stage to the next.
A. accrual.
B. equilibration.
C. emendation.
D. attribution.
B. equilibration.
The various psychotropic medications that influence neurtotransmitter levels in the synaptic cleft do so by
A. an inhibitory effect
B. preventiing the breakdown of released neurotransmitters
C. an excitatory effect
D. all of the options apply
D. all of the options apply
In class we discussed the issue of the heritability of intelligence and discussed the fact that heredity accounts for about 50% of the population variation in intelligence. This means that:
A. 50% of your intelligence is inherited
B. genetic factors are responsible for about 50% of the differences among individuals level of intelligence in the population
C. 50% of your intelligence is due to enviroment
D. none of the options apply to the question.
B. genetic factors are responsible for about 50% of the differences among individuals level of intelligence in the population
The primary function of the Global Assessment of Functioning scale is to assess the
A. severity of the stressors in a person’s life.
B. extent to which a psychological disorder is physical.
C. extent to which one’s quality of life is impaired.
D. individual’s genetic background.
C. extent to which one’s quality of life is impaired.
Just as he was about to get out of his chair to present his report to his classmates, Lucien felt as if he was going to die. He suddenly developed a shortness of breath and felt dizzy. Lucien was experiencing __________ disorder.
A. conversion
B. mood
C. panic
D. manic
C. panic
In the strange situation, 1 year old Mei Ling mildly protests her mother’s departure, seeks interaction with her mother when the two are reunited, and is readily comforted by her mother. Mei Ling is showing a(n)__________ attachment style
A. avoidant
B. ambivalent
C. disorganized
D. secure
D. secure
Vygotsky used the term __________ to represent the internalization and mental manipulation of words used by children after about age 7.
A. inner speech
B. maturational language
C. egocentrism
D. language abstraction
A. inner speech
In a(n) __________ study of social development, the researcher obtains data from different cohorts of individuals across time.
A. sequential
B. episodic
C. longitudinal
D. cross-sectional
A. sequential
Gestalt therapy is another example of a _____________ therapeutic approach.
A. family systems
B. psychodynamic
C. humanistic
D. cognitive-behavioral
C. humanistic
Human beings and monkeys have been shown to be instinctively primed to learn fears of certain things, such as snakes and spiders. Which of the following theories supports this proposition?
A. confirmation bias
B. learning theory
C. classical conditioning
D. preparedness theory
D. preparedness theory
The conceptualization of psychological abnormalities as diseases, which, similar to biological diseases, have symptoms, causes, and possible cures, is known as:
A. biopsychosocial model
B. medical model
C. DSM model
D. prescriptive model
B. medical model
Fluid intelligence
A. declines with age
B. is the ability to deal with novel problems
C. all of the options apply
D. requires speed, fluency, and flexibility
C. all of the options apply
Some researchers contend that a major negative side effect of ECT is
A. the uncontrolled changes in consciousness that occur between mania and catatonia.
B. extensive memory loss.
C. extensive loss of motor control.
D. impairment of language use.
B. extensive memory loss.
In the Strange Situation, an infant who shows moderate signs of distress when her mother leaves, but who is easily consoled upon her return is considered to be __________ attached.
A. resistantly
B. securely
C. ambivalently
D. avoidantly
B. securely
The most common perceptual distortion experienced by people suffering from schizophrenia are
A. visual hallucinations.
B. tactile hallucinations.
C. olfactory hallucinations.
D. auditory hallucinations.
D. auditory hallucinations.
Learning is defined as:
A. none of the options
B. relatively permanent change that occurs as a function of experience
C. relatively permanent change that follows a stage like process.
D. relatively permanent change that depends on biological maturation
B. relatively permanent change that occurs as a function of experience
According to the DSM-IV-TR, Axis 2 is used to classify disorders that impair _____________ functioning.
A. interpersonal and occupational
B. social
C. medical health
D. environmental and psychosocial
A. interpersonal and occupational
A person who is extremely sensitive to rejection and who is not confident in social situations is exhibiting symptoms of __________ personality disorder.
A. histrionic
B. passive-aggressive
C. avoidant
D. narcissistic
C. avoidant
Five-year-old Latoya watches her father place a ball in each of six bowls. She agrees that there are just as many balls as bowls.Her father then removes the balls and spreads them out in a row that extends beyond the row of bowls. Latoya says that there are now more balls than bowls. According to Piaget, Latoya lacks the concept of:
A. conservation
B. egocentrism
C. object permanence
D. false beliefs
A. conservation
The therapy process that involves teaching the client to relax completely in the face of progressively more fear-producing stimuli is called
A. systematic desensitization.
B. modeling.
C. aversion therapy.
D. rational-emotive therapy.
A. systematic desensitization.
Mental health professionals holding the psychodynamic perspective view mental disorders to be the result of
A. learned maladaptive behavior patterns.
B. malfunctioning of the brain and nervous system.
C. intrapsychic conflict.
D. oversensitivity to the demands and criticisms of others.
C. intrapsychic conflict.
Sammi is just learning how to count and use numbers. Sammi is most likely to be in which stage of cognitive development?
A. Formal operational
B. Preoperational
C. Sensorimotor
D. Concrete operational
B. Preoperational
The DSM IV, the current authoritative source for classifying mental disorders, comprises ___ axes along which an assessment is made of a persons functioning.
A. 3
B. 6
C. 5
D. 4
C. 5
In the Strange Situation, an infant who shows both approach and avoidance behaviors toward his mother when she returns is considered to be __________ attached.
A. securely
B. disroganized
C. avoidantly
D. ambivalently
D. ambivalently
???????
Which of the following is one of the processes identified in shaping the development of the self?
A. reflected appraisal
B. self esteem
C. self reference
D. none of the options apply
A. reflected appraisal
Kelly, who is not blind, is asked “What do you think it would be like to be blind?” She has no trouble imagining the greater difficulty she might have moving around in her house or neighborhood. Kelly is in the __________ period.
A. concrete operational
B. formal operational
C. preoperational
D. post-operational
B. formal operational
Ian is convinced that a child who broke 12 cups accidentally did a worse thing than a child who deliberately broke 1 cup. According to Piaget, Ian is judging morality in terms of its:
A. consequences
B. intentions
C. prescriptions
D. principles
A. consequences
Prognosis is defined as:
A. the typical course of the disease
B. a cause of disease
C. a pattern of causes
D. the classification of disease
A. the typical course of the disease
When placed in the Strange Situation, Maria approaches her mother upon her return, but continues to cry. Maria appears to be __________ attached.
A. securely
B. disorganizedly
C. avoidantly
D. ambivalently
D. ambivalently
The ability to apply and implement solutions in everyday settings is what Sternberg referred to as
A. fluid intelligence
B. creative intelligence
C. practical intelligence
D. emotional intelligence
C. practical intelligence
Which of the following approaches toward therapy has its roots in the behaviorist and learning traditions?
A. Psychodynamic
B. Cognitive-behavior
C. Humanistic
D. Client-centered
B. Cognitive-behavior
The period in which a child first grasps the concept of object permanence is the __________ period.
A. preoperational
B. formal operational
C. concrete operational
D. sensorimotor
D. sensorimotor
The psychodynamic perspective conceives of psychopathology as comprising 3 broad classes - these are:
A. neuroses, personality disorders, and psychoses
B. neuroses, psychoses, and schizophrenia
C. psychoses, personality disorders, and mood disorders
D. mood disorders, personality disorders, and anxiety disorders
A. neuroses, personality disorders, and psychoses
The effect of different environments on the issue of genetric relatedness in intelligence is
A. to reduce the effects of genetic relatedness
B. to have no effect on genetic relatedness
C. dependent upon the indivudals involved.
D. to strengthen the effects of genetic relatedness
A. to reduce the effects of genetic relatedness
If Spearman’s g theory is correct, then the scores on a set of tests of independent intellectual abilities that are administered to the same group of people should be
A. perfectly correlated.
B. random.
C. at least moderately correlated.
D. unrelated.
C. at least moderately correlated.
In __________ attachment, infants show a clear preference for their primary caregiver over strangers.
A. resistant
B. successful
C. secure
D. avoidant
C. secure
Barry consults a therapist. The therapist asks him to lie down on a couch while the therapist sits behind him. He is told to talk about anything that comes to mind or his feelings. Barry is probably seeing which kind of therapist?
A. interpersonal
B. psychoanalytic
C. CBT
D. humanistic
B. psychoanalytic
A marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situation is termed:
A. Generalized anxiety disorder
B. panic disorder
C. phobic disorder
D. post traumatic stress disorder
C. phobic disorder
Fluid intelligence is to __________ as crystallized intelligence is to __________.
A. speed and fluency; strategies
B. experience; capacity
C. achievement; experience
D. learning; genetic inheritance
A. speed and fluency; strategies
The level of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development during which moral decisions are based largely on rules for maintaining the social order is termed
A. social contracts.
B. universal ethical principles.
C. conventional.
D. cosmic.
C. conventional.
The DSM IV, the current authoritative source for classifying mental disorders, comprises ___ axes along which an assessment is made of a persons functioning.
A. 6
B. 3
C. 5
D. 4
C. 5
For developmental psychologists, theory of mind refers to the child’s ability to understand that
A. his or her beliefs predict other people’s actions.
B. other people’s experiences are related to their beliefs.
C. his or her beliefs predict his or her actions.
D. the mind is a space in which thinking and problem solving occurs.
B. other people’s experiences are related to their beliefs.
Most patients with dissociative identity disorder:
A. have grown up in low-income households
B. have grown up in functional families
C. have a history of severe childhood abuse
D. are men
C. have a history of severe childhood abuse
The most commonly used antidepressants today are ________, drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin to the brain.
A. SSRIs
B. benzodiazepines
C. MOAIs
D. tricyclics
A. SSRIs
From the psychodynamic perspective, the etiology of the classes of psychopathology differ in that neuroses are seen to be due to ___________, personality disorders are understood to be due to __________, while psychoses are thought to be due to ___________.
A. an interaction of childhood experiences and biology; mostly childhood experiences; mostly biological
B. none of the options apply
C. mostly childhood experiences; an interaction of childhood experiences and biology; mostly biological
D. mostly biological; mostly childhood experiences; an interaction of childhood experiences and biology
C. mostly childhood experiences; an interaction of childhood experiences and biology; mostly biological
According to Ellis, __________ are at the root of psychological problems.
A. maladaptive behaviors
B. faulty cognitions
C. unconscious conflicts
D. conditions of worth
B. faulty cognitions
The process by which new information is modified to fit existing schemas is called
A. adaptation.
B. accommodation.
C. adjustment.
D. assimilation.
D. assimilation.
Second grader Riley tells his friend Gus not to run in the hallway because it is against the school’s rules and he might get punished. Most likely, Riley is in Lawrence Kohlberg’s _______stage of moral development
A. pre-conventional
B. conventional
C. preoperational
D. formal operational
A. pre-conventional
Hallucinations are to __________ as delusions are to __________.
A. beliefs; sensations
B. negative symptoms; positive symptoms
C. positive symptoms; negative symptoms
D. perceptions; beliefs
D. perceptions; beliefs
In the Strange Situation, an infant who shows both approach and avoidance behaviors toward his mother when she returns is considered to be __________ attached.
A. ambivalently
B. securely
C. avoidantly
D. resistantly
D. resistantly
????????
D. resistantly
The __________ developed by Ainsworth is used to test __________ in infants.
A. Strange Situation; attachment
B. Situation Sort; social bonding
C. attachment quotient; social bonding and anxiety
D. Strange Situation; anxiety
A. Strange Situation; attachment
People are NOT capable of thinking hypothetically EXCEPT during the __________ period.
A. concrete operational
B. formal operational
C. post-operational
D. preoperational
B. formal operational
Which of the following children is NOT characteristic of a child who understands the concept of object permanence?
A. Tawny, who understands that “out of sight” does not always mean “out of mind”
B. Tenisha, who searches for hidden objects in their last known locations
C. Wahid, who is organizing schemas around words
D. Phong, who can anticipate the future position of a moving object
C. Wahid, who is organizing schemas around words
Replacing maladaptive thoughts and perceptions in order to change maladaptive behavior is termed cognitive
A. reappraisal.
B. restructuring.
C. reevaluation.
D. restating.
B. restructuring.
The idea that the essential properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object’s appearance is termed
A. object permanence.
B. accommodation.
C. concrete operational thinking.
D. egocentrism.
A. object permanence.
________ is characterized by the presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that at different times take control of the individual’s behavior.
A. Dissociative identity disorder
B. Dissociative amnesia
C. Dissociative fugue
D. Schizophrenia
A. Dissociative identity disorder
Archie believes that his teacher is manipulating his thoughts and actions against his will. Archie appears to be experiencing delusions of
A. control.
B. grandeur.
C. persecution.
D. power.
A. control.
According to Piaget, egocentrism in a child means that the child :
A. is selfish
B. fails to understand that the world appears differently to different observers
C. is in the sensorimotor stage
D. realizes that others share the child’s point of view
B. fails to understand that the world appears differently to different observers
Which two perspectives of mental disorder place particular emphasis on the role of the environment in the development of psychological disorders?
A. Psychodynamic and medical
B. Humanistic and medical
C. Medical and biopsychosocial
D. Cognitive-behavioral and sociocultural
D. Cognitive-behavioral and sociocultural
Assuming that because a medication has the effect of increasing the levels of a neurotransmitter which then in turns reduces the symptoms of depression, depression is caused by lowered levels of neurotransmitters is called the
A. intervention-causation fallacy
B. biological causation fallacy
C. cause and effect fallacy
D. none of the options
A. intervention-causation fallacy
In __________ the focus is on finding ways that the client can achieve his or her true potential.
A. cognitive-behavior therapy
B. transpersonal therapy
C. humanistic therapy
D. psychodynamic therapy
C. humanistic therapy
ECT is sometimes used as a last resort to treat
A. severe depressive and manic disorders.
B. schizophrenia.
C. generalized anxiety disorders.
D. dissociative disorders.
A. severe depressive and manic disorders.
Regarding mental disorders, the humanistic approach is to __________ as the cognitive-behavioral approach is to__________.
A. rationalization; denial
B. classical conditioning; unconscious anxiety
C. induction; unconscious impulses
D. socialization; conditioning
D. socialization; conditioning
A person who argues that it is immoral to execute criminals because life is the most important human value is most likely to be in Kohlberg’s __________ stage of moral development.
A. 6th
B. 4th
C. 7th
D. 3rd
A. 6th
personality disorders comprise 3 subgroups - these are:
A. avoidant behavior; dependent behavior; obsessive compulsive behavior
B. odd/eccentric behavior; dramatic/emotional behavior; anxious/fearful behavior
C. paranoid behavior; schizotypal behavior; schizoid behavior
D. histrionic behavior; narcissistic behavior; borderline behavior
B. odd/eccentric behavior; dramatic/emotional behavior; anxious/fearful behavior
People who are engaged in obsessive-compulsive behavior are most likely to do so because it
A. reduces their anxiety.
B. satisfies their need for perfection.
C. projects their anxiety onto an acceptable object.
D. displaces their anxiety.
A. reduces their anxiety.
Freud believed that transference is beneficial to the therapeutic process because it
A. provides a medium through which the client relives important early experiences.
B. is cathartic.
C. allows the therapist to become more objectively involved in the personal aspects of the client’s life.
D. elevates his client’s mood.
A. provides a medium through which the client relives important early experiences.
To assess a child’s intellectual ability, Binet and Simon (1905),
A. asked teachers to estimate their students’ relative standing in their classes.
B. administered several perceptual discrimination tests to children of various ages.
C. devised an overall point rating system ranging from below average to above average.
D. compared the child’s performance relative to an established age-determined average.
D. compared the child’s performance relative to an established age-determined average.
Eleven-month-old Ashley plays without a fuss when her mother leaves and on her return ignores her. Ashley is demonstrating which type of attachment style
A. avoidant
B. ambivalent
C. disorganized
D. secure
A. avoidant
Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
A. Resistant attachment
B. Secure attachment
C. Disoriented attachment
D. Displaced attachment
D. Displaced attachment
Therapists who argue that a change in behavior is most effectively brought about by altering their clients’ thoughts, beliefs, or perceptions are endorsing
A. cognitive restructuring.
B. humanistic therapy.
C. Gestalt therapy.
D. psychodynamic therapy.
A. cognitive restructuring.
The psychodynamic perspective conceives of psychopathology as comprising 3 broad classes - these are:
A. mood disorders, personality disorders, and anxiety disorders
B. psychoses, personality disorders, and mood disorders
C. neuroses, personality disorders, and psychoses
D. neuroses, psychoses, and schizophrenia
C. neuroses, personality disorders, and psychoses
Valium belongs to a class of drugs known as:
A. barbiturates
B. benzodiazepines
C. opiates
D. anesthetics
B. benzodiazepines
According to Rogers treating a client with _______ involves providing a nonjudgmental, warm, and accepting environment in which the client can feel safe expressing thoughts and feelings.
A. sympathetic understanding
B. congruence
C. unconditional positive regard
D. positive feelings
C. unconditional positive regard
Second language acquisition illustrates the developmental concept of a(n)__________ period.
A. necessary
B. sensitive
C. optimal
D. focal
B. sensitive
According to Piaget, children who are in the early phases of the preoperational stage CANNOT exhibit which of the following?
A. Object permanence
B. Conservation
C. Simple counting abilities
D. Simple language usage
B. Conservation
The __________ developed byAinsworth is used to test __________ in infants.
A. attachment quotient; social bonding and anxiety
B. Strange Situation; anxiety
C. Strange Situation; attachment
D. Situation Sort; social bonding
C. Strange Situation; attachment
Involuntary lip smacking, grimacing, and drooling are symptoms of the serious movement disorder known as
A. motor mania.
B. psychomotor palsy.
C. tardive dyskinesia.
D. reactive schizophrenia.
C. tardive dyskinesia.
Maturation is defined as
A. a slow and gradual transformation in a developing organism that follows an ordered sequence.
B. None of the options
C. Any relatively permanent change in thought, behavior, or growth that is due to biological development and that follows an ordered sequence
D. Any relatively permanent change in thought, behavior, or growth as a result of interaction with the environment and that follows an ordered sequence
C. Any relatively permanent change in thought, behavior, or growth that is due to biological development and that follows an ordered sequence
Jean Piaget called the idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible:
A. conservation
B. object permanence
C. intentional blindness
D. objective blindsight
B. object permanence
Ramon is convinced that he is the son of God and the savior of the world. He appears to be experiencing delusions of
A. persecution.
B. control.
C. narcissism.
D. grandeur.
D. grandeur.
The goal of the therapists interpretation in the psychodynamic tradition is to address
A. the clients fears.
B. the clients needs.
C. resistance on the part of the client.
D. none of the options apply
C. resistance on the part of the client.
In the Strange Situation, an infant who shows mixed reactions when his mother returns and even pushes her away is considered to be __________ attached.
A. securely
B. resistantly
C. ambivalently
D. avoidantly
B. resistantly
Standardization refers to the fact that
A. the factor loadings on a test are all equal.
B. the test is valid for all age groups.
C. the test is free of cultural and linguistic biases.
D. a test is administered in the same manner.
D. a test is administered in the same manner.
Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development stresses the importance of __________ in cognitive development.
A. brain maturation
B. the expansion of a child’s mental space
C. information processing
D. cultural variables
D. cultural variables
In the Strange Situation, an infant who does not cling or cuddle with his or her caregiver when picked up is most likely to be __________ attached to the caregiver.
A. securely
B. avoidantly
C. resistantly
D. ambivalently
B. avoidantly
The goal of free association in the psychodynamic tradition is to gain insight into
A. object relations.
B. the clients superego.
C. the clients unconscious mind.
D. the clients conscious mind.
C. the clients unconscious mind.
Tiffany has felt mildly sad for over two years. She struggles with issues associated with her self-worth and finds activities that other people enjoy greatly as only mildly pleasurable. Tiffany is likely suffering from:
A. dysthmic disorder
B. unipolar depression
C. double depression
D. bipolar disorder
A. dysthmic disorder
When placed in a cage with a terry-cloth “mother” and a wire “mother” equipped with a feeding nipple, rhesus monkeys:
A. spent more time hanging on the soft cloth mother, even the the wire mother provided nourishment
B. spent more time on the wire mother, primarily because it was equipped with a feeding nipple
C. refused to eat altogether
D. refused to spend any time on the soft cloth mother because it offered no nourishment
A. spent more time hanging on the soft cloth mother, even the the wire mother provided nourishment
A long-term, negative side effect of using antipsychotic drugs to treat schizophrenia is a serious movement disorder called
A. tardive dyskinesia.
B. Parkinson’s disease.
C. cerebellar impairment.
D. cystic fibrosis.
A. tardive dyskinesia.
The notion of an “identity crisis” that needed to be resolved in a stage that could produce identity confusion if not appropriately resolved originated with
A. Sigmund Freud.
B. Jean Piaget.
C. Anna Freud.
D. Erik Erikson.
D. Erik Erikson.
In a(n) __________ study of social development, the researcher obtains data from different cohorts of individuals at multiple time points.
A. longitudinal
B. cross-sectional
C. sequential
D. episodic
C. sequential
For Piaget, an important aspect of cognitive development was the child’s ability to use __________ that are __________.
A. schemas; invertible.
B. operations; irreversible.
C. operations; invertible.
D. schemas; irreversible.
A. schemas; invertible.
C. operations; invertible
An irresistible urge to repeat an action over and over again is called a(n)
A. obsession.
B. compulsion.
C. phobia.
D. fetish.
B. compulsion.
__________ is a type of exposure therapy
A. response shaping
B. positive reinforcement
C. relaxation
D. systematic desensitization
D. systematic desensitization
Someone who is able to identify and define problems and to find strategies for solving them has what Robert Sternberg called:
A. analytic intelligence
B. crystallized intelligence
C. practical intelligence
D. inductive intelligence
A. analytic intelligence
Which ethological/biological theorist argued that the innate capacity for the development of attachment is present in many species and is part of their native endowment?
A. Vygotsky
B. Kohlberg
C. Bowlby
D. Piaget
C. Bowlby
According to Kohlberg, morality during the preconventional level is marked by
A. egocentrism and the desire to avoid punishment.
B. the desire to be well-regarded by others.
C. the understanding that moral rules apply across all situations and cultures.
D. the understanding that rules help maintain social order.
A. egocentrism and the desire to avoid punishment.
According to the diathesis-stress model of mental disorders,
A. none of the options apply.
B. mental disorders are caused by organic brain dysfunctions.
C. the best way to treat a mental disorder is through drug therapy.
D. a person can inherit genes for a disorder, yet not develop the symptoms for the disorder.
D. a person can inherit genes for a disorder, yet not develop the symptoms for the disorder.
Mental health professionals holding the cognitive-behavioral perspective view mental disorders to be the result of
A. learned maladaptive behavior patterns.
B. oversensitivity to the demands and criticisms of others.
C. intrapsychic conflict.
D. malfunctioning of the brain and nervous system.
A. learned maladaptive behavior patterns.
A pervasive pattern of disregard and violation of the rights of others is the definition of ______________personality disorder.
A. narcissistic
B. histrionic
C. antisocial
D. borderline
C. antisocial
Researchers of cognitive development now suggest that:
A. infants cannot develop the schema of object permanence
B. infants develop the schema of object permanence much later than Piaget realized
C. infants may have a sense of object permanence much earlier than Piaget realized
D. Piaget’s theories about the development of object permanece were surprisingly accurate
C. infants may have a sense of object permanence much earlier than Piaget realized
the psychologist who developed the so-called strange situation to study the bond that forms between infants and their primary caregiver was:
A. John Bowlby
B. Konrad Lorenz
C. Lev Vygotsky
D. Mary Ainsworth
D. Mary Ainsworth
What is the mental disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts and ritualistic behaviors designed to fend of those thoughts interfere significantly with functioning?
A. Generalized anxiety disorders
B. specific phobia
C. dissociative disorder
D. obsessive compulsive disorder
D. obsessive compulsive disorder
John Bowlby claimed that by about six months of age, a baby begins to direct attachment signals toward:
A. the father
B. the mother
C. the primary caregiver
D. anyone who is close by
C. the primary caregiver
Which of the following kinds of therapies uses dream interpretation as a therapeutic tool?
A. Gestalt therapy
B. Rational-emotive therapy
C. Client-centred therapy
D. Psychoanalysis
D. Psychoanalysis
Duke is petrified of snakes. To help him overcome his fear, his therapist is teaching Duke to relax in the face of increasingly more realistic encounters with a snake. First, Duke simply imagines the snake, then he imagines that a snake placed in a box is brought into the room, and so on, until he finally imagines himself holding the reptile. He implements the relaxation procedures his therapist has taught him each time he imagines a different “snake scenario.” Duke’s therapist is using the therapeutic technique called
A. implosion therapy.
B. aversion therapy.
C. rational-emotive therapy.
D. systematic desensitization.
D. systematic desensitization.
In general, mental disorders appear to be caused by __________ variables.
A. the interaction of genetic and behavioral
B. the interaction of cognitive, environmental, and experiential
C. none of the options apply
D. the interaction of genetic, environmental, and psychological
D. the interaction of genetic, environmental, and psychological
Dana has schizophrenia. which was diagnosed when she was a teenager; she has now been on a standard dose of anti-psychotic medication for more than 20 years. She has developed peculiar mannerisms such as thrusting her tongue forward and rubbing the thumb and the middle finger of her right hand together. Side effects like these are called:
A. iatrogenic illness
B. tardative dyskinesia
C. reflex synesthesia
D. spasmodic tics
B. tardative dyskinesia
Jan took an IQ test two years ago and scored 126. He took the same IQ test a week ago and scored 128. Apparently, this IQ test has a high degree of
A. validity.
B. accuracy.
C. reliability.
D. standardization.
C. reliability.
Ernst has spent several months working with his psychoanalyst, but recently has begun to feel as if his therapist disapproves of him. It isn’t until he raises this in the therapy session that it becomes clear that Ernst used to experience just the same kind of disapproval from his own father as a child. The therapist will realize that __________ is taking place.
A. projection.
B. transference.
C. resistance.
D. countertransference.
B. transference.
In the Strange Situation, an infant who does not cry when her mother leaves and who shows no interest in her mother when the mother returns is most likely to be classified as being __________ attached.
A. securely
B. resistantly
C. restrictedly
D. avoidantly
D. avoidantly
According to Kohlberg, morality during the preconventional level is marked by
A. the understanding that moral rules apply across all situations and cultures.
B. the understanding that rules help maintain social order.
C. the desire to be well-regarded by others.
D. egocentrism.
D. egocentrism.
Thurstone proposed that intelligence consists of seven factors that he termed:
A. primary mental abilities
B. latent factors
C. manifest abilities
D. intelligence factors
A. primary mental abilities
The diathesis-stress model explains disease as the result of:
A. a predisposition for a disease and a triggering event
B. a triggering event such as stress
C. a predisposition for a disease
D. heritability
A. a predisposition for a disease and a triggering event
The ability to use another person’s reactions as useful information about the world is known as:
A. joint attention
B. assimilation
C. theory of mind
D. social referencing
D. social referencing
All of the following are acknowledged as processes that shape the development of the self except
A. reflected appraisal
B. self perception
C. self esteem
D. culture
C. self esteem
Psychoanalysts believe that transference is:
A. a hindrance to therapy and should be avoided
B. useful in providing insight into the client’s personal relationships
C. useful in helping clients better interpret their dreams
D. the end goal of interpersonal therapy
B. useful in providing insight into the client’s personal relationships
Regarding mental disorders, the humanistic approach is to __________ as the cognitive-behavioral approach is to__________.
A. classical conditioning; unconscious anxiety
B. rationalization; denial
C. induction; unconscious impulses
D. socialization; conditioning
D. socialization; conditioning
Using the “Sally-Anne” test, developmental psychologists have shown that, between the ages of 3 and 4, children develop
A. visual-auditory equivalence.
B. egocentrism-reversing schemas.
C. spatial relativity.
D. a theory of mind.
D. a theory of mind.
According to Piaget, a __________ is a mental representation that describe events and their relation to other concepts.
A. concept
B. schema
C. cognition
D. hypothesis
B. schema
The benzodiazipines are most effective for the treatment of the
A. personality disorders
B. substance abuse disorders
C. anxiety disorders
D. schizophrenia
C. anxiety disorders
Standardization refers to the fact that
A. the factor loadings on a test are all equal.
B. an individuals score on a test is interpreted in relation to a normed population distribution.
C. the test is free of cultural and linguistic biases.
D. the test is valid for all age groups.
B. an individuals score on a test is interpreted in relation to a normed population distribution.
Nowadays we understand that the period in which a child first grasps the concept of object permanence is the __________ period.
A. sensorimotor
B. preoperational
C. concrete operational
D. formal operational
A. sensorimotor
Both the gestalt and client-centered approaches to therapy focus on the
A. early childhood experiences of the client
B. phenomenological experience of the client
C. the thoughts that precede problematic behaviors
D. none of the options
B. phenomenological experience of the client
Testing Spearman’s g theory of intelligence involves administering a set of tests of independent intellectual abilities to the same group of people and then
A. identifying who did best and who did worst on each test.
B. correlating the outcomes of the tests.
C. comparing the total scores for all the tests.
D. determining which tests were most difficult.
B. correlating the outcomes of the tests.
Administration of the chemical ____________ induces a panic attack in most people with panic disorder
A. capsaicin
B. sodium lactate
C. l-amphetamin
D. pentobarbital
B. sodium lactate
In Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), chronic excessive worry is accompanied by all the following symptoms EXCEPT:
A. restlessness
B. fatigue
C. panic attacks
D. concentration problems
C. panic attacks
The tricyclics, SSRI’s and MAO inhibitors are all examples of ______________ medications.
A. antidepressant
B. antianxiety
C. antipsychotic
D. dissocative
A. antidepressant
Antipsychotic medications used to treat schizophrenia are believed to block_________ receptors in the brain.
A. serotonin
B. dopamine
C. norepinephrine
D. GABA
B. dopamine
In a(n) __________ study of social development, the researcher obtains data from the same individuals at different times of their lives.
A. episodic.
B. longitudinal.
C. sequential
D. cross-sectional.
B. longitudinal.
Depressed people tend to explain the negative events that happen to them, with a(n) __________ style of attribution.
A. apathetic
B. situational
C. narrow
D. dispositional
D. dispositional
Which of the following is not one of the common factors identified as having a role in therapeutic effectiveness
A. education
B. insight
C. the relationship with the therapist
D. the value of emotional expression with the therapeutic setting
A. education
Shawn is 14 years old. He has been caught stealing seven times in the past year. He is impulsive and often finds himself in fist fights. He seems not to respect the rights of others and shows no remorse when he gets caught breaking the law. Shawn seems likely to have __________ personality disorder.
A. antisocial
B. paranoid
C. schizoid
D. histrionic
A. antisocial
personality disorders comprise 3 subgroups - these are:
A. paranoid behavior; schizotypal behavior; schizoid behavior
B. odd/eccentric behavior; dramatic/emotional behavior; anxious/fearful behavior
C. histrionic behavior; narcissistic behavior; borderline behavior
D. avoidant behavior; dependent behavior; obsessive compulsive behavior
B. odd/eccentric behavior; dramatic/emotional behavior; anxious/fearful behavior
The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual is called:
A. bimorbidity
B. comorbidity
C. covariance
D. correlation
B. comorbidity
Medications that help reduce the experience of fear or nervousness are called:
A. antidepressants
B. antipsychotics
C. antianxiety drugs
D. dissociative anesthetic drugs
C. antianxiety drugs
The first intelligence tests were developed as a part of education reforms in:
A. England
B. the United States
C. France
D. Germany
C. France
Current research shows that children generally acquire many of the abilities described by Piaget:
A. much earlier than he realized
B. slightly later than he realized
C. at about the same ages he proposed
D. much later than he realized
A. much earlier than he realized
The attachment pattern in which the infant seems to be most troubled is __________ attachment.
A. avoidant
B. resistant
C. disoriented
D. secure
C. disoriented
Which of the following classes of drugs is the most commonly used antianxiety medication?
A. benzodiazepines
B. SSRIs
C. hypnotics
D. antipsychotics
A. benzodiazepines
A person who is always seeking attention and obsessed with personal attractiveness is exhibiting symptoms of __________ personality disorder.
A. avoidant
B. passive-aggressive
C. histrionic
D. antisocial
C. histrionic
The two principal kinds of obsessions are
A. obsessive doubt and obsessive fear of doing something prohibited.
B. obsessive avoidance and obsessive fear of doing something prohibited.
C. obsessive avoidance and obsessive checking.
D. obsessive counting and obsessive cleaning.
A. obsessive doubt and obsessive fear of doing something prohibited.
The self develops as a function of which set of processes
A. reflected appraisal, self perception, self esteem, and social identity(others/surroundings)
B. reflected appraisal, self perception, culture, and social identity (others/surroundings)
C. reflected appraisal, others perception, self esteem, and social identity(others/surroundings)
D. self perception, culture, genetics, and social identity(others/surroundings)
B. reflected appraisal, self perception, culture, and social identity (others/surroundings)
According to Kohlberg’s theory, a person who determines morality by using abstract principles that reflect core values is in the _________stage of development
A. preconventional
B. conventional
C. postconventional
D. unconventional
C. postconventional
Cyclothymic disorder is to __________ as dysthymic disorder is to __________.
A. bipolar II disorder; mania
B. major depressive disorder; mania
C. mania; seasonal affective disorder
D. bipolar II disorder; major depressive disorder
D. bipolar II disorder; major depressive disorder
Schizophrenic hallucinations can include all the following except:
A. hearing voices that no one else can hear.
B. believing that you are Napoleon.
C. seeing things that are not there.
D. feeling as if you’re being touched when there is no one there.
B. believing that you are Napoleon.
__________ is a sense of apprehension or doom that is accompanied by physiological symptoms such as tightness of the stomach, increased heart rate, and sweaty palms.
A. Fear
B. A psychosis
C. Stress
D. Anxiety
D. Anxiety
A depressed person who makes the statement, “I am a failure at everything I do and I will never be good at anything I do,” is said to have a(n) __________ attributional style.
A. dispositional
B. inadequate
C. despairing
D. bland
A. dispositional
According to John Bowlby, babies are born with behaviors such as crying, smiling, and cooing in other to:
A. facilitate imprinting
B. better able to follow the primary caregiver
C. better able to imitate the primary caregiver
D. make it more likely that the primary caregiver remains close to them
D. make it more likely that the primary caregiver remains close to them
The two cognitively focused cognitive-behavior therapies that we discussed in class are
A. flooding and graded exposure
B. rational-emotive therapy and cognitive distortion therapy
C. classical conditioning and operant conditioning
D. exposure techniques and social learning
B. rational-emotive therapy and cognitive distortion therapy
Hallucinations are:
A. false beliefs about reality based upon incorrect inferences.
B. false perceptions about reality with no external cause
C. a loosening of associations
D. none of the options apply
B. false perceptions about reality with no external cause
The underlying nature of development can be conceptualized as either ___________ or __________ in nature
A. stage like, qualitative
B. continuous, quantitative
C. slow and steady (gradual), smooth and uninterrupted
D. quantitative, qualitative
D. quantitative, qualitative
The view that cognitive development is largely the result of the child’s interaction with members of her or his culture instead of interaction with objects was proposed by:
A. Harry Harlow
B. Jean Piaget
C. Lev Vygotsky
D. John Bowlby
C. Lev Vygotsky
The __________ perspective states that mental disorders __________.
A. cognitive-behavioral; are a result of learning
B. sociocultural; are a result of our evolutionary history
C. medical; are learned maladaptive behavior patterns
D. humanistic; are labeled and treated according to sociocultural variables
A. cognitive-behavioral; are a result of learning
Harlow’s research with infant monkeys who were reared with mechanical surrogates suggests that
A. infant monkeys do not derive comfort from nonnutritive sucking.
B. softness and warmth are inherently more reinforcing than the mother’s characteristic body scent.
C. physical contact with cuddly objects is a biological need.
D. deprivation of contact with the mother is more serious than deprivation of contact with peers.
C. physical contact with cuddly objects is a biological need.
Assuming that because a medication has the effect of increasing the levels of a neurotransmitter which then in turns reduces the symptoms of depression, depression is caused by lowered levels of neurotransmitters is called the
A. intervention-causation fallacy
B. biological causation fallacy
C. cause and effect fallacy
D. none of the options
A. intervention-causation fallacy
Hallucinations are to __________ as delusions are to __________.
A. positive symptoms; negative symptoms
B. beliefs; sensations
C. negative symptoms; positive symptoms
D. perceptions; beliefs
D. perceptions; beliefs
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include
A. thought disorder.
B. social withdrawal.
C. flattened emotional response.
D. lack of initiative.
A. thought disorder.
A child talking to herself as she draws a picture would be interpreted by Vygotsky as a sign of __________.
A. concrete thinking
B. her development of a mental plan to guide subsequent behavior
C. abstract thinking
D. her failure to produce inner speech and thus mental representation
B. her development of a mental plan to guide subsequent behavior
Cyclothymic disorder is to __________ as dysthymic disorder is to __________.
A. mania; seasonal affective disorder
B. bipolar II disorder; mania
C. bipolar II disorder; major depressive disorder
D. major depressive disorder; mania
C. bipolar II disorder; major depressive disorder
Mental health professionals holding the psychodynamic perspective view mental disorders to be the result of
A. learned maladaptive behavior patterns.
B. malfunctioning of the brain and nervous system.
C. intrapsychic conflict.
D. oversensitivity to the demands and criticisms of others.
C. intrapsychic conflict.
