Test 3 Flashcards
William James described the self as comprising the following two components:
A. the empirical and social self
B. the self-schema and me
C. the spiritual and material self
D. the I and the Me
D. the I and the Me
Because our self-concepts change with experience, some psychologists have suggested that we should think of ourselves in terms of __________ and __________ selves.
A. fixed; malleable
B. static; dynamic
C. current/future
D. old; new
C. current/future
Independent construal is to __________ as interdependent construal is to __________ .
A. uniqueness; autonomy
B. strong social bonds; self-reliance
C. autonomy; uniqueness
D. self-reliance; strong social bonds
D. self-reliance; strong social bonds
When social psychologists study how the perceptions, thoughts, and motives of one person become known to other persons they are studying
A. personal psychology.
B. impression formation.
C. social cognition.
D. social perception.
B. impression formation.
Which of the following are the two types of attributions?
A. Cognitive and behavioral
B. Internal and external
C. Biological and environmental
D. Social and nonsocial
B. Internal and external
__________ is the aspect of attribution that focuses on the extent to which another person’s behavior is similar over time.
A. Consistency
B. Distinctiveness
C. Consensus
D. Stability
A. Consistency
If a friend tells you that you are a good writer and you have other friends who tell you the same thing, you will likely attribute her remark as __________ due to __________ .
A. dispositional; consistency
B. situational; consensus
C. dispositional; distinctiveness
D. independent; consensus
B. situational; consensus
Counter defensive self-serving biases are at play when we:
A. take the blame for negative events and avoid taking credit for positive events.
B. avoid taking credit for positive events and avoid taking blame for negative events.
C. take credit for positive events and avoid the blame for negative events.
D. none of the options
A. take the blame for negative events and avoid taking credit for positive events.
Most people are likely to attribute the causes of other people’s behavior as being due to __________ rather than __________ .
A. personality factors; genetics
B. dispositional factors; situational factors
C. environmental factors; personality factors
D. situational factors; dispositional factors
B. dispositional factors; situational factors
Suppose that on the first day of your psychology class, you observe a particular classmate to be a bit rude and arrogant. You attribute his conceit to his personality rather
than to the fact that something happened that may have upset him. Your attribution about the causes of his behavior is an example of the
A. actor-observer effect.
B. phenomenon known as belief in a just world.
C. fundamental attribution error.
D. false consensus error.
C. fundamental attribution error.
The tendency of people to explain their own behavior in terms of situational factors and others’ behavior in terms of dispositional factors is termed
A. the distinctiveness principle.
B. the actor-observer effect.
C. self-serving bias.
D. the fundamental attribution error.
B. the actor-observer effect.
The tendency of a person to perceive that his or her own views are representative of what others also perceive is called
A. the false consensus effect.
B. the actor-observer effect.
C. the representativeness heuristic.
D. the self-serving bias.
A. the false consensus effect.
A heuristic by which people classify things into the category to which it appears to be the most similar is called the __________ heuristic.
A. representativeness
B. availability
C. similarity
D. base-rate
A. representativeness
Devonia, a recent acquaintance of yours, is an attractive, outgoing, and ambitious woman. When someone asks you whether she is a secretary or a manager, you reply, “I don’t know for sure but knowing what she is like, I’d say that she is an executive.” Your response reflects the use of __________ heuristic.
A. base-rate
B. representativeness
C. actor-observer
D. availability
B. representativeness
Attitudes consist of which three different components?
A. Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
B. Consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness
C. Dispositional, intuitional, and situational
D. Affective, behavioral, and cognitive
D. Affective, behavioral, and cognitive
Cognitive dissonance theory states that
A. people habituate to mild dissonance.
B. dissonance reduction is motivated by an aversive state of tension.
C. self-confident people experience the least dissonance.
D. attitudes, but not behaviors, are the source of dissonance.
B. dissonance reduction is motivated by an aversive state of tension.
Antonio is an environmentalist who works in a local logging mill. Although he feels that working at the mill is a contradiction, he says that it was the only job he could find, and now that he has gotten two raises, he is making more money there than he could if he were to find another job. In this example, Antonio
A. maintained dissonance by justifying his behavior.
B. reduced dissonance by changing one of the dissonant elements.
C. reduced dissonance by reducing the importance of one of the
dissonant elements.
D. reduced dissonance by adding consonant elements.
D. reduced dissonance by adding consonant elements.
Which participants in the Festinger and Carlsmith study justified their behavior by changing their attitudes?
A. Those who were paid $30
B. Those who were paid $20
C. Those who were paid $1
D. The control participants (who were paid nothing)
C. Those who were paid $1
The theory that we come to understand our attitudes and emotions by observing our own behavior and the circumstances in which it occurs is called __________ theory.
A. self-perception
B. cognitive dissonance
C. self-concept
D. self-schema
A. self-perception
Research by Zajonc showed that the more people viewed nonsense words, the more they like them. Zajonc termed this outcome the
A. mere exposure effect.
B. repetition effect.
C. consistency effect.
D. representativeness effect
A. mere exposure effect.
Liking is a function of which factors?
A. proximity, consensus, reciprocity, attractiveness, similarity
B. familiarity, mere exposure, attractiveness, reciprocity
C. proximity, attractiveness, reciprocity, uniqueness, familiarity D. reciprocity, familiarity, similarity, attractiveness, proximity
D. reciprocity, familiarity, similarity, attractiveness, proximity
Which of the following is not a factor that forms the basis of who we like?
A. proximity
B. familiarity
C. similarity
D. bonding
D. bonding
At a party, James’ friends, who are under 21, are drinking alcohol and pressure him to join them. Although James is also underage and does not agree with underage drinking, he starts drinking as well. This is an example of:
A. consensus
B. obedience
C. compliance
D. acceptance
C. compliance
Social Influence includes which of the following:
A. obedience
B. conformity and compliance
C. acceptance
D. all of the options.
D. all of the options.
Which of the following does not shape the degree to which we conform to a group?
A. our beliefs
B. our status
C. the cohesiveness of the group
D. the degree to which unanimity exists in the group
A. our beliefs
According to Sternberg’s theory of love, companionate love includes
A. intimacy and commitment.
B. passion and commitment.
C. intimacy, passion, and commitment.
D. intimacy and passion.
A. intimacy and commitment.
Accompanying physical attractiveness is the beautiful-person stereotype (halo effect); that is, the belief that attractive people
A. are not likely to be attracted to others.
B. are not likely to be capable of a long-term relationship.
C. are likely only to be attracted to others who are similarly
attractive.
D. are also more intelligent, more socially skilled, and happier.
D. are also more intelligent, more socially skilled, and happier.
The percieved outgroup homogeneity effect occurs as a function of which social cognitive process?
A. Heuristics
B. interpretation
C. Impression formation
D. Stereotyping
D. Stereotyping
If Spearman’s g theory is correct, then the scores on a set of tests of independent intellectual abilities that are administered to the same group of people should be
A. random.
B. perfectly correlated.
C. at least moderately correlated.
D. unrelated.
C. at least moderately correlated.
The first intelligence measure developed by Binet and Simon (1905) was intended to
A. measure the intelligence of preschoolers.
B. identify gifted children.
C. establish intellectual norms for the French population.
D. identify children who could benefit from special academic
instruction.
D. identify children who could benefit from special academic
instruction.
In class we discussed the fact that genetic factors account for approximately what percentage of the population variation in intelligence?
A. we cannot tell
B. 25 to 40%
C. 60 to 75%
D. 50%
C. 60 to 75%
For a test to be valid, it would have to
A. none of the options apply
B. be a reliable measure
C. consistently produce similar results
D. actually measure the construct it is intended to measure
D. actually measure the construct it is intended to measure
Standardization refers to the fact that
A. the factor loadings on a test are all equal.
B. the test is free of cultural and linguistic biases.
C. a test is administered in the same manner.
D. the test is valid for all age groups.
C. a test is administered in the same manner.
Crystalized intelligence
A. is the ability to deal with novel problems
B. none of the options apply
C. requires speed, fluency, and flexibility
D. declines with age
C. requires speed, fluency, and flexibility
Thurstones understanding of intelligence could be described as fitting in which of the following categories:
A. none of the options apply
B. hierarchical
C. oligarchic
D. monarchic
C. oligarchic
The overjustification effect suggests that when __________ are increased __________ will be decreased.
A. behaviors; extrinsic motivation
B. intrinsic rewards; extrinsic motivation
C. extrinsic motivations; behavior
D. extrinsic rewards; intrinsic motivation
D. extrinsic rewards; intrinsic motivation
Physiologically based motives have 3 critical components - identify these three from the options below:
A. wants, needs, desires
B. drives, needs, desires
C. instincts, needs, drives
D. instincts, wants, desires
C. instincts, needs, drives
Emotions appear to serve useful functions in any culture because they:
A. communicate important information to other members of that culture
B. release pent-up energy
C. help people feel good about themselves
D. help individauls understand their own behavior
A. communicate important information to other members of that culture
According to the James-Lange theory, we
A. feel sorry and cry because of socialization processes.
B. feel sorry because we cry.
C. cry because we feel sorry.
D. feel sorry and cry because of reinforcement contingencies.
B. feel sorry because we cry.
The theory that the experience of emotion is preceded by physiological arousal which is then interpreted cognitively is called the __________ theory of emotion.
A. antigens; antibodies B. Schacter-Singer or two-factor C. James-Lange D. none of the options E. Cannon-Bard
B. Schacter-Singer or two-factor
Stereotypes are to _____________ as prejudice is to: ____________?
A. thoughts, behavior.
B. behavior, action.
C. feelings, thoughts.
D. thoughts, feelings.
D. thoughts, feelings.
B. behavior, action. ??
Stereotypes aid the conservation of effort motive in social cognition by bringing with them 4 ways in which they facilitate judgements. Which of the following lists of 4 correctly identify the 4 aids?
A. availibility, perception, expectations, interpretations
B. expectations, interpretations, explanations, and ignoring base rate information
C. expectations, representativeness, anchoring and adjustment, interpretations
D. expectations, interpretations, explanations, and standards
D. expectations, interpretations, explanations, and standards
Which of the following is an example of discrimination?
A. I believe that all professors are fascinating people.
B. I will not allow freshmen to sit at my table in the cafeteria.
C. I think that I am smarter than the other students in my class. D. I think to myself that all athletes are stupid.
B. I will not allow freshmen to sit at my table in the cafeteria.
Which of the following is a condition that any program aimed at reducing negative attitudes should be based upon:
A. contact should occur at the individual level
B. contact should be rewarding
C. intergroup contact must be supported by community norms D. all of the options
D. all of the options
One of the best ways to ensure that 2 groups will be prejudiced and discriminate against each other is to:
A. promote the creation of strong bonds within each group
B. tell each group the other group likes them
C. have the groups compete for scarce resources
D. tell each group the other group dislikes them
C. have the groups compete for scarce resources
An apparent but non-existent relationship between 2 distinct events or stimuli that we fall prey to in managing our self-image is called?
A. base-rate fallacy
B. false consensus
C. self-fulfilling prophecy
D. an illusory correlation
D. an illusory correlation
The process by which we identify a stimulus as a member of a class of related stimuli is called:
A. recognition
B. association
C. categorization
D. decision making
C. categorization
The two types (kinds) of aggression are known as:
A. intrumental and violent
B. hostile and instrumental
C. violent and direct
D. hostile and violent
B. hostile and instrumental
Hostile aggression is aggression that is:
A. aimed at achieving certain goals
B. based on anger
C. none of the options
D. expressed only indirectly
B. based on anger
The General Affective Aggression model argues that input variables arouse 3 internal processes which are then appraised resulting in behavior that is either aggresive/non-aggressive. These 3 internal processes are:
A. belief, feelings, actions
B. emotion, cognition, beliefs
C. arousal, emotion, and cognition
D. arousal, emotion, excitement
C. arousal, emotion, and cognition
Identify the three types of self serving biases that were discussed in class:
A. none of the options
B. counter productive, self deflating, and self fulfilling
C. counter defensive, self-enhancing, and self effacing
D. self-defacing, self-enhancing, and defensive
C. counter defensive, self-enhancing, and self effacing
Eysenck’s theory of personality identified 3 trait dimensions. Identify which of the following forms part of Eysenck’s theory?
A. insecurtiy vs. security
B. independence vs. conformity
C. impulsivity vs. no control
D. extraversion vs. introversion
D. extraversion vs. introversion
The personality factors described by Eysenck do NOT include which of the following?
A. Agreeableness
B. Aggressiveness
C. Self-control
D. Emotional stability
A. Agreeableness
In Freud’s theory, the primary source of instinctual motivation for all psychic forces is __________, which is stored in the __________ .
A. libido; superego
B. psychic energy; ego
C. libido; id
D. the ego; unconscious
C. libido; id
According to Freud, the psychic entity that is the self and operates according to the reality principle is the
A. superego.
B. id.
C. ego-ideal.
D. ego.
D. ego.
According to Freud,thoughts in the unconscious are organized ____________ in contrast to the conscious where thoughts are organized ___________?
A. laterally; logically
B. associatively; logically
C. logically, associatively
D. none of the options apply
B. associatively; logically
Dothan is a man of few respectable morals. Interestingly, he spends a good deal of time accusing his business associates of being “morally bankrupt.” Which defense mechanism does Dothan’s behavior best illustrate?
A. Projection
B. Sublimation
C. Reaction formation
D. Rationalization
A. Projection
A person who behaves in a manner directly opposite of how he or she really feels is using a defense mechanism called
A. compensation.
B. sublimation.
C. reaction formation.
D. denial.
C. reaction formation.
Freud argued that failure to resolve the conflicts present in any stage of psychosexual development results in
A. anxiety.
B. repression.
C. fixation.
D. guilt.
C. fixation.
The heritable portion of personality is called
A. temperament
B. emotion
C. activity level
D. mood
A. temperament
The term “personality” is defined as
A. individual differences in cognition and behavior.
B. one’s developmental experiences and physical characteristics that combine to produce uniqueness.
C. the enduring patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving that we express across time and situations, differentiating one person from another.
D. the different categories into which personality characteristics can be assigned.
C. the enduring patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving that we express across time and situations, differentiating one person from
another.
The basic underlying assumptions of the social cognitive approach directly oppose the underlying assumption of which other approach to personality?
A. humanistic
B. psychodynamic
C. none of the options
D. trait
B. psychodynamic
The kind of learning that you may experience that is based upon the consequences that another person experiences as are result of their behavior is called:
A. observational learning
B. operant conditioning
C. reciprocal determinism
D. classical conditioning
A. observational learning
The realization of one’s true potential is referred to by Maslow as
A. self-fulfillment.
B. self-actualization.
C. conditions of worth.
D. the ideal self.
B. self-actualization.
In Rogers’ view, the need for positive regard is something that
A. is universal.
B. we acquire through vicarious learning.
C. we acquire through the classical procedure.
D. is learned from how others feel about us.
A. is universal.
Rogers’ views on personality development differed from Maslow’s. Specifically, Rogers believed that personality development centers on
A. social perception.
B. the self-concept.
C. fulfilling a hierarchy of needs.
D. the other-concept.
B. the self-concept.
A person’s confidence that she will be able to act as required in a particular situation in order to experience satisfying outcomes is what Bandura referred to as
A. self-efficacy.
B. expectancy.
C. self-advocacy.
D. competency.
A. self-efficacy.
The view that the behaviors that constitute an individual’s personality are specific to given situations rather than long-term traits is known as
A. situational determinism.
B. situationism.
C. explicit environmentalism.
D. environmental determinism.
B. situationism.
The theoretical approach to personality that has the most positive view of human nature is the __________ approach.
A. trait
B. social cognitive
C. humanistic
D. psychodynamic
C. humanistic
Which of the theories of personality lacks fundamental assumptions about the nature of personality?
A. humanistic
B. existential
C. social-cognitive
D. trait theories
D. trait theories
Although trait theories contributed greatly to the ___________ of personality, they are also criticized because they ___________?
A. understanding; overemphasize the unconscious
B. ease of measurement; overemphasize the unconscious
C. understanding; rely too heavily on self-report
D. ease of measurement; describe personality well but fail to provide adequate explanations of personality
D. ease of measurement; describe personality well but fail to provide adequate explanations of personality
Existential theorists argued that human beings are free to make their own choices but are overcome by the anxiety this causes. They named the trap we fall into in which we see ourselves as having no choice
A. faithlessness B. existential angst C. bad faith D. meaninglessness E. single observations were made since repeated measures confounds data with practice effects.
C. bad faith
Research shows that people are less likely to help others when ______________, because of the experience of ____________
A. other people are around; groupthink
B. other people are around; the diffusion of responsibility
C. alone; fear
D. alone; not knowing how to react
B. other people are around; the diffusion of responsibility
The cognitive structure that organizes the knowledge, feelings, and beliefs that constitute the self-concept is called
A. the self-schema.
B. the self.
C. the core self.
D. the central trait.
A. the self-schema.
__________ refers to the way in which we integrate information about another person’s characteristiscs into a coherent sense of who the person is.
A. Social perception
B. Social cognition
C. Impression formation
D. Personalizing
C. Impression formation
In attributing the causes of a person’s behavior, we consider __________; that is, the extent to which the person displays the behavior only in a particular circumstance.
A. distinctiveness
B. commonality
C. consistency
D. precedence
A. distinctiveness
Self serving biases tend to occur most often when judgments are:
A. subjective, private, and concerning important topics
B. subjective, private, and concerning unimportant topics
C. objective, public, and concerning unimportant topics
D. objective, private, and concerning important topics
A. subjective, private, and concerning important topics
Jonas and Helene both failed their psychology tests. Jonas states that he failed because he was too tired on the day of the exam. If he commits the fundamental attribution error he will probably think that Helene failed because
A. she is not very intelligent.
B. she was also very tired on the day of the exam.
C. distractions occurred during the test period.
D. she did not have enough time to study.
A. she is not very intelligent.
