Test 4: 59 zootoxins Flashcards
eating grass carp gallbladder can cause
acute tubular necrosis and focal hepatitis
(same with snake and chicken gallbladders)
how to fish get cirguatera poisoning
from eating dinoflagellate (gambierdiscus toxicus)
clinical signs of ciguatera poisoning
Numbness of mouth and limbs, vomiting, diarrhea, hot and cold flushes, aching joints and muscles
* Associated with consumption of tropical reef fish
* Low fatality rate
palytoxin is caused by
zoanthid(coral) palythoa toxica
ostreopsis blooms
converts Na/K pumps into pores
clinical signs of palytoxin exposure
- Ingestion may cause sharp metallic taste, vomiting and diarrhea, chest pains, difficulty breathing, tachycardia, unstable blood pressure, progressive paralysis, rhabdomyolysis (black urine), and elevated CPK levels
- Inhalation may cause cough, dyspnea, sore throat, rhinorrhea, rash, fever, headache, lacrimation, nausea, vomiting
coral (zoanthis) paluthoa toxica- ostreopsis blooms → Na/K pumps into pores
what kind of animals can make tetrodotoxin
puffer fish (fugu)
california newt
blue ringed octopus
many others
how does tetrodoctoxin work
Concentrated in gonads and liver
* Not heat labile
* Blocks sodium channels on nerve and muscle membranes
* Blocks nerve conduction and decreases muscle responsiveness
scombroid poisoning
improper storage of fish
histidine → histamine
saurine
urocanic acid
clinical signs of scombroid posioning
- Sweating, headaches, diarrhea, and nausea can occur within minutes
- Also tingling/burning sensation in the mouth, facial swelling, rash, hives and itchy skin
resolves in 12 hrs
histamine, saurine, urocanic acid
refreezing frozen fish
stingray spine causes
vasodilation/ vasoconstriction, bradycardia
scorpionfish can produce venom from
dorsal, anal, and pelvic spines and the surrounding skin
catfish have toxins where
spines: venom that causes pain and edema
skin: crinotoxins
paralytic shellhish poisoning is caused by the accumulation of toxic
dinoflagellates (algea)
(red tide)
what are some toxins associated with red tide/ paralytic shellfish poisoning
- Saxitoxin – related to tetrodotoxin
- Neosaxitoxin
- Gonyautoxin I-VIII
- Brevetoxins a and b
- Okadaic acid-like toxin
- Domoic acid – causes amnesic shellfish toxicosis
fire ants can make
alkaloids
ants can spray — into bite wounds from abdominal glands
formic acid
ants can produce
- Formic acid – sprayed into bite wounds from abdominal glands
- Proteinaceous venoms (peptides and enzymes) – paralytic to invertebrates, neurotoxic to vertebrates
- Hemolysin – P. barbatus (red fire ant)
- Histamine, serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine
- Alkaloids – unique to fire ants
bees, wasps and hornets can cause local tissue damage by
phospholipase A2, hyaluronidase, melittin, acid phosphatase, and a fifth unidentified allergen
bees wasps and hornets produce what non allergens
histamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, amino acids
blister beetles are found where
eat alfalfa
horses can accidently eat is bugs in hay
blister beetles produce what toxin
cantharidin: potent vesicant
clinical signs of blister beetle exposure
cantharidin toxin
- Peracute death from shock if high doses
- Otherwise, colic, anorexia, alimentary tract ulceration, hyperthermia, weakness, depression, dehydration, dysuria, hemoconcentration, diarrhea, death
- Diagnosis based on clinical signs, lesions, identification of beetles in hay
- ulceration or erosion in the terminal portions of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines
- reddening of the mucosa of the GI tract and urinary bladder
- Streaks of ventricular myocardial necrosis occasionally occur
fireflies have what toxin
lucibufagins
* steroidal pyrones
* structurally similar to bufodienolides and cardenolides
clinical signs of firefly ingestion
Head-shaking, oral
gaping, color changes, and death
lucibufagin toxin
monarch butterfly toxins
eat milkweed (asclepias)
cardiac glycosides
cause immediate emesis in birds
what toxin in sawfly larvae
lophyratomin in larvae
live at botton of silver lead ironbark eucalyptus (E. melanophobia)
cause hepatic necrosis +/- renal damage
tent caterpillars cause
abortion in horses
lactrodectus mactans is the
black widow spider
The primary toxin for black widow spiders is thought to be —, a large, labile protein neurotoxin
α-latrotoxin
Promotes calcium-independent neurotransmitter release
clinical signs of black widow bite
muscle fasciculation or rigidity, abdominal pain, ataxia, and flaccid paralysis that may then progress to an ascending paralysis
* Cats also exhibit vomiting, hypersalivation, and diarrhea
If respiratory muscles become involved, dyspnea and altered breathing may develop
* Death can occur due to respiratory or cardiovascular
collapse
⍺- latrotoxin
treatment for black widow spider bite
supportive care- resolves in a few days
antivenin available but not used often $$
clinical signs of brown recluse spider bite
dermal necrosis caused by sphingomyelinase
can also intoduce clostridial infection → need antibiotic
ascending paralysis can be caused by — toxin in ticks
holocyclotoxin → death from respiratory paralysis
Dermacentor andersoni, D. variabilis, D. occidentalis and Ixodes holocyclus
how to treat holocyclotoxin
Rapid recovery following tick removal
neurotoxin in Ixodes tick that can cause ascending paralysis
how do frogs become toxic
eating ants, beetles and millipedes
many pet frogs not toxic
what are some toad toxins
- **Bufagins **– sterol aglycones with digitalis-like effects
-
Bufotoxins – conjugates of bufogenin with suberyl arginine
– mechanism similar to bufogenin - Bufotenines - tryptamine bases
- Also epinephrine, cholesterol, ergosterol, and serotonin
clinical signs of toad toxins
Salivation, cardiac arrhythmias,
hypotension, hyperkalemia, weakness, ataxia, collapse, seizures, coma
bufagins, bufotoxins, bufotenines
how to treat toad toxicity
wash out mouth
EKG
atropine for ↓HR
β antagonists (propranolol) for ↑HR
digibind
what do pit vipers look like
rattlesnakes and massausaugas
Copperheads and cottonmouths
arrow shaped head
Retractable, hinged fangs
Venom gland is a modified parotid gland
crotalidae- pit vipers
elapidae
coral snakes, Cobras, kraits, mambas
Short, grooved fangs
Fangs fixed, not hinged
Small round head with round eyes
yellow next to black
kingsnake
coral snake: yellow and red touch
what is in snake venom
phospholipase A2 (PLA2)
— found in snake venom causes —
phospholipase A2 (PLA2)
- Hemolytic activity
- Cardiotoxic →Myotoxin disrupts membranes, inhibits cellular respiration, uncouples oxidative phosphorylation
- Anticoagulant
- Neurotoxin → Decreases ACh release from presynaptic membrane and binds ACh receptor on postsynaptic membrane
— is the spreading factor found in snake venom
hyaluronidase
allows venom to penetrate into tissues
— snake bites hurt
crotalidae (pit vipers: rattlesnakes, copperheads and cotton mouths)
crotalid bites present with —
Pain, swelling, erythema at bite site
* Progressive edema, local hemorrhage, tissue necrosis
* Severe bites → hypovolemic shock
crotalidae (pit vipers: rattlesnakes, copperheads and cotton mouths)
Neurotoxin of Mojave – can cause flaccid paralysis/respiratory paralysis
rattlesnake
elapid bites present as
delayed
minor pain and swelling
neuro signs in cats: weakness and paralysis
marked hemolysis in dogs
Progressive paralysis and respiratory failure may require rapid intubation and artificial ventilation
elapidae: cobras, kraits, mambas and coral snakes
treatment for snake bites
antivenin
no steroids
crotalid (pit vipers- copper head, cottonmouth, rattlesnake) treat pain, edema and hypovolemic shock and tissue necorsis
elapid (coral snakes, cobras, kraits, mambas) treat neuro (cats) or hemolysis in dogs, progressive paralysis →respiratory failure and death
