Test 2: 25 antiinflam

Question 1

5 signs of inflammation

Answer 1

heat
redness
swelling
pain
loss of function

Question 2

chronic inflammation results in formation of

Answer 2

fibrous tissue

Question 3

why treat inflammation

Answer 3

reduce pain
prevent loss of function
accelerate resolution of inflammation
limit fibrosis and degeneration

Question 4

what are some mediators of acute inflammation

Answer 4

prostaglandins
leukotrienes
bradykinin
serotonin
histamine

Question 5

what are some mediators of chronic inflammation

Answer 5

PDF3- stimulate fibrosis

TNF ⍺, interleukins, interferons
all stimulate acute inflammation factors and cell activation

Question 6

prostaglandins and leukotrienes are made from

Answer 6

arachoidonic acid

(increased Ca, TNF, interleukins and interferons can all increase production)

Question 7

what is rate limiting step to make leukotrienes and prostandlandins

Answer 7

PLA2= phospholipase A2

takes membrane phospholipids and turns it into Arachidonic acid

from there AA can become
* (5-LOX) →Leukotreines
* (COX1 and COX2) → prostanoids

Question 8

leukoteienes are produced by — cells

Answer 8

leukocytes: neutrophils, mast cells, monocytes, macrophages
lungs

mediate inflammation and bronchoconstriction and mucus production in airways →asthma

Question 9

what do leukotrienes do?

Answer 9

mediate inflammation and bronchoconstriction and mucus production in airways →asthma

Question 10

arachidonic acid (—)→ leukotrenes

Answer 10

5-LOX (5-lipoxygenase)

Question 11

NSAID and aspirin block what part of inflammation cascade

Answer 11

COX1 and CO2

prevenets arachidonic acid →prostanoids

Question 12

Prostaglandins sensitize — to other inflammatory mediators (—)

Answer 12

nociceptors
i.e. bradykinin

inflammation associated pain

Question 13

prostacyclin

Answer 13

made by vascular endoethial cells
inhibits platelet aggregation
causes vasodilation/ inhibits smooth muscle contraction

Question 14

thromboxane is made by — and does —

Answer 14

platelets and macrophages

Promotes platelet aggregation (antagonist for PGI2(prostacyclin))

Vasoconstriction- causes smooth muscle contraction

Question 15

— causes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction

— inhibits platelet aggregation, and causes vasodilation

Answer 15

TXA2 (thromboxane)
* synthesized by platelets + macrophages
* Promotes platelet aggregation (antagonist for PGI2)
* Vasoconstriction- causes smooth muscle contraction

PGI2 (prostacyclin)
* synthesized by vascular endothelial cells
* Inhibits platelet aggregation
* Vasodilation -inhibits smooth muscle contraction

Question 16

how do eicosanoids work

Answer 16

bind to GPCR and induce changed in intracellular calcium levels

eicosanoids = prostaglandins

Question 17

grapiprant/galliprant works by

Answer 17

inhibit EP4 receptors

prostaglandin receptor

blocks pain stimuli from inflammation

Question 18

COX1 is found in— cells and does —

Answer 18

platelets and other cell

housekeeping enzyme- required for cell-cell signaling, tissue homeostasis and gastric cytoprotection

PGEs stimulate bicarbonate and mucous secretions in gastric mucosa

Question 19

how does COX1 cause gastric cytoprotection

Answer 19

PGEs stimulate bicarbonate and mucous secretions in gastric mucosa

this is why you can get gastric ulcers with NSAID cause it blocks COX1

Question 20

COX2 main function

Answer 20

is expressed during inflammation and causes inflammatory response

Question 21

— transcription factor is a major regulator of the immune response

Answer 21

NK κB

Question 22

how does NFκB work during inflammation

Answer 22

will activate and enter nucleus and cause formation of COX2, iNOS and cytokines

does a lot of other stuff

Question 23

how to stop formation of AA from membrane phospholipids

Answer 23

corticosteroids

blocks Phopholipase A2 (PLA2)

Question 24

Asprin and NSAID block what part of arachidonic pathway

Answer 24

inhibits COX 1 and 2

stops production of prostaglandins

Question 25

— is a Non-selective Cox inhibitors

Answer 25

classic NSAIDS: aspirin, ibuprofen

Question 26

— is a Weakly Cox2-selective drug

Answer 26

carprofen

Question 27

— Strongly Cox2-selective drugs

Answer 27

coxibs

Question 28

— is a EP4 receptor inhibitors

Answer 28

Grapiprant/Gallaprant

EP4 is a prostaglandin receptor that leads to pain stimuli from inflammation