Test 4: 56 feed toxicosis

Question 1

— are toxins made by fungus

Answer 1

mycotoxins

made by mushrooms, molds and yeast

Question 2

major mycotoxins

Answer 2

• Aflatoxins
• Deoxynivalenol (DON/Vomatoxin)
• T2 toxin
• Fumonisin(s)
• Zearalenone
• Ergot

AT FEDZ

Question 3

alfatoxin is made by — and causes

Answer 3

aspergillus mold growing on grains

liver damage

Question 4

Fusarium molds make — toxins that attack —

Answer 4

Deoxynivalenol (DON): diarrhea
T2 toxin (tricothecenes): vomit
Fumonisin: equine leuko encephalomalacia
Zearalenone: estrogenic

pigs very sensitive

Question 5

Claviceps molds make — toxin that cause

Answer 5

ergot

gangrene

Question 6

organs affected by mycotoxins

Answer 6

GI, liver, kidney, heart, brain, lungs and repro tract

Question 7

clinical signs of mycotoxin

Answer 7

• None
• Reduced feed intake
• Compromised production and growth
• Impaired immune function
• Reproductive dysfunction
• Organ disease
• Carcinogenic and teratogenic
• Death

Question 8

preharvest myoctoxin exposure

Answer 8

stress(drought) or insects damage the seed, spores enter and grow. humidity, temp and season influence type of mold grown

Question 9

post harvest mold growth is controlled by what three factors

Answer 9

moisture >30%
temp > 35%
oxygen needed to grow

Question 10

how to control mycotoxins

Answer 10

Preharvest
* Tillage
* Reduce plant stress & insect infestation
* Fungicide application
* Drying grain at harvest

Reduce toxin load in grain
* Do not mix dry and wet grains
* Destroy toxins prior to feeding

Prevent absorption of toxins
* Yeasts, Enzymes
* Yeast-microbial cell wall polysaccharides
* Activated charcoal
* Clay based binders

Question 11

FDA monitors which mycotoxins

Answer 11

alfatoxin
vomitoxin
fumonisin

Question 12

advisory level
action level
regulatory level

Answer 12

advisory: provide a margin of safety

active level: believed to be harmful

regulatory level: limits level in saleable grains

Question 13

— is a toxin made by cotton seeds

Answer 13

gossypol toxin

Question 14

gossypol toxin can cause

Answer 14

myocardial degeneration and heart failure, liver toxicity

cotton seed
can feed small amount to pugs and ruminats

Question 15

clinical signs of cow with gossypol toxicity

Answer 15

abomasitis, hemoglobinuria, respiratory distress

Question 16

nitrites or nitrates are more toxic?

Answer 16

nitrities are 10x more toxic
* Nitrite easily enters erythrocytes in exchange for Cl ions
* Hypoxia and chocolate brown blood
* Treatment with Methylene Blue

Question 17

what plants have high nitrates

Answer 17

plants: pigweed, lam’s quarter, jimson weed, fireweed, johnson grass

Question 18

clinical signs of nitrate toxicity

Answer 18

hypoxia when 20-30% of hemoglobin is converted to methemoglobin and chocolate brown blood

treatment: methylene blue

Question 19

treatment for nitrate toxicity

Answer 19

methylene blue

Question 20

— nitrate-N concentration in water are toxic for cattle and sheep

Answer 20

↑15,000 ppm

10ppm is toxic for human infant

Question 21

syndromes associated with excess non protein Nitrogen

Answer 21

1. Sudden death from ammonia toxicity
2. Subclinical toxicosis – impaired fertility (high BUN,MUN)
3. Bovine Bonkers – ammonization of forage
4. Environmental contamination

• Nitrate in ground water
• Ammonia and air particulates

Question 22

Ruminants can utilize up to — of crude protein as NPN

Answer 22

40%

CP = N x 6.25
* Urea is 45% N
* CP of urea is 281% CP

Question 23

rumen metabolism of non protein nitrogen

Answer 23

rumen: NPN → ammonia

NPN Toxicity Risk
* Amount of NPN in diet
* Rate of release exceed rate of capture as microbial protein

Question 24

if there is too musch ammonia in the rumen what will happen

Answer 24

microbial protein capture
* ammonia will be absorbed into poral circulartion and converted into urea by the liver

Question 25

sources of NPN

Answer 25

urea
biuret
ammonium sulfate
anhydrous ammonia
fertilizers
fermented silages
lush pastures, recently fertilized

Question 26

clinical signs of excess NPN

Answer 26

Dead animals

In living animals
* Muscle tremors of face and ears
* Restlessness, incoordination, weakness
* Rapid respiration, cyanosis, jugular pulses
* Cardiac arrythmia
* Hyperthermia
* Excitability, bellowing, colic, rumen atony, bloat

Question 27

how to treat excess NPN

Answer 27

• large volumes of cold water (to decrease fermentation)
• 5% acetic acid
• rumenotomy

Question 28

monensin toxicity will present as

Answer 28

looks like vit E and Se deficiency
heart toxicity

ionophore toxicity- upsets cellular ion transfer