Test 4 Flashcards
Groups naturally occur as a set of _____ people. People prefer ______ groups when interaction is integral to the purpose of the group.
2-6
smaller
Group participation varies as a function of the ______ of people in a group
number
groupiness as a continuum
perceived entativity
Perceiving stimuli to be a single unit (Donald Campbell)
Gestalt psychology
What are the 3 Gestalt principles of groups?
- proximity
- similarity
- common fate (interdependence)
some groups seem to be more cohesive than others
levels of entativity
Intimacy groups (family, close friends) have _______ entativity. Social categories (race, gender) have ________ entativity. Task groups (committee, project team) have _______ entativity. Loose association groups (neighbors) have _______ entativity.
high
low
medium
very low
Entativity varies as a function of the presence of what 5 things?
- common goals
- proximity
- similarity
- high in personal importance
- degree of interaction
Joining a group helps to fulfill the need of _______.
belonging
Identifying with a group can make the self more stable
uncertainty
group members have to understand each other
group culture
if uncertain, people can identify with the group
subjective uncertainty reduction hypothesis
ability to perceive the emotional and psychological state of others due to history of interaction
empathy
groups have their own rules for how to behave
norms
group members delegate different domains of memory expertise to different individuals
transactive memory
it doesn’t take much to create a group
minimal group paradigm
Diverse groups are often less _______. Groups require a level of ________.
stable
homogenity
diverse groups perform better (more flexible and creative; wide range of knowledge)
diversity hypothesis
When looking at the social influence on cockroaches, researchers found that cockroaches performed better on the (simple, complex) maze when in the presence of others.
simple
The presence of others causes an increase in ________ which leads to the amplification of a ________
physiological arousal
dominant response
reducing one’s efforts when in a group
social loafing
in general, groups can get more done than the individual
specialization
enjoying group benefits without having to make the effort to contribute
free ride
wanting to avoid the risk of being the only member of a group contributing to the project
sucker effect
When performing with the group, it actually reduces ______
arousal
result of lack of accountability
social loafing
When are groups loafless? (4 situations)
- the task is meaningful and important
- working with friends
- they have a collectivistic orientation
- personal efforts are identifiable
increased arousal leads to dominant response
social facilitation
acting in accord with a direct order; direct social influence
obedience
a change in behavior or beliefs as a result of real or imagined social pressure; acting differently than you would alone
conformity
publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing (say yes but believe no)
compliance
acting and believing in accord with social pressure (say yes and believe yes)
acceptance
evidence about reality that we get from others; leads to acceptance
informational social influence
What 2 things affect informational influence?
- whether the situation is ambiguous/novel
2. whether the other individuals appear to be “experts”
behavior shaped by a desire to fulfill others expectations (often to gain approval); leads to compliance
normative social influence
creative thinking in groups
brainstorming
Does brainstorming work?
yes and no
Groups are less ______ than individuals.
creative
when groups make decisions they tend to make especially extreme decisions
risky shift
decisions become extreme toward one option over another
group polarization
Groups often fail to engage in ___________ processes
normal problem solving
when group decision making inhibits good problem solving
process loss
One of the most important considerations for making a good decision is __________
considering all relavent info
assuming that other people know something because you know it
common knowledge effect
conscious self-reflection, knowledge that you are being evaluated
self-awareness
knowledge that you will be held responsible for your decisions
accountability
loss of self-awareness that occurs when we lack identifiability; often results in antisocial behavior
deindividuation
being in a group makes us less _____
identifiable
What happens when people become deindividuated in a group decision-making situation?
depersonalization
loss of focus on one’s own opinions and attitudes and a shift to the group’s opinions and attitudes
depersonalization
What 2 things does depersonalization result in?
- conformity and consensus seeking
2. low accountability (diff. of responsibility)
when the group getting to a decision is more important than making the right decision
group think
What are the 4 factors that influence group think?
- cohesiveness
- isolation from outside members
- directive leaders
- lack of standard procedures
What are the 4 symptoms of group think?
- pressure towards conformity
- pressure on dissenters
- self-censorship
- illusion of invulnerability/morality
behavior intended to benefit others
prosocial behavior
special kind of prosocial behavior motivated mainly out of a consideration of another’s needs rather than one’s own; completely absent of obvious external rewards
altruism
helping a close relative promotes the survival of one’s genes
inclusive fitness
gaining genetic and material benefits through helping
helping ourselves
inclusive fitness becomes more salient when its a _______ situation
life or death
The fact that animals will help non-kin is problematic for the evolutionary explanation of ________
prosocial behavior
Lemurs, wolves, ostriches, and meerkats all participate in _______
alloparenting
game theory measure of prosocial behavior; non-zero sum game (everyone can win)
prisoner’s dilemma
In the prisoner’s dilemma, which group always cooperates (golden rule strategy)?
indiscriminately prosocial
In the prisoner’s dilemma, which group always deflects?
indiscriminately antisocial
In the prisoner’s dilemma, which group does what their partner does?
tit-for-tat
very successful strategy in prisoner’s dilemma when against the golden rule
cheaters
moderately successful in prisoner’s dilemma
indiscriminately prosocial
highly effective in prisoner’s dilemma over the long term
tit-for-tat
the more you have of something, the less you appreciate it over time
the law of diminishing returns
we must be able to detect those that are likely not to reciprocate
cheater detection
repetition of some benefit is contingent upon meeting some criteria
social contract
When are men more helpful (3 situations)?
- in public
- towards strangers
- emergencies
When are women more helpful (3 situations)?
- in private situations
- with friends and family
- long-term helping situations
Individuals often engage in prosocial behavior to ______ others
impress
If they aren’t worried, I’m not worried
pluralistic ignorance
Somebody else can take care of it.
diffusion of responsibility
What are the 5 steps people follow when an emergency occurs?
- notice it
- interpret it
- take responsibility
- how to act
- provide help
behavior intended to injure another
aggression
What is the caveat to aggression?
no prosocial intent
attempt to hurt another without obvious face-to-face contact
indirect aggression
behavior intended to hurt someone to his or her face
direct aggression
hurtful behavior that stems from angry feelings
hostile agression
hurting another to accomplish another goal
instrumental aggression
The young male syndrome is an example of a _______ model
biological
young men are more likely to commit homicides
young male syndrome
Testosterone is related to both _________ and __________
dominance
aggressiveness
Aggression increases _________ levels
testosterone
What likely accounts for the large gender difference between men and women in aggressiveness?
testosterone
Women tend to engage in more ________ aggression
indirect
attempting to harm by destroying relationships
relational aggression
frustration always leads to aggression and aggression is always preceded by frustration
frustration aggression hypothesis
What are the steps of the frustration aggression hypothesis?
blocked goal —> frustration/anger —> aggression
frustration produces a number of responses, one of which is instigations of aggression; aggression is always preceded by frustration
frustration aggression revisited
increase in arousal due to physical activity or drugs can influence the likelihood of an aggressive response
excitation transfer theory
aggressive behavior is learned through observation and direct reward (ex. bobo doll study)
social learning theory of aggression
The typical American child sees ________ murders and over _______ acts of violence on TV by the age of 18.
8,000
100,000
_____% of TV programs contain violence
60
The social learning theory model suggests ________ of behavior which is a limitation
direct replication
makes a more modest prediction than the social learning theory; increase in general aggressive behavior through changes to cognition and emotion
general aggression model (GAM)
the tendency for weapons, such as guns, to enhance aggressive thoughts, feelings, and actions
weapons effect
What are the steps of the cognitive neo-association theory?
unpleasant experiences —> negative feelings —> aggressive behavior
having an aggressive personality or being exposed to aggressive content can lead to ________
hostile cognitive biases
perceive ambiguous actions of others as hostile
hostile attribution bias
expect others to react with aggression to your behavior
hostile expectation bias
perceive social interactions in general as hostile
hostile perception bias
Violent video games cause _______ hostile cognition, _________ hostile affect, ________ to violence, and _______ prosocial behavior
increase
increase
desensitization
decrease
Freud and others believed that aggression built up over time (hydraulic theory of aggression)
catharsis
One should ________ aggression regularly
release
Does catharsis actually work?
no
What is the strongest contributor to violent crime in America?
lack of self-control
Research has consistently shown that self-control has a strong influence on ________
aggression
self-regulatory depletion increases aggressive responding
fatigue
norms encouraging aggression —> ______ aggression
norms discouraging aggression —> _______ aggression
increased
decreased
people from this culture find violence more condonable
culture of honor
southern states have (higher/lower) violent crime rates than northern states
higher
extreme loss of personal identity in favor of group identity
deindividuation
A lack of identifiability leads to ________ self-awareness which leads to ________ and _________
decrease in
reduced self-regulation
inhibition
Several studies have found that the larger the crowd the more ______ and _____ the crime.
violent and gruesome
