Test 4 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
Groups naturally occur as a set of _____ people. People prefer ______ groups when interaction is integral to the purpose of the group.
A
2-6
smaller
2
Q
Group participation varies as a function of the ______ of people in a group
A
number
3
Q
groupiness as a continuum
A
perceived entativity
4
Q
Perceiving stimuli to be a single unit (Donald Campbell)
A
Gestalt psychology
5
Q
What are the 3 Gestalt principles of groups?
A
- proximity
- similarity
- common fate (interdependence)
6
Q
some groups seem to be more cohesive than others
A
levels of entativity
7
Q
Intimacy groups (family, close friends) have _______ entativity. Social categories (race, gender) have ________ entativity. Task groups (committee, project team) have _______ entativity. Loose association groups (neighbors) have _______ entativity.
A
high
low
medium
very low
8
Q
Entativity varies as a function of the presence of what 5 things?
A
- common goals
- proximity
- similarity
- high in personal importance
- degree of interaction
9
Q
Joining a group helps to fulfill the need of _______.
A
belonging
10
Q
Identifying with a group can make the self more stable
A
uncertainty
11
Q
group members have to understand each other
A
group culture
12
Q
if uncertain, people can identify with the group
A
subjective uncertainty reduction hypothesis
13
Q
ability to perceive the emotional and psychological state of others due to history of interaction
A
empathy
14
Q
groups have their own rules for how to behave
A
norms
15
Q
group members delegate different domains of memory expertise to different individuals
A
transactive memory
16
Q
it doesn’t take much to create a group
A
minimal group paradigm
17
Q
Diverse groups are often less _______. Groups require a level of ________.
A
stable
homogenity
18
Q
diverse groups perform better (more flexible and creative; wide range of knowledge)
A
diversity hypothesis
19
Q
When looking at the social influence on cockroaches, researchers found that cockroaches performed better on the (simple, complex) maze when in the presence of others.
A
simple
20
Q
The presence of others causes an increase in ________ which leads to the amplification of a ________
A
physiological arousal
dominant response
21
Q
reducing one’s efforts when in a group
A
social loafing
22
Q
in general, groups can get more done than the individual
A
specialization
23
Q
enjoying group benefits without having to make the effort to contribute
A
free ride
24
Q
wanting to avoid the risk of being the only member of a group contributing to the project
A
sucker effect
25
When performing with the group, it actually reduces ______
arousal
26
result of lack of accountability
social loafing
27
When are groups loafless? (4 situations)
1. the task is meaningful and important
2. working with friends
3. they have a collectivistic orientation
4. personal efforts are identifiable
28
increased arousal leads to dominant response
social facilitation
29
acting in accord with a direct order; direct social influence
obedience
30
a change in behavior or beliefs as a result of real or imagined social pressure; acting differently than you would alone
conformity
31
publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing (say yes but believe no)
compliance
32
acting and believing in accord with social pressure (say yes and believe yes)
acceptance
33
evidence about reality that we get from others; leads to acceptance
informational social influence
34
What 2 things affect informational influence?
1. whether the situation is ambiguous/novel
| 2. whether the other individuals appear to be "experts"
35
behavior shaped by a desire to fulfill others expectations (often to gain approval); leads to compliance
normative social influence
36
creative thinking in groups
brainstorming
37
Does brainstorming work?
yes and no
38
Groups are less ______ than individuals.
creative
39
when groups make decisions they tend to make especially extreme decisions
risky shift
40
decisions become extreme toward one option over another
group polarization
41
Groups often fail to engage in ___________ processes
normal problem solving
42
when group decision making inhibits good problem solving
process loss
43
One of the most important considerations for making a good decision is __________
considering all relavent info
44
assuming that other people know something because you know it
common knowledge effect
45
conscious self-reflection, knowledge that you are being evaluated
self-awareness
46
knowledge that you will be held responsible for your decisions
accountability
47
loss of self-awareness that occurs when we lack identifiability; often results in antisocial behavior
deindividuation
48
being in a group makes us less _____
identifiable
49
What happens when people become deindividuated in a group decision-making situation?
depersonalization
50
loss of focus on one's own opinions and attitudes and a shift to the group's opinions and attitudes
depersonalization
51
What 2 things does depersonalization result in?
1. conformity and consensus seeking
| 2. low accountability (diff. of responsibility)
52
when the group getting to a decision is more important than making the right decision
group think
53
What are the 4 factors that influence group think?
1. cohesiveness
2. isolation from outside members
3. directive leaders
4. lack of standard procedures
54
What are the 4 symptoms of group think?
1. pressure towards conformity
2. pressure on dissenters
3. self-censorship
4. illusion of invulnerability/morality
55
behavior intended to benefit others
prosocial behavior
56
special kind of prosocial behavior motivated mainly out of a consideration of another's needs rather than one's own; completely absent of obvious external rewards
altruism
57
helping a close relative promotes the survival of one's genes
inclusive fitness
58
gaining genetic and material benefits through helping
helping ourselves
59
inclusive fitness becomes more salient when its a _______ situation
life or death
60
The fact that animals will help non-kin is problematic for the evolutionary explanation of ________
prosocial behavior
61
Lemurs, wolves, ostriches, and meerkats all participate in _______
alloparenting
62
game theory measure of prosocial behavior; non-zero sum game (everyone can win)
prisoner's dilemma
63
In the prisoner's dilemma, which group always cooperates (golden rule strategy)?
indiscriminately prosocial
64
In the prisoner's dilemma, which group always deflects?
indiscriminately antisocial
65
In the prisoner's dilemma, which group does what their partner does?
tit-for-tat
66
very successful strategy in prisoner's dilemma when against the golden rule
cheaters
67
moderately successful in prisoner's dilemma
indiscriminately prosocial
68
highly effective in prisoner's dilemma over the long term
tit-for-tat
69
the more you have of something, the less you appreciate it over time
the law of diminishing returns
70
we must be able to detect those that are likely not to reciprocate
cheater detection
71
repetition of some benefit is contingent upon meeting some criteria
social contract
72
When are men more helpful (3 situations)?
1. in public
2. towards strangers
3. emergencies
73
When are women more helpful (3 situations)?
1. in private situations
2. with friends and family
3. long-term helping situations
74
Individuals often engage in prosocial behavior to ______ others
impress
75
If they aren't worried, I'm not worried
pluralistic ignorance
76
Somebody else can take care of it.
diffusion of responsibility
77
What are the 5 steps people follow when an emergency occurs?
1. notice it
2. interpret it
3. take responsibility
4. how to act
5. provide help
78
behavior intended to injure another
aggression
79
What is the caveat to aggression?
no prosocial intent
80
attempt to hurt another without obvious face-to-face contact
indirect aggression
81
behavior intended to hurt someone to his or her face
direct aggression
82
hurtful behavior that stems from angry feelings
hostile agression
83
hurting another to accomplish another goal
instrumental aggression
84
The young male syndrome is an example of a _______ model
biological
85
young men are more likely to commit homicides
young male syndrome
86
Testosterone is related to both _________ and __________
dominance
| aggressiveness
87
Aggression increases _________ levels
testosterone
88
What likely accounts for the large gender difference between men and women in aggressiveness?
testosterone
89
Women tend to engage in more ________ aggression
indirect
90
attempting to harm by destroying relationships
relational aggression
91
frustration always leads to aggression and aggression is always preceded by frustration
frustration aggression hypothesis
92
What are the steps of the frustration aggression hypothesis?
blocked goal ---> frustration/anger ---> aggression
93
frustration produces a number of responses, one of which is instigations of aggression; aggression is always preceded by frustration
frustration aggression revisited
94
increase in arousal due to physical activity or drugs can influence the likelihood of an aggressive response
excitation transfer theory
95
aggressive behavior is learned through observation and direct reward (ex. bobo doll study)
social learning theory of aggression
96
The typical American child sees ________ murders and over _______ acts of violence on TV by the age of 18.
8,000
| 100,000
97
_____% of TV programs contain violence
60
98
The social learning theory model suggests ________ of behavior which is a limitation
direct replication
99
makes a more modest prediction than the social learning theory; increase in general aggressive behavior through changes to cognition and emotion
general aggression model (GAM)
100
the tendency for weapons, such as guns, to enhance aggressive thoughts, feelings, and actions
weapons effect
101
What are the steps of the cognitive neo-association theory?
unpleasant experiences ---> negative feelings ---> aggressive behavior
102
having an aggressive personality or being exposed to aggressive content can lead to ________
hostile cognitive biases
103
perceive ambiguous actions of others as hostile
hostile attribution bias
104
expect others to react with aggression to your behavior
hostile expectation bias
105
perceive social interactions in general as hostile
hostile perception bias
106
Violent video games cause _______ hostile cognition, _________ hostile affect, ________ to violence, and _______ prosocial behavior
increase
increase
desensitization
decrease
107
Freud and others believed that aggression built up over time (hydraulic theory of aggression)
catharsis
108
One should ________ aggression regularly
release
109
Does catharsis actually work?
no
110
What is the strongest contributor to violent crime in America?
lack of self-control
111
Research has consistently shown that self-control has a strong influence on ________
aggression
112
self-regulatory depletion increases aggressive responding
fatigue
113
norms encouraging aggression ---> ______ aggression
| norms discouraging aggression ---> _______ aggression
increased
| decreased
114
people from this culture find violence more condonable
culture of honor
115
southern states have (higher/lower) violent crime rates than northern states
higher
116
extreme loss of personal identity in favor of group identity
deindividuation
117
A lack of identifiability leads to ________ self-awareness which leads to ________ and _________
decrease in
reduced self-regulation
inhibition
118
Several studies have found that the larger the crowd the more ______ and _____ the crime.
violent and gruesome
