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Social Psychology > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Groups naturally occur as a set of _____ people. People prefer ______ groups when interaction is integral to the purpose of the group.

A

2-6

smaller

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2
Q

Group participation varies as a function of the ______ of people in a group

A

number

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3
Q

groupiness as a continuum

A

perceived entativity

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4
Q

Perceiving stimuli to be a single unit (Donald Campbell)

A

Gestalt psychology

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5
Q

What are the 3 Gestalt principles of groups?

A
  1. proximity
  2. similarity
  3. common fate (interdependence)
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6
Q

some groups seem to be more cohesive than others

A

levels of entativity

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7
Q

Intimacy groups (family, close friends) have _______ entativity. Social categories (race, gender) have ________ entativity. Task groups (committee, project team) have _______ entativity. Loose association groups (neighbors) have _______ entativity.

A

high
low
medium
very low

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8
Q

Entativity varies as a function of the presence of what 5 things?

A
  1. common goals
  2. proximity
  3. similarity
  4. high in personal importance
  5. degree of interaction
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9
Q

Joining a group helps to fulfill the need of _______.

A

belonging

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10
Q

Identifying with a group can make the self more stable

A

uncertainty

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11
Q

group members have to understand each other

A

group culture

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12
Q

if uncertain, people can identify with the group

A

subjective uncertainty reduction hypothesis

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13
Q

ability to perceive the emotional and psychological state of others due to history of interaction

A

empathy

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14
Q

groups have their own rules for how to behave

A

norms

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15
Q

group members delegate different domains of memory expertise to different individuals

A

transactive memory

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16
Q

it doesn’t take much to create a group

A

minimal group paradigm

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17
Q

Diverse groups are often less _______. Groups require a level of ________.

A

stable

homogenity

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18
Q

diverse groups perform better (more flexible and creative; wide range of knowledge)

A

diversity hypothesis

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19
Q

When looking at the social influence on cockroaches, researchers found that cockroaches performed better on the (simple, complex) maze when in the presence of others.

A

simple

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20
Q

The presence of others causes an increase in ________ which leads to the amplification of a ________

A

physiological arousal

dominant response

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21
Q

reducing one’s efforts when in a group

A

social loafing

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22
Q

in general, groups can get more done than the individual

A

specialization

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23
Q

enjoying group benefits without having to make the effort to contribute

A

free ride

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24
Q

wanting to avoid the risk of being the only member of a group contributing to the project

A

sucker effect

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25
Q

When performing with the group, it actually reduces ______

A

arousal

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26
Q

result of lack of accountability

A

social loafing

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27
Q

When are groups loafless? (4 situations)

A
  1. the task is meaningful and important
  2. working with friends
  3. they have a collectivistic orientation
  4. personal efforts are identifiable
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28
Q

increased arousal leads to dominant response

A

social facilitation

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29
Q

acting in accord with a direct order; direct social influence

A

obedience

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30
Q

a change in behavior or beliefs as a result of real or imagined social pressure; acting differently than you would alone

A

conformity

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31
Q

publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing (say yes but believe no)

A

compliance

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32
Q

acting and believing in accord with social pressure (say yes and believe yes)

A

acceptance

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33
Q

evidence about reality that we get from others; leads to acceptance

A

informational social influence

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34
Q

What 2 things affect informational influence?

A
  1. whether the situation is ambiguous/novel

2. whether the other individuals appear to be “experts”

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35
Q

behavior shaped by a desire to fulfill others expectations (often to gain approval); leads to compliance

A

normative social influence

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36
Q

creative thinking in groups

A

brainstorming

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37
Q

Does brainstorming work?

A

yes and no

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38
Q

Groups are less ______ than individuals.

A

creative

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39
Q

when groups make decisions they tend to make especially extreme decisions

A

risky shift

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40
Q

decisions become extreme toward one option over another

A

group polarization

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41
Q

Groups often fail to engage in ___________ processes

A

normal problem solving

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42
Q

when group decision making inhibits good problem solving

A

process loss

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43
Q

One of the most important considerations for making a good decision is __________

A

considering all relavent info

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44
Q

assuming that other people know something because you know it

A

common knowledge effect

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45
Q

conscious self-reflection, knowledge that you are being evaluated

A

self-awareness

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46
Q

knowledge that you will be held responsible for your decisions

A

accountability

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47
Q

loss of self-awareness that occurs when we lack identifiability; often results in antisocial behavior

A

deindividuation

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48
Q

being in a group makes us less _____

A

identifiable

49
Q

What happens when people become deindividuated in a group decision-making situation?

A

depersonalization

50
Q

loss of focus on one’s own opinions and attitudes and a shift to the group’s opinions and attitudes

A

depersonalization

51
Q

What 2 things does depersonalization result in?

A
  1. conformity and consensus seeking

2. low accountability (diff. of responsibility)

52
Q

when the group getting to a decision is more important than making the right decision

A

group think

53
Q

What are the 4 factors that influence group think?

A
  1. cohesiveness
  2. isolation from outside members
  3. directive leaders
  4. lack of standard procedures
54
Q

What are the 4 symptoms of group think?

A
  1. pressure towards conformity
  2. pressure on dissenters
  3. self-censorship
  4. illusion of invulnerability/morality
55
Q

behavior intended to benefit others

A

prosocial behavior

56
Q

special kind of prosocial behavior motivated mainly out of a consideration of another’s needs rather than one’s own; completely absent of obvious external rewards

A

altruism

57
Q

helping a close relative promotes the survival of one’s genes

A

inclusive fitness

58
Q

gaining genetic and material benefits through helping

A

helping ourselves

59
Q

inclusive fitness becomes more salient when its a _______ situation

A

life or death

60
Q

The fact that animals will help non-kin is problematic for the evolutionary explanation of ________

A

prosocial behavior

61
Q

Lemurs, wolves, ostriches, and meerkats all participate in _______

A

alloparenting

62
Q

game theory measure of prosocial behavior; non-zero sum game (everyone can win)

A

prisoner’s dilemma

63
Q

In the prisoner’s dilemma, which group always cooperates (golden rule strategy)?

A

indiscriminately prosocial

64
Q

In the prisoner’s dilemma, which group always deflects?

A

indiscriminately antisocial

65
Q

In the prisoner’s dilemma, which group does what their partner does?

A

tit-for-tat

66
Q

very successful strategy in prisoner’s dilemma when against the golden rule

A

cheaters

67
Q

moderately successful in prisoner’s dilemma

A

indiscriminately prosocial

68
Q

highly effective in prisoner’s dilemma over the long term

A

tit-for-tat

69
Q

the more you have of something, the less you appreciate it over time

A

the law of diminishing returns

70
Q

we must be able to detect those that are likely not to reciprocate

A

cheater detection

71
Q

repetition of some benefit is contingent upon meeting some criteria

A

social contract

72
Q

When are men more helpful (3 situations)?

A
  1. in public
  2. towards strangers
  3. emergencies
73
Q

When are women more helpful (3 situations)?

A
  1. in private situations
  2. with friends and family
  3. long-term helping situations
74
Q

Individuals often engage in prosocial behavior to ______ others

A

impress

75
Q

If they aren’t worried, I’m not worried

A

pluralistic ignorance

76
Q

Somebody else can take care of it.

A

diffusion of responsibility

77
Q

What are the 5 steps people follow when an emergency occurs?

A
  1. notice it
  2. interpret it
  3. take responsibility
  4. how to act
  5. provide help
78
Q

behavior intended to injure another

A

aggression

79
Q

What is the caveat to aggression?

A

no prosocial intent

80
Q

attempt to hurt another without obvious face-to-face contact

A

indirect aggression

81
Q

behavior intended to hurt someone to his or her face

A

direct aggression

82
Q

hurtful behavior that stems from angry feelings

A

hostile agression

83
Q

hurting another to accomplish another goal

A

instrumental aggression

84
Q

The young male syndrome is an example of a _______ model

A

biological

85
Q

young men are more likely to commit homicides

A

young male syndrome

86
Q

Testosterone is related to both _________ and __________

A

dominance

aggressiveness

87
Q

Aggression increases _________ levels

A

testosterone

88
Q

What likely accounts for the large gender difference between men and women in aggressiveness?

A

testosterone

89
Q

Women tend to engage in more ________ aggression

A

indirect

90
Q

attempting to harm by destroying relationships

A

relational aggression

91
Q

frustration always leads to aggression and aggression is always preceded by frustration

A

frustration aggression hypothesis

92
Q

What are the steps of the frustration aggression hypothesis?

A

blocked goal —> frustration/anger —> aggression

93
Q

frustration produces a number of responses, one of which is instigations of aggression; aggression is always preceded by frustration

A

frustration aggression revisited

94
Q

increase in arousal due to physical activity or drugs can influence the likelihood of an aggressive response

A

excitation transfer theory

95
Q

aggressive behavior is learned through observation and direct reward (ex. bobo doll study)

A

social learning theory of aggression

96
Q

The typical American child sees ________ murders and over _______ acts of violence on TV by the age of 18.

A

8,000

100,000

97
Q

_____% of TV programs contain violence

A

60

98
Q

The social learning theory model suggests ________ of behavior which is a limitation

A

direct replication

99
Q

makes a more modest prediction than the social learning theory; increase in general aggressive behavior through changes to cognition and emotion

A

general aggression model (GAM)

100
Q

the tendency for weapons, such as guns, to enhance aggressive thoughts, feelings, and actions

A

weapons effect

101
Q

What are the steps of the cognitive neo-association theory?

A

unpleasant experiences —> negative feelings —> aggressive behavior

102
Q

having an aggressive personality or being exposed to aggressive content can lead to ________

A

hostile cognitive biases

103
Q

perceive ambiguous actions of others as hostile

A

hostile attribution bias

104
Q

expect others to react with aggression to your behavior

A

hostile expectation bias

105
Q

perceive social interactions in general as hostile

A

hostile perception bias

106
Q

Violent video games cause _______ hostile cognition, _________ hostile affect, ________ to violence, and _______ prosocial behavior

A

increase
increase
desensitization
decrease

107
Q

Freud and others believed that aggression built up over time (hydraulic theory of aggression)

A

catharsis

108
Q

One should ________ aggression regularly

A

release

109
Q

Does catharsis actually work?

A

no

110
Q

What is the strongest contributor to violent crime in America?

A

lack of self-control

111
Q

Research has consistently shown that self-control has a strong influence on ________

A

aggression

112
Q

self-regulatory depletion increases aggressive responding

A

fatigue

113
Q

norms encouraging aggression —> ______ aggression

norms discouraging aggression —> _______ aggression

A

increased

decreased

114
Q

people from this culture find violence more condonable

A

culture of honor

115
Q

southern states have (higher/lower) violent crime rates than northern states

A

higher

116
Q

extreme loss of personal identity in favor of group identity

A

deindividuation

117
Q

A lack of identifiability leads to ________ self-awareness which leads to ________ and _________

A

decrease in
reduced self-regulation
inhibition

118
Q

Several studies have found that the larger the crowd the more ______ and _____ the crime.

A

violent and gruesome

Social Psychology (7 decks)

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