Chapter 9 Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

doing something that is good for other people or for society as a whole

A

prosocial behavior

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2
Q

when members of a society respect follow its rules

A

rule of law

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3
Q

the obligation to return in kind what another has done for us

A

reciprocity

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4
Q

a positive emotion that results from the perception that one has benefited from the costly, intentional, voluntary action of another person

A

gratitude

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5
Q

standards established by society to tell its members what types of behavior are typical or expected

A

norms

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6
Q

the idea that each person receives benefits in proportion to what he or she contributes

A

equity

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7
Q

the idea that everyone gets the same amount, regardless of what he or she contributes

A

equality

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8
Q

interpersonal concern about the consequences of outperforming others

A

sensitivity about being the target of a threatening upward comparison

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9
Q

getting less than you deserve

A

underbenefited

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10
Q

getting more than you deserve

A

overbenefited

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11
Q

feeling bad for living through a terrible experience in which many others died

A

survivor guilt

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12
Q

when each person does his or her part, and together they work toward a common goal

A

cooperation

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13
Q

a game that forces people to choose between cooperation and compensation

A

prisoner’s dilemma

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14
Q

an interaction in which both participants can win (or lose)

A

non-zero sum game

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15
Q

a situation in which one person’s gain is another’s loss

A

zero-sum game

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16
Q

ceasing to feel angry toward or seek retribution against someone who has wronged you

A

forgiveness

17
Q

following orders from an authority figure

18
Q

going along with the crowd

A

conformity

19
Q

a strong belief in the reliability and validity of someone or something

20
Q

the evolutionary tendency to help people who have our genes

A

kin selection

21
Q

reacting to another person’s emotional state by experiencing the same emotional state

22
Q

when a helper seeks to increase his or her own welfare by helping another

A

egoistic helping

23
Q

when a helper seeks to increase another’s welfare and expects nothing in return

A

altruistic helping

24
Q

the idea that empathy motivates people to reduce other people’s distress, as by helping or comforting

A

empathy-altruism hypothesis

25
the idea that empathy triggers the need for social reward (e.g. praise, honor, pride) that can be gained by helping
empathy-specific reward hypothesis
26
the idea that empathy triggers the fear of social punishment (e.g. guilt, shame, censure) that can be avoided by helping
empathy-specific punishment hypothesis
27
the idea that people help others in order to relieve their own distress
negative state relief hypothesis
28
the assumption that life is essentially fair, that people generally get what they deserve and deserve what they get
belief in a just world
29
the finding that people are less likely to offer help when they are in a group than when they are alone
bystander effect
30
looking to others for cues about how to behave, while they are looking to you; collective misinterpretation
pluralistic ignorance
31
the reduction in feeling responsible that occurs when others are present
diffusion of responsibility
32
failure to help in front of others for fear of feeling like a fool if one's offer of help is rejected
audience inhibition
33
a planned, long-term, non impulsive decision to help others
volunteering