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Social Psychology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which two psychologists were credited with the first social psychology experiment? What did they focus on?

A

Triplett and Ringlemann; affect of performing with/against others

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2
Q

Name the psychologist that goes with the term:

  1. Psychoanalysis
  2. Functional psychology
  3. Self-concept
A
  1. Freud
  2. James
  3. Cooley
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3
Q

credited with behaviorism; believed that only overt behaviors that can be observed should be studied; empirical study of behavior; stifled internal mental processes

A

Skinner

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4
Q

What was the time period of the 1960s - 90s known as? What changed?

A

cognitive revolution; new focus on internal thought processes (caused by computers)

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5
Q

What did world war 2 lead to?

A

inc. interest in personality assessment; gave rise to personality psychology

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6
Q

What did Milgram and Sherif study?

A

social pressure influence

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7
Q

What study did Zimbardo do? What kind of questions were raised as a result of this study?

A

Stanford Prison Experiment; important ethical questions raised

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8
Q
  1. Institutional Review Boards
  2. Informed consent
  3. Use deception only if essential
  4. Protect people from harm
  5. Information about participants should remain confidential
  6. Debrief participants at the end
A

Ethics of experimental research

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9
Q

What is the ABC Triad?

A

affect (feelings and emotions)
behavior (actions taken)
cognition (what people think about what they and others do)

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10
Q

What are the 2 venues for ideas used by social psychologists?

A
  1. theories

2. hypotheses

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11
Q

integrated principles that explain and predict observed events

A

theories

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12
Q

testable predictions

A

hypotheses

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13
Q

What is used to link theories to hypotheses?

A

scientific method

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14
Q

What are the 5 steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. generate a theory
  2. form hypothesis
  3. design and conduct study
  4. analyze data
  5. report results
    5 part 2. reformulate theory based on findings and generate new hypothesis
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15
Q

Testing theory:

  • – natural relationships
  • – deg of relationship between 2 variables
  • – nothing manipulated
A

correlational approach

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16
Q

correlations closer to +/- 1 are….

A

stronger

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17
Q

correlations closer to 0 are…

A

weaker

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18
Q

What are the 3 requirements of causality?

A
  1. covariation (experiments, longitudinal, correlation)
  2. temporal precedence (experiments, longitudinal)
  3. elimination of spuriousness (experiments)
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19
Q

Testing theory:

— conduct a lab study where participants are randomly assigned to a group

A

experimental approach

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20
Q

these studies occur in a natural setting with something manipulated

A

Quasi-experimental (field) studies

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21
Q

how generalizable the results are

A

external validity

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22
Q

how certain one can be of the conclusion or how much control did the researcher have over the experiment

A

internal validity

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23
Q

How much external/internal validity is involved in:

  1. correlational approach
  2. quasi-experimental approach
  3. lab/experimental approach
A
  1. high external, low internal
  2. high external, moderate internal
  3. low external, high internal
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24
Q

What are 3 ways that we measure emotions, thoughts, and behaviors?

A
  1. interviews/questionnaires
  2. observational methods
  3. specialized tasks
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25
Q

type of research that tests theories and attempts to build a foundation of knowledge

A

basic research

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26
Q

type of research that attempts to solve specific problems

A

applied research

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27
Q

provides framework for human behavior; allows for development of new predictions

A

evolutionary theory

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28
Q

What are the 4 basic ideas of evolution?

A
  1. variation
  2. natural selection
  3. heredity
  4. sexual selection
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29
Q

_____ in characteristics occurs naturally within any population of organisms

A

variation

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30
Q

the idea that some variations are more helpful for survival in certain environments

A

natural selection

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31
Q

the idea that variations are passed on to offspring through sexual selection

A

heritability

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32
Q

the study of the evolution of behavior (people’s tendencies); uses principles of natural selection

A

evolutionary psychology

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33
Q

_____ stance is best in terms of the EEA

A

Avoidant

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34
Q

the idea that not attending to potential threats is more dangerous than overattending

A

error management theory

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35
Q

In what 3 ways do we test evolutionary psychology?

A
  1. make and test predictions based on evolutionary principles
  2. twin studies (degree of concordance)
  3. cross-cultural comparisons
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36
Q

enduring behaviors, attitudes, ideas, and traditions; shared by a large group of people; transmitted from one generation to the next

A

culture

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37
Q

The self is a ____ entity

A

social

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38
Q

_____ plays a large part in shaping the self.

A

culture

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39
Q

What are the 4 types of statements?

A
  1. physical (physical qualities)
  2. social (social roles, memberships)
  3. attributive (psychological or physical states)
  4. global (comprehensive or vague)
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40
Q

Individualists tend to use more ____ statements.

A

attributive

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41
Q

Collectivists tend to use more _____ statements

A

social

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42
Q

_____ cultures emphasize individualism; personal traits in isolation; self-contained identity

A

independent

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43
Q

_____ cultures emphasize collectivism; identity in relation to others; other-containing identity

A

interdependent

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44
Q

rules for expected and accepted behavior

A

norms

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45
Q

We like to keep a buffer zone between ourselves and others. This is know as… and varies with individuals and groups

A

proxemics

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46
Q

often phrased as competition between two forces

A

false dichotomy

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47
Q

states that it is essential to examine not only genetic influences but also the environment in which behaviors occur

A

interactionist perspective

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48
Q

the effect of one factor depends on another factor

A

interaction

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49
Q

analyzed brain size in animals compared to their body weight; found that larger brains correspond to more social animals; our larger brains are designed to help us relate to each other; evolution prepared us to deal with complex social environments

A

dunbar study

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50
Q

Mate selection strategies are important motivation for _______.

A

behavior

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51
Q

_____ differ on degree of parental investment (rearing/care)

A

sexes

52
Q

Which two researchers did a study and found that men are more likely to agree to short term mating and women like long term relationships?

A

Clark and Hatfield

53
Q

our sense of being male or female

A

gender identity

54
Q

Gender identity often leads to _______.

A

gender-typing

55
Q

acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

A

gender-typing

56
Q

_______ are influenced by innate processes and must be stifled in the interest of culture

A

impulses

57
Q

(Culture/evolution) moves faster than (culture/evolution)

A

culture evolution

58
Q

the study of the self in relation to others; important tool used by humans to satisfy needs

A

social psychology

59
Q

What are the 3 major components of social psychology?

A
  1. reflexive consciousness
  2. interpersonal self
  3. agentic self
60
Q

retains info about who you think you are; self knowledge, self concept

A

reflexive consciousness

61
Q

attending to info about the self

A

self-awareness

62
Q

part of social psychology that relates the self to others; how you perceive others perceive you; how you relate who you are to others; concerned with gaining acceptance

A

interpersonal self

63
Q

public self-awareness; looking to others to obtain info about the self

A

looking glass self

64
Q

how we show off the self to others; guided by norms, personal standards, desired impression

A

self-presentation

65
Q

norms vs. personal standards

A

desired impression

66
Q

the self’s decision maker; self is active, not passive; attends and corrects

A

agentic self

67
Q

self’s ability to override impulse

A

self control

68
Q

The working self concept takes info from what two things?

A
  1. self standards (reflexive consciousness)

2. others expectations (interpersonal self)

69
Q

framework of beliefs about the self-concepts; organized info about the self; structured like memory; domains of self-worth

A

self-schema

70
Q

According to the working self-concept, domains that are accessed will vary across what 2 things?

A
  1. person

2. situation

71
Q

What are the 3 motives for accessing info about domains/working self concept?

A
  1. appraisal motive
  2. consistency motive
  3. self-enhancement
72
Q

motive for assessing info:

gauging abilities; self-efficacy

A

appraisal motive

73
Q

perceived ability to perform in a certain domain

A

self-efficacy

74
Q

motive for assessing info:

double checking the self; self-varification

A

consistency motive

75
Q

actively working to confirm beliefs about the self

A

self-varification

76
Q

motive for assessing info:

info used to bolster the self

A

self-enhancement

77
Q

What is the logical order of importance in regards to assessing info about the self?

A
  1. appraisal
  2. consistency
  3. self-enhancement
78
Q

What is the actual ordering of importance in regards to accessing info about the self?

A
  1. self-enhancement
  2. consistency
  3. appraisal
79
Q

The self seems to be a(n) _____ info processor because it often casts the self in a positive light

A

biased

80
Q

Self enhancement leads to _____ and _____ judgements

A

appraisal/consistency

81
Q

inferences about the self from past behavior; how much people think about themselves; beeper study

A

introspection

82
Q

states that we often fail to evaluate the self accurately because we aren’t evaluating ourselves; lack of awareness

A

the fallacy of introspection

83
Q

There is a problem with the looking glass self because of the disconnection between what two things?

A
  1. what we think others think of us

2. what they actually think

84
Q

We seek out situations that confirm the self, and we avoid disconfirming situation. (consistency motive)

A

confirmation bias

85
Q

The self enhancement motive is the ______

A

strongest

86
Q

people think they have more control than they do

A

illusion of control

87
Q

the belief that only good things will happen to you

A

unrealistic optimism

88
Q

What are the 3 commonly accepted classifications of self esteem?

A
  1. global
  2. domain specific
  3. state
89
Q

What is the most widely used SE scale in social psychology and what kind of SE does it measure?

A

Rosenburg SE scale; explicit SE

90
Q

unconscious gravitation towards people, places, and things that resemble the self

A

implicit egotism

91
Q

unconscious SE

A

implicit SE

92
Q

On a 5 point scale, people with HSE score between ….. People with LSE score between…

A

4 and 5

2.5 and 4

93
Q

People with ____ SE know who they are. People with ____ SE have self-concept confusion and experience changes/fluctuations but are usually more realistic

A

high

low

94
Q

How do people with HSE handle negative feedback? LSE?

A

high - bounce back

low - take it personal/generalize

95
Q

People with LSE are self-____ and avoid failure and use caution, while people with HSE are self-____ and seek success and take risks

A

low

high

96
Q

The greatest difference between males and females is shown in _____

A

adolescence

97
Q

Unreasonably high SE can lead to _____,

A

aggression

98
Q

This type of person is a poor relationship partner, is very aggressive, very prejudice, very persistent, and very stubborn

A

narcissist

99
Q

evaluate mostly in domains of interest

A

selective evaluations

100
Q

compare yourself to those worse off

A

selective social comparison

101
Q

positive attributes —> SE

A

bottum-up view of SE

102
Q

SE —> perception of positive attributes

A

top-down view of SE

103
Q

What study did Brown and Dutton do?

A

Fake personality trait

104
Q

greater resilience to negative feedback

A

resource stock

105
Q

Which two psychologists did the need to belong study? (fundamental human motivation) (sociometer theory)

A

Baumeister and Leary

106
Q

self esteem as a gas gauge for social acceptance; can be miscalibrated (narcissist = set too high, depressed = set too low)

A

sociometer theory

107
Q

self’s capacity to monitor and alter responses

A

self-regulation

108
Q

Self regulation can have a dramatic effect on many _____ behaviors

A

real world

109
Q

What are the 4 main categories of self-regulation?

A
  1. Thought control
  2. Affect regulation
  3. Impulse control
  4. Performance control
110
Q

Which study was used to measure delay of gratification (Mischel and Ebbeson)

A

marshmallow study

111
Q

What are the 3 ingredients of self-regulation?

A
  1. standards
  2. monitoring (self-awareness)
  3. strength (mental resources)
112
Q

What 4 things does the Self-Discrepancy Theory deal with?

A
  1. actual self
  2. ideal self
  3. ought self
113
Q

our wants, wishes, and desires

A

ideal self

114
Q

what is appropriate for us

A

ought self

115
Q

Actual/ideal self discrepancies lead to _____.

Actual/ought self discrepancies lead to ____.

A

sadness, depression

worry, anxiety

116
Q

explains that SR is like a muscle, because it fatigues with use; priming, skill model, depletion; taste-testing experiment

A

limited resource model

117
Q

engaging in SR primes the process and makes it more likely to occur; SR exertion should increase subsequent SR

A

priming

118
Q

SR is skill independent of resources; SR exertion shouldn’t affect subsequent SR

A

skill model

119
Q

SR draws on limited resource common to all SR efforts; SR exertion should decrease subsequent SR

A

depletion

120
Q

In all cases of studies, the depleted SR groups fared ____ than the other group

A

worse

121
Q

Enacting SR in one domain temporarily _______ your ability to regulate in other domains.

A

depletes

122
Q

Baumeister and colleagues suggest that SR depletion results from a decrease in the ability to sustain ______

A

persistance

123
Q

When we lack the motivation or lack the expectation of success, SR _______ are likely

A

failures

124
Q

What are 4 failures of self control?

A
  1. lack of motivation
  2. lack of standards
  3. miscalculation of how much regulation is needed
  4. failures in monitoring
125
Q

What is it called when the monitoring system is looking for possible triggers?

A

White Bear

126
Q

One of the major problems that we face is that our thinking is _____ (temporal discounting — $1000 today or $1200 in 2 weeks)

A

flawed

127
Q

We need to use cognitive strategies to avoid _____

A

impulses

Social Psychology (7 decks)

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