Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Which two psychologists were credited with the first social psychology experiment? What did they focus on?
A
Triplett and Ringlemann; affect of performing with/against others
2
Q
Name the psychologist that goes with the term:
- Psychoanalysis
- Functional psychology
- Self-concept
A
- Freud
- James
- Cooley
3
Q
credited with behaviorism; believed that only overt behaviors that can be observed should be studied; empirical study of behavior; stifled internal mental processes
A
Skinner
4
Q
What was the time period of the 1960s - 90s known as? What changed?
A
cognitive revolution; new focus on internal thought processes (caused by computers)
5
Q
What did world war 2 lead to?
A
inc. interest in personality assessment; gave rise to personality psychology
6
Q
What did Milgram and Sherif study?
A
social pressure influence
7
Q
What study did Zimbardo do? What kind of questions were raised as a result of this study?
A
Stanford Prison Experiment; important ethical questions raised
8
Q
- Institutional Review Boards
- Informed consent
- Use deception only if essential
- Protect people from harm
- Information about participants should remain confidential
- Debrief participants at the end
A
Ethics of experimental research
9
Q
What is the ABC Triad?
A
affect (feelings and emotions)
behavior (actions taken)
cognition (what people think about what they and others do)
10
Q
What are the 2 venues for ideas used by social psychologists?
A
- theories
2. hypotheses
11
Q
integrated principles that explain and predict observed events
A
theories
12
Q
testable predictions
A
hypotheses
13
Q
What is used to link theories to hypotheses?
A
scientific method
14
Q
What are the 5 steps of the scientific method?
A
- generate a theory
- form hypothesis
- design and conduct study
- analyze data
- report results
5 part 2. reformulate theory based on findings and generate new hypothesis
15
Q
Testing theory:
- – natural relationships
- – deg of relationship between 2 variables
- – nothing manipulated
A
correlational approach
16
Q
correlations closer to +/- 1 are….
A
stronger
17
Q
correlations closer to 0 are…
A
weaker
18
Q
What are the 3 requirements of causality?
A
- covariation (experiments, longitudinal, correlation)
- temporal precedence (experiments, longitudinal)
- elimination of spuriousness (experiments)
19
Q
Testing theory:
— conduct a lab study where participants are randomly assigned to a group
A
experimental approach
20
Q
these studies occur in a natural setting with something manipulated
A
Quasi-experimental (field) studies
21
Q
how generalizable the results are
A
external validity
22
Q
how certain one can be of the conclusion or how much control did the researcher have over the experiment
A
internal validity
23
Q
How much external/internal validity is involved in:
- correlational approach
- quasi-experimental approach
- lab/experimental approach
A
- high external, low internal
- high external, moderate internal
- low external, high internal
24
Q
What are 3 ways that we measure emotions, thoughts, and behaviors?
A
- interviews/questionnaires
- observational methods
- specialized tasks
25
type of research that tests theories and attempts to build a foundation of knowledge
basic research
26
type of research that attempts to solve specific problems
applied research
27
provides framework for human behavior; allows for development of new predictions
evolutionary theory
28
What are the 4 basic ideas of evolution?
1. variation
2. natural selection
3. heredity
4. sexual selection
29
_____ in characteristics occurs naturally within any population of organisms
variation
30
the idea that some variations are more helpful for survival in certain environments
natural selection
31
the idea that variations are passed on to offspring through sexual selection
heritability
32
the study of the evolution of behavior (people's tendencies); uses principles of natural selection
evolutionary psychology
33
_____ stance is best in terms of the EEA
Avoidant
34
the idea that not attending to potential threats is more dangerous than overattending
error management theory
35
In what 3 ways do we test evolutionary psychology?
1. make and test predictions based on evolutionary principles
2. twin studies (degree of concordance)
3. cross-cultural comparisons
36
enduring behaviors, attitudes, ideas, and traditions; shared by a large group of people; transmitted from one generation to the next
culture
37
The self is a ____ entity
social
38
_____ plays a large part in shaping the self.
culture
39
What are the 4 types of statements?
1. physical (physical qualities)
2. social (social roles, memberships)
3. attributive (psychological or physical states)
3. global (comprehensive or vague)
40
Individualists tend to use more ____ statements.
attributive
41
Collectivists tend to use more _____ statements
social
42
_____ cultures emphasize individualism; personal traits in isolation; self-contained identity
independent
43
_____ cultures emphasize collectivism; identity in relation to others; other-containing identity
interdependent
44
rules for expected and accepted behavior
norms
45
We like to keep a buffer zone between ourselves and others. This is know as… and varies with individuals and groups
proxemics
46
often phrased as competition between two forces
false dichotomy
47
states that it is essential to examine not only genetic influences but also the environment in which behaviors occur
interactionist perspective
48
the effect of one factor depends on another factor
interaction
49
analyzed brain size in animals compared to their body weight; found that larger brains correspond to more social animals; our larger brains are designed to help us relate to each other; evolution prepared us to deal with complex social environments
dunbar study
50
Mate selection strategies are important motivation for _______.
behavior
51
_____ differ on degree of parental investment (rearing/care)
sexes
52
Which two researchers did a study and found that men are more likely to agree to short term mating and women like long term relationships?
Clark and Hatfield
53
our sense of being male or female
gender identity
54
Gender identity often leads to _______.
gender-typing
55
acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
gender-typing
56
_______ are influenced by innate processes and must be stifled in the interest of culture
impulses
57
(Culture/evolution) moves faster than (culture/evolution)
culture evolution
58
the study of the self in relation to others; important tool used by humans to satisfy needs
social psychology
59
What are the 3 major components of social psychology?
1. reflexive consciousness
2. interpersonal self
3. agentic self
60
retains info about who you think you are; self knowledge, self concept
reflexive consciousness
61
attending to info about the self
self-awareness
62
part of social psychology that relates the self to others; how you perceive others perceive you; how you relate who you are to others; concerned with gaining acceptance
interpersonal self
63
public self-awareness; looking to others to obtain info about the self
looking glass self
64
how we show off the self to others; guided by norms, personal standards, desired impression
self-presentation
65
norms vs. personal standards
desired impression
66
the self's decision maker; self is active, not passive; attends and corrects
agentic self
67
self's ability to override impulse
self control
68
The working self concept takes info from what two things?
1. self standards (reflexive consciousness)
| 2. others expectations (interpersonal self)
69
framework of beliefs about the self-concepts; organized info about the self; structured like memory; domains of self-worth
self-schema
70
According to the working self-concept, domains that are accessed will vary across what 2 things?
1. person
| 2. situation
71
What are the 3 motives for accessing info about domains/working self concept?
1. appraisal motive
2. consistency motive
3. self-enhancement
72
motive for assessing info:
| gauging abilities; self-efficacy
appraisal motive
73
perceived ability to perform in a certain domain
self-efficacy
74
motive for assessing info:
| double checking the self; self-varification
consistency motive
75
actively working to confirm beliefs about the self
self-varification
76
motive for assessing info:
| info used to bolster the self
self-enhancement
77
What is the logical order of importance in regards to assessing info about the self?
1. appraisal
2. consistency
3. self-enhancement
78
What is the actual ordering of importance in regards to accessing info about the self?
1. self-enhancement
2. consistency
3. appraisal
79
The self seems to be a(n) _____ info processor because it often casts the self in a positive light
biased
80
Self enhancement leads to _____ and _____ judgements
appraisal/consistency
81
inferences about the self from past behavior; how much people think about themselves; beeper study
introspection
82
states that we often fail to evaluate the self accurately because we aren't evaluating ourselves; lack of awareness
the fallacy of introspection
83
There is a problem with the looking glass self because of the disconnection between what two things?
1. what we think others think of us
| 2. what they actually think
84
We seek out situations that confirm the self, and we avoid disconfirming situation. (consistency motive)
confirmation bias
85
The self enhancement motive is the ______
strongest
86
people think they have more control than they do
illusion of control
87
the belief that only good things will happen to you
unrealistic optimism
88
What are the 3 commonly accepted classifications of self esteem?
1. global
2. domain specific
3. state
89
What is the most widely used SE scale in social psychology and what kind of SE does it measure?
Rosenburg SE scale; explicit SE
90
unconscious gravitation towards people, places, and things that resemble the self
implicit egotism
91
unconscious SE
implicit SE
92
On a 5 point scale, people with HSE score between ….. People with LSE score between...
4 and 5
| 2.5 and 4
93
People with ____ SE know who they are. People with ____ SE have self-concept confusion and experience changes/fluctuations but are usually more realistic
high
| low
94
How do people with HSE handle negative feedback? LSE?
high - bounce back
| low - take it personal/generalize
95
People with LSE are self-____ and avoid failure and use caution, while people with HSE are self-____ and seek success and take risks
low
| high
96
The greatest difference between males and females is shown in _____
adolescence
97
Unreasonably high SE can lead to _____,
aggression
98
This type of person is a poor relationship partner, is very aggressive, very prejudice, very persistent, and very stubborn
narcissist
99
evaluate mostly in domains of interest
selective evaluations
100
compare yourself to those worse off
selective social comparison
101
positive attributes ---> SE
bottum-up view of SE
102
SE ---> perception of positive attributes
top-down view of SE
103
What study did Brown and Dutton do?
Fake personality trait
104
greater resilience to negative feedback
resource stock
105
Which two psychologists did the need to belong study? (fundamental human motivation) (sociometer theory)
Baumeister and Leary
106
self esteem as a gas gauge for social acceptance; can be miscalibrated (narcissist = set too high, depressed = set too low)
sociometer theory
107
self's capacity to monitor and alter responses
self-regulation
108
Self regulation can have a dramatic effect on many _____ behaviors
real world
109
What are the 4 main categories of self-regulation?
1. Thought control
2. Affect regulation
3. Impulse control
4. Performance control
110
Which study was used to measure delay of gratification (Mischel and Ebbeson)
marshmallow study
111
What are the 3 ingredients of self-regulation?
1. standards
2. monitoring (self-awareness)
3. strength (mental resources)
112
What 4 things does the Self-Discrepancy Theory deal with?
1. actual self
2. ideal self
3. ought self
113
our wants, wishes, and desires
ideal self
114
what is appropriate for us
ought self
115
Actual/ideal self discrepancies lead to _____.
| Actual/ought self discrepancies lead to ____.
sadness, depression
| worry, anxiety
116
explains that SR is like a muscle, because it fatigues with use; priming, skill model, depletion; taste-testing experiment
limited resource model
117
engaging in SR primes the process and makes it more likely to occur; SR exertion should increase subsequent SR
priming
118
SR is skill independent of resources; SR exertion shouldn't affect subsequent SR
skill model
119
SR draws on limited resource common to all SR efforts; SR exertion should decrease subsequent SR
depletion
120
In all cases of studies, the depleted SR groups fared ____ than the other group
worse
121
Enacting SR in one domain temporarily _______ your ability to regulate in other domains.
depletes
122
Baumeister and colleagues suggest that SR depletion results from a decrease in the ability to sustain ______
persistance
123
When we lack the motivation or lack the expectation of success, SR _______ are likely
failures
124
What are 4 failures of self control?
1. lack of motivation
2. lack of standards
3. miscalculation of how much regulation is needed
4. failures in monitoring
125
What is it called when the monitoring system is looking for possible triggers?
White Bear
126
One of the major problems that we face is that our thinking is _____ (temporal discounting --- $1000 today or $1200 in 2 weeks)
flawed
127
We need to use cognitive strategies to avoid _____
impulses
