Chapter 10 Key Terms

Question 1

any behavior intended to harm another person who is motivated to avoid the harm

Answer 1

aggression

Question 2

any behavior that intentionally harms a substitute target rather than the provacateur

Answer 2

displaced aggression

Question 3

any behavior that intentionally harms another person who is physically present

Answer 3

direct aggression

Question 4

any behavior that intentionally harms another person who is physically absent

Answer 4

indirect aggression

Question 5

hot, impulsive, angry behavior motivated by a desire to harm someone

Answer 5

hostile (reactive) aggression

Question 6

cold, premeditated, calculated harmful behavior that is a means to some practical or material end

Answer 6

instrumental (proactive) aggression

Question 7

aggression that has as its goal extreme physical harm, such as injury or death

Answer 7

violence

Question 8

behavior that either damages interpersonal relationships or is culturally undesirable

Answer 8

antisocial behavior

Question 9

an innate (inborn, biologically programmed) tendency to seek a particular goal, such as food, water, or sex

Answer 9

instinct

Question 10

in Freudian theory, the constructive, life-giving instinct

Answer 10

eros

Question 11

in Freudian theory, the destructive, death instinct

Answer 11

thanatos

Question 12

observing and copying or imitating the behavior of others

Answer 12

modeling

Question 13

proposal that “the occurrence of aggressive behavior always presupposes the existence of frustration” and “the existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression”

Answer 13

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Question 14

blockage of or interference with a personal goal

Answer 14

frustration

Question 15

the tendency to perceive ambiguous actions by others as aggressive

Answer 15

hostile attribution bias

Question 16

the tendency to perceive social interactions in general as being aggressive

Answer 16

hostile perception bias

Question 17

the tendency to assume that people will react to potential conflicts with aggression

Answer 17

hostile expectation bias

Question 18

a response to stress that involves aggressing against others or running away

Answer 18

fight or flight syndrome

Question 19

a response to stress that involves nurturing others and making friends

Answer 19

tend and befriend syndrome

Question 20

behavior that involves intentionally harming another person’s social relationships, feelings of acceptance, or inclusion within a group

Answer 20

relational aggression

Question 21

persistent aggression by a perpetrator against a victim for the purpose of establishing a power relationship over the victim

Answer 21

bullying

Question 22

the use of the internet (e.g. email, social networking sites, blogs) to bully others

Answer 22

cyberbullying

Question 23

violence that occurs within the home or family, between people who have a close relationship with each other

Answer 23

domestic violence

Question 24

the increase in aggression that occurs as a result of the mere presence of a weapon

Answer 24

weapons effect

Question 25

the number of people in a given area

Answer 25

density

Question 26

the subjective and unpleasant feeling that there are too many people in a given area

Answer 26

crowding

Question 27

the male sex hormone, high levels of which have been linked to aggression and violence in both animals and humans

Answer 27

testosterone

Question 28

the “feel good” neurotransmitter, low levels of which have been linked to aggression and violence in both animals and humans

Answer 28

serotonin

Question 29

an addictive stimulant drug obtained from the leaves of the coca plant

Answer 29

cocaine

Question 30

according to Malaysian culture, refers to behavior of a young man who becomes “uncontrollably” violent after receiving a blow to his ego

Answer 30

running amok

Question 31

a society that places high value on individual respect, strength and virtue, and accepts and justifies violent action in response to threats to one’s honor

Answer 31

culture of honor

Question 32

killing another individual who has brought “dishonor” to the family (e.g. a woman who has committed adultery)

Answer 32

honor killing

Question 33

a state of disgrace or loss of self-respect (or of respect from others)

Answer 33

humiliation

Question 34

not telling the truth

Answer 34

lying

Question 35

socially unacceptable words such as profanity or swear words; speech that constitutes sexual harassment or discrimination, hate speech, and verbally abusive words

Answer 35

taboo words

Question 36

to claim that ideas or words of another person as one’s own without crediting that person

Answer 36

plagiarize

Question 37

using someone’s personal information (e.g. social security number) in order to obtain money or credit from their bank accounts

Answer 37

identity theft

Question 38

a sense of anonymity and loss of individuality, as in a large group, making people especially likely to engage in antisocial behaviors such as theft

Answer 38

deindividuation

Question 39

social standards that prescribe what people ought to do

Answer 39

norms

Question 40

norms that specify what most others approve or disapprove of

Answer 40

injunctive norms

Question 41

norms that specify what most people do

Answer 41

descriptive norms

Question 42

the unpleasant emotional response people experience when someone is trying to restrict their freedom to engage in a desired behavior

Answer 42

psychological reactance

Question 43

proposal that signs of disorder such as broken windows, litter, and graffiti induce other antisocial behaviors

Answer 43

broken windows theory