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Social Psychology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

anything that draws two or more people together

A

attraction

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2
Q

What are the 4 factors that differentiate attraction?

A
  1. frequency
  2. degree of impact
  3. diversity of activities
  4. duration
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3
Q

Forming relationships is a (want/need).

A

need

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4
Q

Our ancestors who engaged in long-term relationships with others acquired many benefits necessary for survival including _______, _________, and _________

A

food, protection, and mating

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5
Q

forming relationships with fictional characters

A

parasocial relationships

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6
Q

We have a ______ to end relationships

A

reluctance

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7
Q

What happens if the need to belong and form relationships isn’t fulfilled?

A

We suffer from psychological stress (anxiety, depression) and physical illness (heart disease, low immune system)

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8
Q

What are the 2 ingredients need to fulfill our need to belong?

A
  1. regular social contact

2. stable network of on-going relationships

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9
Q

About how many stable relationship partners does an individual typically have?

A

5-6

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10
Q

closer physical distance

A

proximity

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11
Q

encountering on a regular basis

A

propinquity

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12
Q

a partner’s annoying habits grow just that much more annoying over time

A

social allergy effect

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13
Q

Shared experiences can result in _______

A

strong relationships

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14
Q

4s go with 4s, 7s go with 7s

A

matching hypothesis

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15
Q

Married couples tend to be very (similar/different)

A

similar

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16
Q

Why are people attracted to similar others?

A

what is familiar is good (safe and predictable)

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17
Q

self-presentational strategy in which we mimic the behaviors of those around us

A

chameleon effect

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18
Q

you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours; when people get info that someone likes them, almost invariably there is a strong drive of affection for that person

A

reciprocity

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19
Q

We are attracted to those others who _____ us.

A

reward

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20
Q

people and animals will perform behaviors that have been rewarded

A

reinforcement theory

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21
Q

Rewards + cost > or < rewards - cost

A

rewards + cost is greater

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22
Q

We respect and admire _______ people.

A

attractive

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23
Q

tendency to judge people with attractive features to have other positive qualities (i.e. intelligence, social competence)

A

halo effect

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24
Q

The need to belong is a universal, powerful, motivation and _______ thwarts that need

A

rejection

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25
Q

Some people reject others to maintain the ________

A

status quo

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26
Q

Rejection occurs due to what 4 things?

A
  1. idiosyncratic preferences
  2. cultural beliefs
  3. desire to avoid certain outcomes
  4. reduce deviance
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27
Q

one person breaking the rules inspires others to do the same

A

bad apple effect

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28
Q

The bad apple effect is an example of _________

A

reducing deviance

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29
Q

Seeing someone else get rejected for poor behavior reduces the _____

A

bad apple effect

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30
Q

Rejection serves as _______

A

punishment

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31
Q

Perceptions of loneliness lead to an increase in _____ and _____.

A

physical and psychological illness

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32
Q

strong expectation that one will be rejected by others

A

rejection sensitivity

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33
Q

Emotions serve as a warning system to encourage self directed attention (_________) and to change behavior (________)

A

self-awareness

self-regulation

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34
Q

What are the 3 social emotions?

A
  1. guilt and shame
  2. jealousy
  3. embarrassment
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35
Q

Social emotions function to signal that ______ is looming

A

rejection

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36
Q

social anxiety results from a desire to ___________

A

avoid rejection

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37
Q

The threat of rejection leads to motivated behavior to avoid ___________

A

relationship dissolution

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38
Q

Studies on rejection rarely show changes in ________

A

emotion

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39
Q

MacDonald and Leary suggested that rejected, excluded animals lose _______

A

pain sensitivity

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40
Q

Panksepp suggested that the social emotion system piggybacks on the ___________ system

A

physical pain system

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41
Q

emotion that encourages pro-social behavior and inhibits aggression

A

empathy

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42
Q

A lack of empathy after rejection is found to be the primary cause for a _______ in pro-social behavior and a _______ in aggressive behavior

A

decrease

increase

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43
Q

Social exclusion impairs the ___________, thereby altering the manner in which it registers physical pain and empathy.

A

emotion system

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44
Q

Social exclusion can stimulate pro-social behavior, but the person must symbolize a source of __________

A

potential acceptance

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45
Q

People date others who like and reward them. What is this an example of?

A

reciprocity/reward

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46
Q

__________ is a much more dominating factor in romantic relationships than in friendships.

A

attractiveness

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47
Q

What do we find attractive?

A

symmetry (facial and body)

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48
Q

Why do we prefer symmetry?

A

asymmetry can result from illness during development; symmetrical features suggest stronger resistance to environmental pathogens

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49
Q

Why are we more attracted to people who look average?

A

mere exposure effect, diversity and health

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50
Q

What 4 things do men prefer in a woman?

A
  1. physical attractiveness
  2. signs of youth
  3. neotenous features
  4. body shape (36-24-36 WTH ratio)
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51
Q

What 2 things do women prefer in a man?

A
  1. physical dominance

2. status

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52
Q

What do women benefit from when looking for a partner?

A

a mate who is willing and able to provide

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53
Q

What do men benefit from when looking for a partner?

A

mating often; partners who can produce more offspring

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54
Q

the things that society values

A

social constructionist perspective

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55
Q

Exposure to highly desirable same-sex individuals _______ the estimates of proportions of attractive people around

A

increases

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56
Q

Exposure to highly desirable opposite-sex individuals increases estimates of attractive individuals available; this is one of the single strongest predictors of _________

A

relationship dissolution

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57
Q

For women, in a short-term partner _____ matters more. In a long-term partner ______ matters more

A

physical attractiveness

status and resources

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58
Q

For men, ______ is almost always important in a partner.

A

attractiveness

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59
Q

For both men and women, the minimum criteria met in a partner functions in relation to __________

A

desired length of relationship

60
Q

physiological arousal, longing, sexual attraction

A

passion

61
Q

close bond, sharing, support

A

intimacy

62
Q

willing to define as love, long-term

A

commitment

63
Q

Love triange:

  1. intimacy only
  2. intimacy/commitment
  3. commitment only
  4. passion/commitment
  5. passion only
  6. intimacy/passion
  7. all 3 (intimacy, passion, commitment)
A
  1. liking
  2. compassionate love
  3. empty love
  4. fatuous love
  5. infatuation
  6. romantic love
  7. consummate love
64
Q

The longer a couple is together, ________ increases and ________ decreases

A

commitment and intimacy

passion

65
Q

Although _______ love starts the relationship up, _______ love keeps it going

A

passionate

companionate

66
Q

The beginning of a relationship; you owe me; more likely in relationships driven by passion

A

exchange (equity) relationship

67
Q

if the other partner cheats (takes without giving) it will end the relationship

A

self-protection

68
Q

seen latter in a relationship; exchange with less expectation of return; more likely in relationships driven by commitment; characterized by trust and mutual concern

A

communal relationship

69
Q

What are the 3 components of strong relationships according to Rusbult?

A
  1. satisfaction
  2. quality of available alternatives
  3. investment
70
Q

comparative level of your partner; related to satisfaction; dependent on positive and negative experiences shared with your partner

A

compL

71
Q

negative experiences account for more than positive ones

A

positive/negative asymmetry effect

72
Q

comparative level of alternatives; is there someone better out there?

A

compAlt

73
Q

What happens if an individual’s compL is very low?

A

others will seem appealing (also can happen if compL is high)

74
Q

Motivated evaluations can influence _________

A

relationship satisfaction

75
Q

Men tend to _________ sexual interest

A

over-percieve

76
Q

Men tend to have higher (compL/compAlt)

A

compAlt

77
Q

Most of the investments put into a relationship are _______.

A

sunk costs

78
Q

states that each factor of strong relationships alone has a weak predictive value of whether a relationship lasts; if compL>compAlt and investment is high; if compL

A

investment model

79
Q

relationships either _____ or ______ over time

A

stay the same or get worse

80
Q

Fincham suggested that relationship success is dependent on how you _________

A

explain your partner’s behavior

81
Q

dispositional attributes for good behavior and situational for bad

A

relationship enhancing attributions

82
Q

situational attributes for good behavior and dispositional attributes for bad behavior

A

distress maintaining attributions

83
Q

What did the original Princeton trilogy studies find?

A

with time, racial prejudice seemed to decrease

84
Q

What were the 3 major problems with the original Princeton trilogy studies?

A
  1. ambiguous instructions
  2. no assessment of Ss prejudice
  3. outdated list of stereotype adjectives
85
Q

What did the revisited princeton trilogy studies find?

A

stereotypes haven’t disappeared, they’ve just changed

86
Q

What are the ABC’s of bias?

A

affect (prejudice)
behavior (discrimination)
cognition (stereotype)

87
Q

unjustifiable negative behavior towards a person based on their group membership

A

discrimination

88
Q

a belief about the personal attributes of a group

A

stereotype

89
Q

a negative prejudgement of a group and its individual members

A

prejudice

90
Q

All forms of bias involve __________ based responses

A

category

91
Q

What are the 3 roots of prejudice?

A
  1. cultural sources
  2. cognitive sources
  3. motivational sources
92
Q

Is racism an evolved trait?

A

no

93
Q

Is a general propensity to categorize things an evolved trait?

A

yes

94
Q

We are most likely to notice a ______ member doing something _____

A

outgroup

wrong

95
Q

a false impression that 2 variables are related

A

illusory correlation

96
Q

We overestimate distinctive events which leads to ________

A

stereotyping

97
Q

Illusory correlation can lead people to overestimate the likelihood that racial minorities will _________

A

commit crimes

98
Q

We notice and recall events that ________

A

confirm our expectations

99
Q

We associate common properties to groups, which makes it easier to predict a person’s behavior, and harder to accept exceptions to the rule

A

representativeness

100
Q

Stereotypes are ________.

A

heuristics

101
Q

Given time and the ability to think people can accurately assess gender differences

A

kernel of truth

102
Q

Under pressures of time, the kernel of truth can be _______

A

exaggerated

103
Q

To save us time and cognitive effort, we often ______ the distinctions between groups and ______ the differences within groups

A

sharpen

soften

104
Q

overestimating how similar members of other groups are to one another

A

perceived out group homogeneity

105
Q

states that in in-groups, positive acts are intrinsic to its essence and negative acts are meaningless products of the situation; in out-groups the opposite is true

A

ultimate attribution error (UAE)

106
Q

Why are positive stereotypes not a good thing?

A

they pigeon hole the stereotyped group; often prime stereotyped beliefs in general; lead to negative stereotypes

107
Q

self reports are subject to _______

A

social desirability bias

108
Q

distinguishes between stereotypes and personal beliefs

A

dissociation model

109
Q

acceptance of content of stereotype

A

personal belief

110
Q

The propensity to categorize is _______

A

automatic

111
Q

When people do not or cannot actively control stereotypes, they influence ________

A

responses

112
Q

Implicit measures of prejudice assess automatic/uncontrollable biases; IAT

A

dual attitude approach

113
Q

test that attempts to measure implicit responses

A

Implicit Associations Test (IAT)

114
Q

The results of the IAT show that we are slower to categorize _____ things and quicker to categorize ______ things

A

positive

negative

115
Q

Implicit attitudes tend to be more ________, while explicit attitudes are overly _______

A

negative

positive

116
Q

overt bias, policy attitudes; conscious, self-directed behavior

A

explicit attitudes

117
Q

nonverbal bias, split second decisions; uncontrollable behavior

A

implicit attitudes

118
Q

beliefs and feelings we have toward the groups to which we see ourselves belonging

A

social identity

119
Q

seeing the groups we belong to as better makes us feel good about ourselves

A

social identity theory

120
Q

certain groups that we identify ourselves with

A

ingroups

121
Q

our tendency to favor our ingroup

A

ingroup bias

122
Q

strong in-group identification leads to ________

A

strong out-group prejudice

123
Q

threats of death make us especially negative toward others who have different beliefs than us; we respond with prejudice to alleviate distress about fallibility of our own beliefs

A

terror management theory

124
Q

prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources

A

realistic group conflict theory

125
Q

Out-groups become the _______

A

scapegoat

126
Q

stereotypes provide us with expectations about people; if the expectation is negative, our response could be too

A

implicit bias

127
Q

What did the shoot/don’t shoot studies find?

A

People are more likely to mistakenly shoot unarmed blacks, but they can learn to overcome biases and ignore race with training

128
Q

when people treat others based on their expectations, it elicits the behavior they expect

A

self-fulfilling prophecy

129
Q

disruptive concern that one will be evaluated based on a stereotype, concern that one will confirm the stereotype; more likely if stereotype is salient

A

stereotype threat

130
Q

The stereotype threat is a type of ______

A

self-fulfilling prophecy

131
Q

individuals low in prejudice do make active attempts at controlling their prejudice

A

self-regulation

132
Q

What does IMS stand for?

A

internal motivation to suppress stereotypes

133
Q

What does EMS stand for?

A

external motivation to suppress stereotypes

134
Q

report moderately prejudiced attitudes in both public and private; more likely to show overt discrimination

A

low IMS/low EMS

135
Q

report low prejudice when in public, but high in private; more likely to show prejudice when there is some nonracial justification for negative responding; show backlash effects

A

low IMS/high EMS

136
Q

pressure to respond without prejudice leads to more prejudice in the future

A

backlash effects

137
Q

report low prejudice attitudes in both public and private; least prejudice of all groups; internalized beliefs; show low bias on IAT type measures

A

High IMS/low EMS

138
Q

report low prejudice attitudes in both public and private; experience some difficulty when interacting with out group members; interracial anxiety; low self-efficacy for responding without prejudice

A

High IMS/high EMS

139
Q

fear of appearing prejudice

A

interracial anxiety

140
Q

the idea that increasing contact might decrease prejudice; proximity seems to breed liking (ex. WWII study)

A

the contact hypothesis

141
Q

What is the problem with the contact hypothesis?

A

people often segregate themselves in desegregated environments

142
Q

What was the main study done in the revisited contact hypothesis?

A

jigsaw classroom

143
Q

What 3 factors did the revisited contact hypothesis say were necessary?

A
  1. contact must be positive
  2. members of group must be of equal status
  3. out group members must be perceived as typical members of their group
144
Q

People who are high in prejudice are easily influenced by ________

A

normative pressure

145
Q

Before desegregation, most people had _____ attitudes towards it. Afterwards, there was a huge shift to _____ of desegregation.

A

negative

support

Social Psychology (7 decks)

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