Test 3 Flashcards
1
Q
anything that draws two or more people together
A
attraction
2
Q
What are the 4 factors that differentiate attraction?
A
- frequency
- degree of impact
- diversity of activities
- duration
3
Q
Forming relationships is a (want/need).
A
need
4
Q
Our ancestors who engaged in long-term relationships with others acquired many benefits necessary for survival including _______, _________, and _________
A
food, protection, and mating
5
Q
forming relationships with fictional characters
A
parasocial relationships
6
Q
We have a ______ to end relationships
A
reluctance
7
Q
What happens if the need to belong and form relationships isn’t fulfilled?
A
We suffer from psychological stress (anxiety, depression) and physical illness (heart disease, low immune system)
8
Q
What are the 2 ingredients need to fulfill our need to belong?
A
- regular social contact
2. stable network of on-going relationships
9
Q
About how many stable relationship partners does an individual typically have?
A
5-6
10
Q
closer physical distance
A
proximity
11
Q
encountering on a regular basis
A
propinquity
12
Q
a partner’s annoying habits grow just that much more annoying over time
A
social allergy effect
13
Q
Shared experiences can result in _______
A
strong relationships
14
Q
4s go with 4s, 7s go with 7s
A
matching hypothesis
15
Q
Married couples tend to be very (similar/different)
A
similar
16
Q
Why are people attracted to similar others?
A
what is familiar is good (safe and predictable)
17
Q
self-presentational strategy in which we mimic the behaviors of those around us
A
chameleon effect
18
Q
you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours; when people get info that someone likes them, almost invariably there is a strong drive of affection for that person
A
reciprocity
19
Q
We are attracted to those others who _____ us.
A
reward
20
Q
people and animals will perform behaviors that have been rewarded
A
reinforcement theory
21
Q
Rewards + cost > or < rewards - cost
A
rewards + cost is greater
22
Q
We respect and admire _______ people.
A
attractive
23
Q
tendency to judge people with attractive features to have other positive qualities (i.e. intelligence, social competence)
A
halo effect
24
Q
The need to belong is a universal, powerful, motivation and _______ thwarts that need
A
rejection
25
Some people reject others to maintain the ________
status quo
26
Rejection occurs due to what 4 things?
1. idiosyncratic preferences
2. cultural beliefs
3. desire to avoid certain outcomes
4. reduce deviance
27
one person breaking the rules inspires others to do the same
bad apple effect
28
The bad apple effect is an example of _________
reducing deviance
29
Seeing someone else get rejected for poor behavior reduces the _____
bad apple effect
30
Rejection serves as _______
punishment
31
Perceptions of loneliness lead to an increase in _____ and _____.
physical and psychological illness
32
strong expectation that one will be rejected by others
rejection sensitivity
33
Emotions serve as a warning system to encourage self directed attention (_________) and to change behavior (________)
self-awareness
| self-regulation
34
What are the 3 social emotions?
1. guilt and shame
2. jealousy
3. embarrassment
35
Social emotions function to signal that ______ is looming
rejection
36
social anxiety results from a desire to ___________
avoid rejection
37
The threat of rejection leads to motivated behavior to avoid ___________
relationship dissolution
38
Studies on rejection rarely show changes in ________
emotion
39
MacDonald and Leary suggested that rejected, excluded animals lose _______
pain sensitivity
40
Panksepp suggested that the social emotion system piggybacks on the ___________ system
physical pain system
41
emotion that encourages pro-social behavior and inhibits aggression
empathy
42
A lack of empathy after rejection is found to be the primary cause for a _______ in pro-social behavior and a _______ in aggressive behavior
decrease
| increase
43
Social exclusion impairs the ___________, thereby altering the manner in which it registers physical pain and empathy.
emotion system
44
Social exclusion can stimulate pro-social behavior, but the person must symbolize a source of __________
potential acceptance
45
People date others who like and reward them. What is this an example of?
reciprocity/reward
46
__________ is a much more dominating factor in romantic relationships than in friendships.
attractiveness
47
What do we find attractive?
symmetry (facial and body)
48
Why do we prefer symmetry?
asymmetry can result from illness during development; symmetrical features suggest stronger resistance to environmental pathogens
49
Why are we more attracted to people who look average?
mere exposure effect, diversity and health
50
What 4 things do men prefer in a woman?
1. physical attractiveness
2. signs of youth
3. neotenous features
4. body shape (36-24-36 WTH ratio)
51
What 2 things do women prefer in a man?
1. physical dominance
| 2. status
52
What do women benefit from when looking for a partner?
a mate who is willing and able to provide
53
What do men benefit from when looking for a partner?
mating often; partners who can produce more offspring
54
the things that society values
social constructionist perspective
55
Exposure to highly desirable same-sex individuals _______ the estimates of proportions of attractive people around
increases
56
Exposure to highly desirable opposite-sex individuals increases estimates of attractive individuals available; this is one of the single strongest predictors of _________
relationship dissolution
57
For women, in a short-term partner _____ matters more. In a long-term partner ______ matters more
physical attractiveness
| status and resources
58
For men, ______ is almost always important in a partner.
attractiveness
59
For both men and women, the minimum criteria met in a partner functions in relation to __________
desired length of relationship
60
physiological arousal, longing, sexual attraction
passion
61
close bond, sharing, support
intimacy
62
willing to define as love, long-term
commitment
63
Love triange:
1. intimacy only
2. intimacy/commitment
3. commitment only
4. passion/commitment
5. passion only
6. intimacy/passion
7. all 3 (intimacy, passion, commitment)
1. liking
2. compassionate love
3. empty love
4. fatuous love
5. infatuation
6. romantic love
7. consummate love
64
The longer a couple is together, ________ increases and ________ decreases
commitment and intimacy
| passion
65
Although _______ love starts the relationship up, _______ love keeps it going
passionate
| companionate
66
The beginning of a relationship; you owe me; more likely in relationships driven by passion
exchange (equity) relationship
67
if the other partner cheats (takes without giving) it will end the relationship
self-protection
68
seen latter in a relationship; exchange with less expectation of return; more likely in relationships driven by commitment; characterized by trust and mutual concern
communal relationship
69
What are the 3 components of strong relationships according to Rusbult?
1. satisfaction
2. quality of available alternatives
3. investment
70
comparative level of your partner; related to satisfaction; dependent on positive and negative experiences shared with your partner
compL
71
negative experiences account for more than positive ones
positive/negative asymmetry effect
72
comparative level of alternatives; is there someone better out there?
compAlt
73
What happens if an individual's compL is very low?
others will seem appealing (also can happen if compL is high)
74
Motivated evaluations can influence _________
relationship satisfaction
75
Men tend to _________ sexual interest
over-percieve
76
Men tend to have higher (compL/compAlt)
compAlt
77
Most of the investments put into a relationship are _______.
sunk costs
78
states that each factor of strong relationships alone has a weak predictive value of whether a relationship lasts; if compL>compAlt and investment is high; if compL
investment model
79
relationships either _____ or ______ over time
stay the same or get worse
80
Fincham suggested that relationship success is dependent on how you _________
explain your partner's behavior
81
dispositional attributes for good behavior and situational for bad
relationship enhancing attributions
82
situational attributes for good behavior and dispositional attributes for bad behavior
distress maintaining attributions
83
What did the original Princeton trilogy studies find?
with time, racial prejudice seemed to decrease
84
What were the 3 major problems with the original Princeton trilogy studies?
1. ambiguous instructions
2. no assessment of Ss prejudice
3. outdated list of stereotype adjectives
85
What did the revisited princeton trilogy studies find?
stereotypes haven't disappeared, they've just changed
86
What are the ABC's of bias?
affect (prejudice)
behavior (discrimination)
cognition (stereotype)
87
unjustifiable negative behavior towards a person based on their group membership
discrimination
88
a belief about the personal attributes of a group
stereotype
89
a negative prejudgement of a group and its individual members
prejudice
90
All forms of bias involve __________ based responses
category
91
What are the 3 roots of prejudice?
1. cultural sources
2. cognitive sources
3. motivational sources
92
Is racism an evolved trait?
no
93
Is a general propensity to categorize things an evolved trait?
yes
94
We are most likely to notice a ______ member doing something _____
outgroup
| wrong
95
a false impression that 2 variables are related
illusory correlation
96
We overestimate distinctive events which leads to ________
stereotyping
97
Illusory correlation can lead people to overestimate the likelihood that racial minorities will _________
commit crimes
98
We notice and recall events that ________
confirm our expectations
99
We associate common properties to groups, which makes it easier to predict a person's behavior, and harder to accept exceptions to the rule
representativeness
100
Stereotypes are ________.
heuristics
101
Given time and the ability to think people can accurately assess gender differences
kernel of truth
102
Under pressures of time, the kernel of truth can be _______
exaggerated
103
To save us time and cognitive effort, we often ______ the distinctions between groups and ______ the differences within groups
sharpen
| soften
104
overestimating how similar members of other groups are to one another
perceived out group homogeneity
105
states that in in-groups, positive acts are intrinsic to its essence and negative acts are meaningless products of the situation; in out-groups the opposite is true
ultimate attribution error (UAE)
106
Why are positive stereotypes not a good thing?
they pigeon hole the stereotyped group; often prime stereotyped beliefs in general; lead to negative stereotypes
107
self reports are subject to _______
social desirability bias
108
distinguishes between stereotypes and personal beliefs
dissociation model
109
acceptance of content of stereotype
personal belief
110
The propensity to categorize is _______
automatic
111
When people do not or cannot actively control stereotypes, they influence ________
responses
112
Implicit measures of prejudice assess automatic/uncontrollable biases; IAT
dual attitude approach
113
test that attempts to measure implicit responses
Implicit Associations Test (IAT)
114
The results of the IAT show that we are slower to categorize _____ things and quicker to categorize ______ things
positive
| negative
115
Implicit attitudes tend to be more ________, while explicit attitudes are overly _______
negative
| positive
116
overt bias, policy attitudes; conscious, self-directed behavior
explicit attitudes
117
nonverbal bias, split second decisions; uncontrollable behavior
implicit attitudes
118
beliefs and feelings we have toward the groups to which we see ourselves belonging
social identity
119
seeing the groups we belong to as better makes us feel good about ourselves
social identity theory
120
certain groups that we identify ourselves with
ingroups
121
our tendency to favor our ingroup
ingroup bias
122
strong in-group identification leads to ________
strong out-group prejudice
123
threats of death make us especially negative toward others who have different beliefs than us; we respond with prejudice to alleviate distress about fallibility of our own beliefs
terror management theory
124
prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources
realistic group conflict theory
125
Out-groups become the _______
scapegoat
126
stereotypes provide us with expectations about people; if the expectation is negative, our response could be too
implicit bias
127
What did the shoot/don't shoot studies find?
People are more likely to mistakenly shoot unarmed blacks, but they can learn to overcome biases and ignore race with training
128
when people treat others based on their expectations, it elicits the behavior they expect
self-fulfilling prophecy
129
disruptive concern that one will be evaluated based on a stereotype, concern that one will confirm the stereotype; more likely if stereotype is salient
stereotype threat
130
The stereotype threat is a type of ______
self-fulfilling prophecy
131
individuals low in prejudice do make active attempts at controlling their prejudice
self-regulation
132
What does IMS stand for?
internal motivation to suppress stereotypes
133
What does EMS stand for?
external motivation to suppress stereotypes
134
report moderately prejudiced attitudes in both public and private; more likely to show overt discrimination
low IMS/low EMS
135
report low prejudice when in public, but high in private; more likely to show prejudice when there is some nonracial justification for negative responding; show backlash effects
low IMS/high EMS
136
pressure to respond without prejudice leads to more prejudice in the future
backlash effects
137
report low prejudice attitudes in both public and private; least prejudice of all groups; internalized beliefs; show low bias on IAT type measures
High IMS/low EMS
138
report low prejudice attitudes in both public and private; experience some difficulty when interacting with out group members; interracial anxiety; low self-efficacy for responding without prejudice
High IMS/high EMS
139
fear of appearing prejudice
interracial anxiety
140
the idea that increasing contact might decrease prejudice; proximity seems to breed liking (ex. WWII study)
the contact hypothesis
141
What is the problem with the contact hypothesis?
people often segregate themselves in desegregated environments
142
What was the main study done in the revisited contact hypothesis?
jigsaw classroom
143
What 3 factors did the revisited contact hypothesis say were necessary?
1. contact must be positive
2. members of group must be of equal status
3. out group members must be perceived as typical members of their group
144
People who are high in prejudice are easily influenced by ________
normative pressure
145
Before desegregation, most people had _____ attitudes towards it. Afterwards, there was a huge shift to _____ of desegregation.
negative
| support
